INTRODUCTION OF IOT

Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of physical objects or people called

“things” that are embedded with software, electronics, network, and
sensors that allows these objects to collect and exchange data. The goal of
IoT is to extend to internet connectivity from standard devices like
computer, mobile, tablet to relatively dumb devices like a toaster.
IoT makes virtually everything “smart,” by improving aspects of our life with
the power of data collection, AI algorithm, and networks.

History of IoT
 1970- The actual idea of connected devices was proposed
 1990- John Romkey created a toaster which could be turned on/off
over the Internet

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 1995- Siemens introduced the first cellular module built for M2M
 1999- The term “Internet of Things” was used by Kevin Ashton during

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his work at P&G which became widely accepted
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 2004 – The term was mentioned in famous publications like the
Guardian, Boston Globe, and Scientific American
 2005-UN’s International Telecommunications Union (ITU) published
its first report on this topic.
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 2008- The Internet of Things was born

 2011- Gartner, the market research company, include “The Internet
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of Things” technology in their research

How IoT works?

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How IoT Works

The entire IoT process starts with the devices themselves like
smartphones, smartwatches, electronic appliances like TV, Washing
Machine which helps you to communicate with the IoT platform.
Fundamental components of an IoT system:
1) Sensors/Devices: Sensors or devices are a key component that helps
you to collect live data from the surrounding environment. All this data may
have various levels of complexities. It could be a simple temperature
monitoring sensor, or it may be in the form of the video feed.

A device may have various types of sensors which performs multiple

tasks apart from sensing. Example, A mobile phone is a device which has
multiple sensors like GPS, camera but your smartphone is not able to
sense these things.

2) Connectivity: All the collected data is sent to a cloud infrastructure. The

sensors should be connected to the cloud using various mediums of
communications. These communication mediums include mobile or satellite
networks, Bluetooth, WI-FI, WAN, etc.

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3) Data Processing: Once that data is collected, and it gets to the cloud,

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the software performs processing on the gathered data. This process can
be just checking the temperature, reading on devices like AC or heaters.
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However, it can sometimes also be very complex like identifying objects,
using computer vision on video.
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4) User Interface: The information needs to be available to the end-user in

some way which can be achieved by triggering alarms on their phones or
sending them notification through email or text message. The user
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sometimes might need an interface which actively checks their IoT system.
For example, the user has a camera installed in his home. He wants to
access video recording and all the feeds with the help of a web server.
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However, it’s not always one-way communication. Depending on the IoT

application and complexity of the system, the user may also be able to
perform an action which may create cascading effects.

For example, if a user detects any changes in the temperature of the

refrigerator, with the help of IoT technology the user should able to adjust
the temperature with the help of their mobile phone.

Advantages of IoT
Key benefits of IoT technology are as follows:

 Technical Optimization: IoT technology helps a lot in improving

technologies and making them better. Example, with IoT, a
manufacturer is able to collect data from various car sensors. The
manufacturer analyzes them to improve its design and make them
more efficient.
  Improved Data Collection: Traditional data collection has its
limitations and its design for passive use. IoT facilitates immediate
action on data.
 Reduced Waste: IoT offers real-time information leading to effective
decision making & management of resources. For example, if a
manufacturer finds an issue in multiple car engines, he can track the
manufacturing plan of those engines and solves this issue with the
manufacturing belt.
 Improved Customer Engagement: IoT allows you to improve
customer experience by detecting problems and improving the
process.

Disadvantages IoT
 Security: IoT technology creates an ecosystem of connected
devices. However, during this process, the system may offer little

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authentication control despite sufficient security measures.

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 Privacy: The use of IoT, exposes a substantial amount of personal
data, in extreme detail, without the user’s active participation. This
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creates lots of privacy issues.
 Flexibility: There is a huge concern regarding the flexibility of an IoT
system. It is mainly regarding integrating with another system as
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there are many diverse systems involved in the process.

 Complexity: The design of the IoT system is also quite complicated.
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Moreover, it’s deployment and maintenance also not very easy.

