Exercises

Question 7.1:
A 100 Ω resistor is connected to a 220 V, 50 Hz ac supply.
(a) What is the rms value of current in the circuit?
(b) What is the net power consumed over a full cycle?
Answer 7.1:
Resistance of the resistor, R = 100 Ω
Supply voltage, V = 220 V
Frequency, ν = 50 Hz
(a) The rms value of current in the circuit is given as
𝑉 220
𝐼= = = 2.20 𝐴
𝑅 100

(b) The net power consumed over a full cycle is given as:
P = VI = 220 × 2.2 = 484 W

Question 7.2:
(a) The peak voltage of an ac supply is 300 V. What is the rms voltage?
(b) The rms value of current in an ac circuit is 10 A. What is the peak
current?
Answer 7.2:
(a) Peak voltage of the ac supply, V0 = 300 V
rms voltage is given as:
𝑉𝑜 300
𝑉= = = 212.1 𝑉
√2 √2

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(b) The rms value of current is given as:
I = 10 A
Now, peak current is given as:
𝐼𝑜 = √2𝐼 = √2 × 10 = 14.1 𝐴

Question 7.3:
A 44 mH inductor is connected to 220 V, 50 Hz ac supply. Determine the
rms value of the current in the circuit.
Answer 7.3:
Inductance of inductor, L = 44 mH = 44 × 10−3 H
Supply voltage, V = 220 V
Frequency, ν = 50 Hz
Angular frequency, ω = 2𝜋ν
Inductive reactance, XL = ω L = 2𝜋νL = 2𝜋 × 50 × 44 × 10−3 Ω
rms value of current is given as:

𝑉 220
𝐼= = = 15.92 𝐴
𝑋𝐿 2𝜋 × 50 × 44 × 10−3

Hence, the rms value of current in the circuit is 15.92 A.

Question 7.4:
A 60 µF capacitor is connected to a 110 V, 60 Hz ac supply. Determine the
rms value of the current in the circuit.
Answer 7.4:
Capacitance of capacitor, C = 60 µF = 60 × 10−6 F

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Supply voltage, V = 110 V
Frequency, ν = 60 Hz
Angular frequency, ω = 2𝜋ν
Capacitive reactance,

1 1 1
𝑋𝐶 = = = Ω
𝜔𝐶 2𝜋νC 2𝜋 × 60 × 60 × 10−6

rms value of current is given as:

𝑉 220
𝐼= = = 2.49 𝐴
𝑋𝐶 2𝜋 × 60 × 60 × 10−6

Hence, the rms value of current is 2.49 A.

Question 7.5:
In Exercises 7.3 and 7.4, what is the net power absorbed by each circuit over
a complete cycle. Explain your answer.
Answer 7.5:
In the inductive circuit,
Rms value of current, I = 15.92 A
Rms value of voltage, V = 220 V
Hence, the net power absorbed can be obtained by the relation,
𝑃 = 𝑉𝐼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛷
Where,
𝛷 = Phase difference between V and I.

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For a pure inductive circuit, the phase difference between alternating voltage
and current is 90° i.e., 𝛷= 90°.
Hence, P = 0 i.e., the net power is zero.
In the capacitive circuit,
rms value of current, I = 2.49 A
rms value of voltage, V = 110 V
Hence, the net power absorbed can be obtained as:
𝑃 = 𝑉𝐼 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛷
For a pure capacitive circuit, the phase difference between alternating
voltage and current is 90° i.e., 𝛷 = 90°.
Hence, P = 0 i.e., the net power is zero.

Question 7.6:
Obtain the resonant frequency ωr of a series LCR circuit with L = 2.0 H,
C = 32 µF and R = 10 Ω. What is the Q-value of this circuit?
Answer 7.6:
Inductance, L = 2.0 H
Capacitance, C = 32 µF = 32 × 10−6 F
Resistance, R = 10 Ω
Resonant frequency is given by the relation,

1 1 1
𝜔𝑟 = = = = 125 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠.
√𝐿𝐶 √2 × 32 × 10−6 8 × 10−3

Now, Q-value of the circuit is given as:

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 1 𝐿 1 2 1
𝑄= √ = √ = = 25
𝑅 𝐶 10 32 × 10−6 10 × 4 × 10−3
Hence, the Q-Value of this circuit is 25.

Question 7.7:
A charged 30 µF capacitor is connected to a 27 mH inductor. What is the
angular frequency of free oscillations of the circuit?
Answer 7.7:
Capacitance, C = 30µF = 30×10−6 F Inductance, L = 27 mH = 27 × 10−3 H
Angular frequency is given as:
1
𝜔𝑟 =
√𝐿𝐶
1 1
= = −4
= 1.11 × 103 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
√27 × 10−3 × 30 × 10−6 9 × 10
Hence, the angular frequency of free oscillations of the circuit is 1.11 × 10 3
rad/s.

Question 7.8:
Suppose the initial charge on the capacitor in Exercise 7.7 is 6 mC. What is
the total energy stored in the circuit initially? What is the total energy at later
time?
Answer 7.8:
Capacitance of the capacitor, C = 30 µF = 30×10−6 F

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Inductance of the inductor, L = 27 mH = 27 × 10−3 H
Charge on the capacitor, Q = 6 mC = 6 × 10−3 C
Total energy stored in the capacitor can be calculated as:

1 𝑄2 1 (6 × 10−3 )2 6
𝐸= = −6
= = 0.6 𝐽
2 𝐶 2 30 × 10 10

Total energy at a later time will remain the same because energy is shared
between the capacitor and the inductor.

