HDMI provides two-way communications between the source and the

digital TV, enabling simple, remote, point-and-click configurations.

HDMI also supports High-bandwidth Digital Content Protection
(HDCP), which prevents the copying of content transmitted over
HDMI cable. If you have a device between the source and the display
that supports HDMI but not HDCP, your transmission won’t work,
even over an HDMI cable.
HDMI offers significant benefits over older analog AV connections.
It’s backward compatible with DVI equipment. A DVI-to-HDMI adapter
can be used without a loss of video quality.
The HDMI standard was introduced in December 2002. Since then,
there have been a number of versions with increasing bandwidth
and/or transmission capabilities. Version 1.3, introduced in 2006,
increased the bandwidth to 10.2 Gbps and added support for up to
16-bit Deep Color. Version 1.4, released in 2009, increased
maximum supported resolution to 4K x 2K (4096 x 2160 at 24 Hz),
and added support for a 100-Mbps Ethernet connection between the
HDMI devices, an audio return channel, and 3D support.

Broadcast video signal standards

In addition to the video formats discussed above, there have also

been more than a dozen different broadcast standards in use at
different times throughout the world. Today, most countries use one
of three standards. These standards aren’t compatible, which means
that when connecting video equipment, you not only need them to
support the same video format but also the same broadcast signal
standard.

Here’s a brief summary of the standards:

NTSC (National Television Systems Committee) standard systems

are used primarily in North and Central American countries, most
South America countries and Japan.

The technical format of NTSC is 525 lines per frame with a 30 frames
per second refresh rate. The 30 frames consist of 60 fields, the timing
of which is based on the 60-Hz electrical system used in these
countries. One field is one-half (every other line) of the interlaced
frame. Other countries use a 50-Hz electrical system, which means
their television systems are based on 50 fields per second rates.

PAL (Phase Alternation Line), developed in Germany, is the

European equivalent of NTSC and offers 625 lines per frame. The
refresh rate is 25 frames per second based on 50 fields per second
because it uses the European 50-Hz electrical system. Compared to
NTSC, PAL has a greater number of lines. This adds detail to the
picture, but PAL’s 50 fields per second rate (when compared with
NTSC’s 60 fields per second rate), means a greater chance of
noticeable flicker.

SECAM (Systeme Electronique Couleur Avec Memoire) is very

similar to PAL with the same number of lines and same frame rate. It
was developed in France and is also used in Russia, parts of Africa
and Eastern Europe. Despite the similarities of the two standards,
SECAM is not compatible with PAL because, unlike PAL, the
chrominance is FM modulated.

HDTV (High-Definition Television), a very high quality digital

broadcast television standard, is the long-awaited, next-generation
solution to replace analogue TV formats like NTSC and PAL. HDTV
services already exist in several places, including Japan, Canada and
the U.S., but Europe has some catching up to do.

HDTV delivers much clearer, sharper images with 1050, 1125 or

even 1920 lines of resolution compared to the 625 lines of PAL, but
requires the use of new HD compatible television sets and
receivers—and these are still comparatively expensive.

Computer graphics video formats Television video signals, as we

have seen, are typically combined together into a lower-bandwidth
encoded signal like Composite video. In contrast, computer graphics
signals don’t have the same bandwidth restrictions and, therefore,
keep the red, green and blue colour signals separate to allow higher-
resolution pictures that are suitable for viewing from short distances.
There are many different analogue graphics video formats, all based
on separate RGB signals but differing in the connector style used,
how the sync information is transmitted, and what resolutions and
refresh rates are supported. Care must be taken to select the correct
display hardware for a particular video interface because differing
formats are often incompatible and need active converters if they are
to be interconnected. Some new display technologies, such as DVI,
provide digital video connectivity. This enables enhanced video
quality but requires the use of digital display devices to realise this.

Linear and Non-linear Video Editing:

Equipment and its functions
Linear Video Editing

Linear video editing is a video editing post-production process of

selecting, arranging and modifying images and sound in a
predetermined, ordered sequence. Regardless of whether it was
captured by a video camera, tapeless camcorder, or recorded in a
television studio on a video tape recorder (VTR) the content must be
accessed sequentially. For the most part video editing software has
replaced linear editing.