- £9: wen wet pasting Reveals a ae ypaating RNO 10 Oe nt Sem yary ansrement THESE AT TeaL fe Doasiittigg yee 2 columns that are NOt very high Maint YOU create nin called AGE. The age changes every neq ©xample, youn 2o8 Van she , column yy use es ses on different days fOr almost everybody individ oe en the UPDATE statement is used for ra Mod) e (i san be updated ata time, but itis possible tochanne ations to daty Only one HOF The general symtaxis 7 re e® more than one eolum’ gra cll ( Z Upoart Se oct UPDATE tablename Ray Or 100 ‘ ms SET column! = newrsiie lima ange Hee [WHERE condition(s)}; Per i val ‘ Ni fe ROB c a is optional, but in most cases, you would oe: The conéled with UPDATE, all rows will be Updated Tae cose I the non is nc ted. The conditi r vf column names relational operators, and vale You hee tions are created © hn, using © ensitive as far as the values in single quot; ss case S¢ jational oper! tors are shown in Figure 5-4, Equal to <> ors Not equal to > Greater than | Greater than or equal to Less than Less than or equal to 2 Figure 5-4 Relational operators Suppose the student with ID 00103 in the IU College’s database switches from BS—Computer Science to BS—Telecommunications. We will write an update statement to change the student’s Majorld in the STUDENT table. Figure 5-5. shows an unsuccessful update operation. We are trying to change Majorid which did not work! There is no such value for Majorld in the MAJOR table, » 's being referenced by the foreign key in the STUDENT table, See O1 code and error message, which point out the integrity constraint was the figure shows that the value is changed to 600, which worked! 1 value 1s changed back to the original value of 500. The same UPDAI without the WHERE clause would result in updating all students’ There are other operators for writing conditions like A AND, IN, and LIKE. We will learn more about them later:DELETING EXISTING ROWS/RECORDS SQL> (600/500 | 2° SET Majorid = 500 | sob/ | 1 row updated. Figare &§ Unsuccessful and successful UPDATE statements, “Veale Deletion is another data maintenance operation. When employees eave Sr students enroll but never start college, you might want to remove their info from your database In Oracle, the SQL statement DELETE is used for de! wanted rows Its general syntax 1s DELETE [FROM] tablename > (WHERE condition(s)]: 7" The keyword FROM is optional. The WHERE clause adds DELETE statement. Once again, the condition is optional, but normally would delete only those records that meet a criterion. The DE ment without a condition will result in a table with no rows A DELETE without a WHERE clause has same effect as a TRUNCATE stat difference is that the DELETE operation can be undone with ROLLB ment (see Chapter 9), but the TRUNCATE operation makes the chay,RETRIEVING DATA FROM A TABLE { nm eo \ Sy a " SC OARSANS = | ata from a Table a) eving © eT. Meme Te pcr on 10s: act Suc OT wines SNO Ss = Vy ‘SQL> DELETE FROM dept 2. WHERE Deptid « 70; 1 row deleted. sQl> Figure 5-6 Successful DELETE statement hows successful execution of a DELETE statement. If a row with de- ent number 70 exists, it is deleted “er you try to delete a record from a table whose Primary key value is used in er table’s foreign key column, Oracle will display an “Integrity constraint ‘d- child record found” error message. The parent record that is referenced by J cannot be removed. See Figure 5-7 for such an unsuccessful DELETE Figure 56S anothi violate a child recor dept > DELETE FROM oe mHeRe Deptid = 20; DELETE FROM dept fona.02292: integrity constraint (SYSTEM.EMPLOYEE. DEPTIO_FK) violated - child ERROR at fine 1: | record found sol> Figure -7 Unsuccessful DELETE statement operation. In such cases, you may drop a constraint or temporarily disable it. A dropped constraint 1s removed permanently, whereas a disabled constraint can be en- abled later The main purpose of the SOL language is for querying the database. You have al- ready learned to create, alter, insert, update, and delete by SQL statements. ‘The most important statement or query ts the SELECT query//A user retrieves data from the underlying table or tables with a SELECT query. The output can be: and grouped, and information can be denved with the use of mathematical ¢ sions and built-in functions.)In Chapter 1, we covered nine relational 4 Now is the ume to try those operations. The general syntax is SeLECTcolumnlist .