 Compliance: IoT has its own set of rules and regulations. However,
because of its complexity, the task of compliance is quite challenging.
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Physical Design of IOT

The physical design of an IoT system is referred to the Things/Devices and
protocols that used to build an IoT system. all these things/Devices are called Node Devices
and every device has a unique identity that performs remote sensing, actuating, and
monitoring work. and the protocols that used to established communication between the
Node devices and server over the internet.
Things/Devices

Things/Devices are used to build a connection, process data, provide interfaces, provide
storage, and provide graphics interfaces in an IoT system. all these generate data in a form
that can be analyzed by an analytical system and program to perform operations and used
to improve the system.

for example temperature sensor that is used to analyze the temperature generates the data
from a location and then determined by algorithms.

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Connectivity
Devices like USB host and ETHERNET are used for connectivity between the devices and
server.

Processor
A processor like a CPU and other units are used to process the data. these data are further
used to improve the decision quality of an IoT system.

Audio/Video Interfaces
An interface like HDMI and RCA devices is used to record audio and videos in a system.
Input/Output interface
To giving input and output signals to sensors, and actuators we use things like UART, SPI,
CAN, etc.

Storage Interfaces
Things like SD, MMC, SDIO are used to store the data generated from an IoT device.

Other things like DDR, GPU are used to control the activity of an IoT system.

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IoT Protocols RA
These protocols are used to establish communication between a node device and server
over the internet. it helps to send commands to an IoT device and receive data from
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an IoT device over the internet. we use different types of protocols that present on both the
server and client-side and these protocols are managed by network layers like application,
transport, network, and link layer.
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Application Layer protocol

In this layer, protocols define how the data can be sent over the network with the lower layer
protocols using the application interface. these protocols including HTTP, WebSocket,
XMPP, MQTT, DDS, and AMQP protocols.

HTTP
Hypertext transfer protocol is a protocol that presents in an application layer for transmitting
media documents. it is used to communicate between web browsers and servers. it makes a
request to a server and then waits till it receives a response and in between the request
server does not keep any data between two requests.

WebSocket
This protocol enables two-way communication between a client and a host that can be run
on an untrusted code in a controlled environment. this protocol is commonly used by web
browsers.

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MQTT
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It is a machine-to-machine connectivity protocol that was designed as a publish/subscribe
messaging transport. and it is used for remote locations where a small code footprint is
required.
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Transport Layer
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This layer is used to control the flow of data segments and handle the error control. also,
these layer protocols provide end-to-end message transfer capability independent of the
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underlying network.

TCP
The transmission control protocol is a protocol that defines how to establish and maintain a
network that can exchange data in a proper manner using the internet protocol.

UDP
a user datagram protocol is a part of internet protocol called the connectionless protocol. this
protocol not required to establish the connection to transfer data.

Network Layer
This layer is used to send datagrams from the source network to the destination network. we
use IPv4 and IPv6 protocols as a host identification that transfers data in packets.
IPv4
This is a protocol address that is a unique and numerical label assigned to each device
connected with the network. an IP address performs two main functions host and location
addressing. IPv4 is an IP address that is 32 bit long.

IPv6
It is a successor of IPv4 that uses 128 bits for an IP address. it is developed by the IETF
task force to deal with the long-anticipated problems.

Link Layer
Link-layer protocols are used to send data over the network's physical layer. it also

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determines how the packets are coded and signaled by the devices.

Ethernet
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It is a set of technologies and protocols that are used primarily in LANs. it defines the
physical layer and the medium access control for wired ethernet networks.
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WiFi
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It is a set of LAN protocols and specifies the set of media access control and physical layer
protocols for implementing wireless local area networks.
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LOGICAL DESIGN OF IOT

The logical design of an IoT system refers to an abstract representation of entities and
processes without going into the low-level specifies of implementation. it uses Functional
Blocks, Communication Models, and Communication APIs to implement a system.