Question 7.9:
A series LCR circuit with R = 20 Ω, L = 1.5 H and C = 35 µF is connected
to a variable frequency 200 V ac supply. When the frequency of the supply
equals the natural frequency of the circuit, what is the average power
transferred to the circuit in one complete cycle?
Answer 7.9:
At resonance, the frequency of the supply power equals the natural frequency
of the given LCR circuit.
Resistance, R = 20 Ω
Inductance, L = 1.5 H
Capacitance, C = 35 µF = 30 × 10−6 F
AC supply voltage to the LCR circuit, V = 200 V
Impedance of the circuit is given by the relation,
𝑍 = √𝑅2 + (𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶 )2
At resonance, 𝑋𝐿 = 𝑋𝐶

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 ∴ 𝑍 = 𝑅 = 20 Ω
Current in the circuit can be calculated as:
𝑉 200
𝐼= = = 10 𝐴
𝑍 20
Hence, the average power transferred to the circuit in one complete cycle:
VI = 200 × 10 = 2000 W.

Question 7.10:
A radio can tune over the frequency range of a portion of MW broadcast
band: (800 kHz to 1200 kHz). If its LC circuit has an effective inductance of
200 µH, what must be the range of its variable capacitor?
[Hint: For tuning, the natural frequency i.e., the frequency of free oscillations
of the LC circuit should be equal to the frequency of the radio wave.]
Answer 7.10:
The range of frequency (ν) of a radio is 800 kHz to 1200 kHz.
Lower tuning frequency, ν1 = 800 kHz = 800 × 103 Hz
Upper tuning frequency, ν2 = 1200 kHz = 1200 × 103 Hz
Effective inductance of circuit L = 200 µH = 200 × 10−6 H
Capacitance of variable capacitor for ν1 is given as:
1
𝐶1 =
𝜔12 𝐿
Where,
ω1 = Angular frequency for capacitor C1
= 2𝜋𝜈1
= 2𝜋 × 800 × 103 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠

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 1
∴ 𝐶1 =
(2𝜋 × 800 × 103 )2 × 200 × 10−6

= 1.9809 × 10−10 𝐹 = 198 𝑝𝐹

Capacitance of variable capacitor for ν2 is given as:

1
∴ 𝐶2 =
(2𝜋 × 1200 × 103 )2 × 200 × 10−6

= 0.8804 × 10−10 𝐹 = 88 𝑝𝐹
Hence, the range of the variable capacitor is from 88.04 pF to 198.1 pF.
Question 7.11:
Figure 7.21 shows a series LCR circuit connected to a variable frequency
230 V source. L = 5.0 H, C = 80µF, R = 40 Ω

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(a) Determine the source frequency which drives the circuit in resonance.
(b) Obtain the impedance of the circuit and the amplitude of current at the
resonating frequency.
(c) Determine the rms potential drops across the three elements of the
circuit. Show that the potential drop across the LC combination is zero
at the resonating frequency.
Answer 7.11:
Inductance of the inductor, L = 5.0 H
Capacitance of the capacitor, C = 80 µH = 80 × 10−6 F
Resistance of the resistor, R = 40 Ω
Potential of the variable voltage source, V = 230 V
(a) Resonance angular frequency is given as:
1
𝜔𝑟 =
√𝐿𝐶
1 103
= = = 50 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
√5 × 80 × 10−6 20
Hence, the circuit will come in resonance for a source frequency of 50 rad/s.
(b) Impedance of the circuit is given by the relation:

𝑍 = √𝑅2 + (𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶 )2

At resonance, 𝑋𝐿 = 𝑋𝐶 ⇒ 𝑍 = 𝑅 = 40 Ω

𝑉𝑜
Amplitude of the current at the resonating frequency is given as: 𝐼𝑜 =
𝑍

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Where,
𝑉𝑜 = Peak voltage = √2 𝑉
√2 𝑉 √2 × 230
∴ 𝐼𝑜 = = = 8.13 𝐴
𝑍 40
Hence, at resonance, the impedance of the circuit is 40 Ω and the amplitude
of the current is 8.13 A.
(c) rms potential drop across the inductor,
(VL)rms = I × ωrL
Where,
𝐼𝑜 √2 𝑉 230 23
𝐼rms = = = = 𝐴
√2 √2 𝑍 40 4
23
∴ (𝑉𝐿 )rms = × 50 × 5 = 1437.5 𝑉
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Potential drop across the capacitor:
1 23 1
∴ (𝑉𝐶 )rms = 𝐼 × = × = 1437.5 𝑉
𝜔𝑟 𝐶 4 50 × 80 × 10−6
Potential drop across the resistor:
23
(𝑉𝑅 )rms = 𝐼𝑅 = × 40 = 230 𝑉
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Potential drop across the LC combination:
𝑉𝐿𝐶 = 𝐼(𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶 )
At resonance, 𝑋𝐿 = 𝑋𝐶 ⇒ 𝑉𝐿𝐶 = 0
Hence, it is proved that the potential drop across the LC combination is zero
at resonating frequency.

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