- > ONP FROM tablename; ‘Chap.5 Working with Tables: Data Figure $8 Output from & SELECT query, ven by the DESCRIBE command. For example, Figure 5.8 SELECT query. This query displays the last name and firt bi from the STUDENT table. The Last and First columns are wens al a STUDENT table, a projection operation. As you see, the column names are displayed in uppey table, the column Last comes before the column First, but the in the order given in the SELECT query. By default, character left justification and numeric data with right justification. , dataisd Select (*) —— YUL ¢ > Ifyou want to see all columns in a table, you do not have to list th an astensk (*) in place of the column list, and all ‘columns will same order as the underlying table structure. Figure 5-9 depicts use SQL SELECT * 2 FROM course; COURSE TITLE EN100 Basic English 1A123— English Literature S253 Database Systems S265 Systems Analysis MA150 College Algebra ACI01 Accounting 6 rows selected. SQqreving oata from a Table Re 107 An output from a SELECT statement, eft jus VARCHAR?» ang DATE-type columns and tis rae \s wed for CHAR... ER PS column The default column width for displaying « men ae fO NUM: 5 th for character columns is based on eget | NUMBER column is lumn’s width. nd all columns are the screen's det TOW display wraps to the ne display Wi 9 ee problems with displaying all rows a tine size and page size After 80 columns, th ¥ laying 11 rows under column head; ner displaying ‘adings column hy a rows You can change these values from the Opens ae are repeated for environment apr ics tm the SQL * Plus The environment vanables can be changed by click SQL” Plus. then by selecting Environment from it eee area the Options meau in op up.and you can select linesize from the list of, environment ae PPP alve from Default Current. and type i the new Value. The Sze 8 0 Similarly, pagestze and other variables can be set (gee fs sou can type SET commands at the SQL> prompt. For example] SET UNESIZE 150 sae Sse Tegser * fash Oetaun Butler Wieen: Rec ad sees, Custom neadsep instance Nioesize logsource * Figure 5-10 Setting environment variable line size. Figures 5-1 1a and 5-11b show output from{a SELECT query with a default line- swe of 80 and output after changing the linesize to a higher value-You can get infor- mation about environment vanables by using the SQL* Plus command SHOW. - You will notice that the queries, which return less than six rows, do mot. feedback from Oracle stating the number of rows returned. By default, Oracle: a feedback message for queries returning six or more rows only If you feedback for all queries irrespective of number of rows returned, use command in the beginning of your session: SET FEEDBACK 1working with Tables: chap: § 108 1 FROM student ‘sau HET ST supe AST aN, | sx up STAR DIRTHOATE Jose 1 Ford Avenue #7 - oan! Wwno3 12-FED-83 23 100 9735951111 0as63 es Mickey 12 Morris Avenue 0010 ye spas 18 MARA 555 500 71839220) 9 y 10468 5 ‘ f Rajesh 2s ‘ fond 3 a ueatt WNOS 12-DEC-85 wt 553333 Aison STREET First STUDE LAST | | FH *, ee | | 0 MAJORID PHONE 00103 Rickles 10 sein NJ 08838 FLOZ SHA4d Brian 2845 First Lane Lee Hop mune N03 28-NOV-8S 345 600 2125555555 Amir 213 Broadway itor 105 Khan fo 07232 WNO3.OTJUL-S4 222 200 2015556666 6 rows selected. sQ> Figure $-Ila Quipat before setting LINESIZE SQL> SET LINESIZE 150 SQL> SELECT * FROM student: FIRST STREET STUDE LAST 00100 Diaz Jose NJ 08863 00101 Tyler Mickey 12 Morris Avenue Bronx NY 10468 00102 Patel Rajesh 2 River Road #3 Edison NJ 08837 WNO3 12-DEC-85 00103 Rickles Deborah 100Main Street Iselin NJ 08838 FLOZ 20-0CT70 00104 Lee Brian 2845 FirstLane Hope NY 11373 WNO3 28-NOV-85 00105 Khan Amir 213 Broadway Clifton NJ._ 07222 WNO3 O7JULB4 6 rows selected. SQ Figure $-11b Output after setting LINESIZE.