Logical Design of Internet of Things(IoT)

1. IoT Functional Blocks
2. IoT Communication Models
3. IoT Communication APIs

IoT Functional blocks

An IoT system consist number of functional blocks like Devices, services,
communication, security, and application that provides the capability for sensing,
actuation, identification, communication, and management.

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These functional blocks consist of devices that provide monitoring control functions,
handle communication between host and server, manage the transfer of data,
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secure the system using authentication and other functions, and interface to control
and monitor various terms.
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Application
It is an interface that provides a control system that use by users to view the status
and analyze of system.

Management
This functional block provides various functions that are used to manage an IoT
system.

Services
This functional block provides some services like monitoring and controlling a device
and publishing and deleting the data and restore the system.

Communication
This block handles the communication between the client and cloud-based server
and sends/receives the data using protocols.

Security
This block is used to secure an IoT system using some functions like authorization,
data security, authentication, 2 step verification, etc.

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These devices are used to provide sensing and monitoring control functions that
collect the data from the outer environment.
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IoT Communication Models

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There are several different types of models available in an IoT system that used to
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communicate between the system and server like the request-response model,
publish-subscribe model, push-pull model, and exclusive pair model, etc.

Request-Response Communication Model

This model is a communication model in which a client sends the request for data to
the server and the server responds according to the request. when a server receives
a request it fetches the data, retrieves the resources and prepares the response, and
then sends the data back to the client.
In simple terms, we can say that in the request-response model server send the
response of equivalent on the request of the client. in this model, HTTP works as a

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request-response protocol between a client and server.

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Example
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When we search a query on a browser then the browser submits an HTTP request to
the server and then the server returns a response to the browser(client).
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Publish-Subscribe Communication Model

In this communication model, we have a broker between publisher and consumer.
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here publishers are the source of data but they are not aware of consumers. they
send the data managed by the brokers and when a consumer subscribes to a topic
that managed by the broker and when the broker receives data from the publisher it
sends the data to all the subscribed consumers.
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Example

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On the website many times we subscribed to their newsletters using our email
address. these email addresses managed by some third-party services and when a
new article published on the website it directly sends to the broker and then the
broker send these new data or post to all the subscribers.
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Push-Pull Communication Model

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It is a communication model in which the data push by the producers in a queue and
the consumers pull the data from the queues. here also producers are not aware of
the consumers.
Example

When we visit a website we saw a number of posts that published in a queue and
according to our requirements, we click on a post and start reading it.

Exclusive Pair Communication Model

It is a bidirectional fully duplex communication model that uses a persistent
connection between the client and server. here first set up a connection between the
client and the server and remains open until the client sends a close connection
request to the server.

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IoT communication APIs

These APIs like REST and WebSocket are used to communicate between the server
and system in IoT.

REST-based communication APIs

Representational state transfer(REST) API uses a set of architectural principles that
used to design web services. these APIs focus on the systems' resources that how
resource states are transferred using the request-response communication model.
this API uses some architectural constraints.

Client-server
Here the client is not aware of the storage of data because it is concerned about the
server and similarly the server should not be concerned about the user interface
because it is a concern of the client. and this separation is needed for independent
development and updating of server and client. no matter how the client is using the
response of the server and no matter how the server is using the request of the
client.

Stateless

It means each request from the client to the server must contain all the necessary
information to understand by the server. because if the server can't understand the
request of the client then it can't fetch the request data in a proper manner.

Cacheable

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In response, if the cache constraints are given then a client can reuse that response
in a later request. it improves the efficiency and scalability of the system without
loading the extra data.
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A RESTful web APIs is implemented using HTTP and REST principles.
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WebSocket based communication API

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This type of API allows bi-directional full-duplex communication between server and
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client using the exclusive pair communication model. this API uses full-duplex
communication so it does not require a new connection setup every time when it
requests new data. WebSocket API begins with a connection setup between the
server and client and if the WebSocket is supported by the server then it responds
back to the client with the successful response and after setup of a connection
server and client can send data to each other in full-duplex mode.

this type of API reduces the traffic and latency of data and makes sure that each
time when we request new data it cannot terminate the request.