\ 47 ADDING A NEW ROW/RECORD Tublo * prow . ao Selb ‘The Data Manipulation Language (DML) statement INSERT is Used Co ng, ‘New row/record into a table A user can insert values for all columns or Melega of columns in a record) The general syntax for the INSERT statement ig hy - se | has | INSERT INTO tablename [(columnt, column2, column’, y VALUES (valuet, value2, values,” The column names are optional, If column names are omitted from the Tsp, Statement, you must enter a value for each column. If you know the corr Orde column names, you can enter values in the same order following the VALURg ‘4 word {Use the SQL * Plus command DESCRIBE to display the table's struc? make‘sure.) If you insert values in the incorrect order and a NUMERIC Value jg 6p" for a character - (CHAR)-type column, Oracle will not accept the new TOW ang Senerate an error message. If your statement is accepted, a1 row reated” ness is displayed on the screen Tf you do enter column names, they do not have to be in the Same Order ayy, were defined in the table's structure at the time of creation. Once you €1€F cen, ' names, however, their respective values must be in the same order as the names. For example, let us add a new record to the STUDENT table inthe nue (IU) College database: INSERT INTO student (Studentid, Last, First, Street, City, State, Zip, StartTerm, BirthDate Facultyld, Majorid, Phone) VALUES (‘00100 ‘Diaz’, ‘Jose’, ‘1 Ford Avenue #7', “Hill, “Nu, "08863", "WNO3', 12-FeB ay, 123, 100, ’9735551111"); When entering values, numeric data is not enclosed CHAR- and DATE-type values are enclosed within single qu enter a character value that contains a single-quote chat “Daddy's Pizza Parlor’ will result in an error. You mus enter a single-quote character. The solution is ‘D: s tation mark acts as an escape character for the The default format to enter the DATE two-digit year has a value greater than or equal in the twentieth century (¢.g,, 1960). Ifa two-digit it is stored as occurring in the twenty-first cenAdding a New Row/Record an 15-APR-40 will be stored with the year as 's caleul turn @ negative number! In Oracled, rennin an “DD. MON. YYYY are default formats. You are strongly advised 10 use afourcigi If you want fo enter a date in any other format, the TO_DATE function me converting a character value to the date equivalent) For example, - > valus Osed TO DATECO2/12/1980° “MMDONYYY) er TO_DATECFER 12, 1980" ‘wonoo. vvvr) | a toot \ A DATE type column can store date as well as time values” th dat 1s eritred in a DATE-type column, the time value is set to the: sg Cama Ifonly the ime value &s entered into a DATE-type column, the date is set to first of the current month For example, a time value is entered in the EMPLOYEE table with the HireDate column of ( TO_DATECO1 15 PM. ‘naira ) 4 Then. the information is retrieved with the following format (try it after you team the SELECT statement Later in this chapter) TO CHAR(HireDate, (DO-MM-YYYY HHCMESS PM.) The result will show the date as the first of the month in which time was entered along with the entered time Now let us enter a new row into DEPT table in the NamanNavan (N2) Corpo- ravion’s database without using the column names INSERT INTO dept VALUES(10, Finance’, ‘Charfotte’, 12): The DEPT table contains four columns, and the values in the previous state- ment are tn the correct order While inserting values, you must remember that the foreign key columns in a table must either have a null value or must already exist as apnimary key value in the table referenced by the foreign key. For example. in the STUDENT table's INSERT statement, the value for Fac ultyId and Majorld columns are cross-referenced by Oracle in the FACULTY MAJOR tables, respectively If you have not populated those two parent your new record in the STUDENT table will not be accepted. You must pog bles without foreign keys first. in other words the parent tables must t before their child tables. P Rounding by INSERT If you insert value $43,876 in a NUMBER(62) column: | scale 1s 2 The resulting value will be 543.88, scale of 2 The rounded value will be entered into!Working with Tables: Data Management 100 Chap 9 Man, ary key columns that do NOt haye 4 re allowed in none primal ny hal Hor NUL Lanta Check the ‘Null? display from the DE commang A value inserting 9 nay methods for inserting a NULL vals fn.a column ethod, the column's name js + In the implicit method, . Implicit method: (0.1 : fey the columo list in an INSERT statement For example, Pa ee Entering Null Values Ny ee \ INSERT INTO: dept(Deptid, Depttame) ‘4 VALUES(5O, ‘Production’h, ) ¢ and Employeeld columns are ¢ A ehelorternrrmreTr eri Ti. columns [tis allowed: only if the NOT NULL constraint is AON ui them, 2. Explicit method: In the explicit method, the null value ts Used 5 4 yay for a numeric column, and an empty string ("') 48 used (or date or ter columns For example, hie 1d, Depttiame, Location, Employeeld) ‘Chicago’, NULL); INSERT INTO dep\(o- ' VALUES(60, ‘Personnel’, You will insert null in Pmployeeld if you do not know the managers pa ployeeld for the newly created Personnel Department in Chicago, Often, you do not know the value of a column and decide to use a null for it If your table has records with null values, you have to update those reco ‘once the actual values are known That is additional data entry. One Way to aye null values is by using a DEFAULT value on columns, Entering Default Values With Oracled{the INSERT statement has added syntax that lets you inser values with the key word DEFAULT in place of a value for a colum ajlfa Value is assigned to the column during the table’s creation, that defaul serted into the column If no default value 1s assigned to the column DEFAULT will result into a null value for the column, Make sure NULL constraint on that column, otherwise, your new row will Substitution Variables Inserting rows into a table is a very tedious task. In reallife tat “about thousands of rows per table! There are screen desipners ‘on. An SOL statement does not have those fancy boxes or buttoNew Row/Record adding * 101 substitution variables which enable y does have sul able you to create an in script When you execute the scnpt, Oracle prompts you loentera mals (aaa sorubon ees ampersand (&) character is used before the : swe in the query{The substitution vanables for CHAR. and DATENype ca ey are enclosed within'a pair of single quotation markd Figure 5-1 ae eee sabstituuon variables and the interactive prompts Played by Oracle. ‘SQL> INSERT INTO deptiDeptid, DeptName, Location, Employeeld) 2 VALUES(&dept_id, ‘&dept_name’, valoctiey? teen Enter value for dept_id: 70 Enter value for dept_name: Testing Enter value for locaton, Miami Enter value for emp_id: NULL old 2 VALUES(Edeptid, ‘&dept_name’, ‘&location’, &emp_id) new 2: VALUES(70, ‘Testing’, ‘Miami’, NULL) 1 row created, sob Figure -1 Substitution vanables Question: You just ran the SQL statement in Figure S-1. How will you insert the next record using the same statement? Answer: The last SQL statement is in the buffer, so you will type slash (/) to reexecute the statement from the buffer If you stored the statement in a file you can execute the same file again with the RUN or @ command. If you execute an INSERT statement that contains a value contuining the & character, such as the value R&D in Figure 5-2, Oracle treats it as a substitution vanable. To avoid such a situation, you can disable the substitution-variable charac- ter (&) with the following SQL * Plus command: SET DEFINE OFF SQL> INSERTINTO dept 2 VALUES (99, ‘R&D’, ‘Windsor, 111); Enter value ford: Figure $-2 Valve with & Conversely, you can turn it on with the SET DEFINE ON om also change the prefix with same command. For example, if yo Prefix for substitution variable to !, you will use the following ‘SET DEFINE |ncating a Table ane © oppING A TABLE © Nan ie calmer wt handle When a table ts not needed in the database. it can be droj ‘i Whe srctare hus 20 many V0 leat Vanial eee a a a table ts dropped. all data and the table structure are permanently deleted. The DROP operation cannot be reversed, and Oracle does not ask “Are You Sure?” You can drop a table only if you are the owner of the table or have the nights to do so. Many other objects based on the dropped table are affected. All associated indexes are removed The table's views and synonyms become invalid The general syntax is ‘DROP TABLE tablename [CASCADE CONSTRAINTS]: _) For example DROP TABLE sample; Oracle displays a “Table dropped” message when a table is successfully dropped. If you add the optional CASCADE CONSTRAINTS clause. it removes foreign key references to the table as well. [RENAMING ATABLE | You can rename a table provided you are the owner of the table The general syntax is (rename oldtablename TO newtablename; For example, RENAME dept TO department: ") Oracle will display a “Table renamed” message when this statement 1s executed. (We will not change the DEPT table’s name and will still refer to it by its: name later in this textbook.) The RENAME statement can be used to change nam of other Oracle objects, such as a view, synonym, or sequence, which We alater chapter UNCATING A TABLE N wun A % Jats Truncatng a table is removing all records/rows table, however, stays intact. You must be the owner TABLE privilege to truncate a table. The SQL} that can be used to remove one or more (oral) as long as it is not committed. The TRUNC feversible Truncation releases storage docs not. The syntax is