AGO Assignment 2 IIIBAGIGNS, 1) Design Lssves of Distributed System - The distributed information system is defined ao "a. number of interdependent computers Linked by & network. for hering, inforemotion Grong, thar. A distributed information Seal consists of multiple ebtonomoys compotars thot communics.re oF exchange information through 6 computer network. Design issues of distributed system — =DHerenagenaity Hererogeneity to applied to the network, computer hardware, operating system and implementation of difFerent developers. 4 Key component of the heterogeneous distributed system client-server anaconment is middiensre. Middleware is 6 set of services thet enobles applicotion and end-user 40 Interacts with each other o.cross & heterogeneous distributed oysters. Openness: “The openness of the Motrbured yptem to determined primarily by the degree 40 which net De sarices con be rotecucilable +o the users. Bpen systems are chorecrarined by the ick thot their Key interfaces Gra published. Rt is based on 6. wniform communication mechanism and publioned interface for access 40 ohared resources. LY con be constructed from heterogeneous hardwere end sofcre. =rSeolabiiry: Scatobitiry of the oyster should remain efficient even with o signifeon+ ineresce in the nurber of) Users Gin resources connected. =rSecunityy Security of information system has three components Confidentiolly integrity and cucitabitity, 2neryption protects shared resources, Keeps sensitive information secrets than transmitted. =>Fosture Vondling: When some faults oecur in hardware and the seFroare program, t+ mou produce incorrect results of they mou stop before they hove completed the intended comps tion 36 corrective mecouras ohould +0 implemented +0 hondle this cose.Foilure handling is difReult inistributed systems becouse the failure is PEMGl i, 2, some components fail while others comtinve +2 fonction Concurrency: There is 0. possibi My, thot severo! chemts will Gttempt $0 Gecess 6 shored resource G+ the Same Hime. Multiple Users make requests on the Séme resources, Le read, Write, ond update, Zech resource must be oofe in o concurrent ensironment. Any object that represents c shared resource & distributed system must ensure thor H+ operates correctiy, in & concurrent andironment, Tronsporency : “Wensperency ensures that the distributes system shovid be perceived 63 6 single entity by he Users oF the cpplication prograrsmens r6ther Shan the collection of c.utonomo.s systems, Which io coopero.ting. The Loer should be unawore of where the services ore located and the transferring From 6. lel machine 42 6. remote one should. be +ronsporent.SD) Architecture of LAstributed Shared memory Dom) Distributed Sharad memory UDSrn) implements the Diotributed systems shared memory model in « diotibvred oustem, thot hose ony physicaiy, shared enemory. Shored model provides o. virtvot eddress ares. shared between any or ail nodes. Wo bac+ the high forged. of communies.tion in distributed ouster. DSm memo, model provides « drtuol address area. shored between oll nodes. systems move informetion +0 the placement of access. knforenction moves betiseen main mamery ind secondary memory Gsthin 6 node) and betaeen main recollections of various nodes. Zoery Greek deity object io in hand by o. node. The initial owner is thet the node that created the object, possession will cmendment G3 the abject moves from nade +9 node. nee 6. method e.ccasses information within the shared address pace, the mopping manoger maps shored, ae address 40 physical memory Coeat or remote). DSim permits programs running on separate e6.s0NS +8 share Informesrion while nor the sofware engineer hosing to agitote covsetion message instead Underlying Technology con sendthe messcges To stay the DSM consistent between compute. D3im permits programs that sont 48 rest constant Iptop 49 ba simply Sollored +o control on sepa.re.te reccon. Programs G.ccess whot seems to them yo be yradixonal merery, Henee, programs thot Pine Wee State Dm SqVEre mes.sure sometimes shorter and, ec.sier 40 GFGE.9p ThEN progrems ThE> We messoge possing. Bus, DSM ions appropriate for ail Ahings. Client-server systems oqpere measure Aypicaily tess suited +0 DS, however, o server is else wont 42 G.osist in providing DSm practicality Sr information shared betes purchasers. Architecture of LXstributed Shared memory: Query, node consists of | or additional CPUs end o memory Unit. Hghsspeed communication netoork. i employed for connecting the nodes. A straightforward message passing system, permits processes on completely different nodes 40 exchange one cnother. Memory mapping manager unit : memory mapping manager routine in every node mops the notive memory onto the sharedcomputer storage. For mopping operc-tion, +he shared memory house is divided into blocks Anformo.tion cocking moy be o. documented answer to deal with operation latency. Dr uses Informetion caching 42 scale back network \orancy. the most memory of tha individual nodes is employed 40 coche items of the oho.red memory, house Memory mapping manager of every node reads Uns nective memory 6.5 Gn enormous coche OF the Shared mamory hase Doe ths assoc. ted, processors. The bs.2o unit of co.ching ay be a memory block. Systeme yho.t uppers DSM, Information moses betocen secondary memory End mein memory Gise 6.5 betoeen mein vaminiscancas of us.rious nodes Cormmurication Network, Unit : Gree method aceass informetion within the shared address house mopping manc.ger maps the shored memory address +o the physical mmamory, The mapped leyer of code enforced. dither within the operoting Kernel or ao runtime routine.Physical memory on avery node holds pages oF shored wetuol-oddeess house. Native pages ores. oni gift in some notes memory, Remove pages in some other nodes memory. BLood Batencing - Loed, batencing is the proctice of spreading the workload across distributed system nodes in order +0 optimize rescurce efRciency and rook response time while avoiding 0 situetion in which some nodes are substanticily loaded while othens Gre idle or performing ite work. LLeod botoncing, equoliy, distributes network aro.fhe of load across different channels and con be achieved using both static cind dynoric toad, betencing techniques. 2D-Frevses on the notion of 4roFRe dispersion 6.07055 connections. 3. the creotion of Ratios, Least connections, Fostest, Round robin, and observed approaches Gre used in toed betcncing, Anke is Uni-Directione.t. S.No instence is too.d shoring, Accurate Load Balancing to not on eno4 took.Lead Shoring ~ Leed bateneing, spitutions are desi gnead +0 eotoblion o dispersed network in which requests Gre evenly spread across several servers. Load shoring, On The other hand, includes sending o portion of the +raffe +o one server and the rest +2 another, LLoad shoving delivers 0. portion of the ro-fAc or load +0 one connection in the network while the remainder is routed through other chennels. 2 Monks wth the notion of 476. fhe splitting Geross connections. B.Lead Snoring lo based on the notion of sharing srofhie or network load omnong connections based on destination AP or MAC oddress selections. Abt is Uni-Directional. SAM instences ore load sharing, LeLoad sharing 13 26.34 compared. with took botoncing. Ai Tive-Phose Commit Protocol & +wo-phese commit is 6. stonderdized protect shat ensures thet 6 datohose comenit is implementing in the situation where o commit operotion vst be broken into two parts.Ahn dorobs.se mons.gement, saving date changes is Kinin 6.5 6. commit ond undoing changes is Both can be Keved ecoi| Kenown no 6. roltbo.c vsing Trensectien logging when o single server i involved, but when the dere is spread ocross geographically diverse servers in distributed computing. A special object, Known a2 & coordinator, io reguired in a distributed transaction. As is Nore implies, the coordinator crronges activities Gnd, syncheoniza.tion bataeen distributed servers. The qun~pha.sa commit 1s implemented 6.5 follows: = Prowse | ~ Zach server that needs to commit dota writes its dots. records +40 the tog. Rf o Server is Unsvecessful, i+ responds wth o failure messoge. Af suecassfil, tha server replias With Gn Ok messege. =>Phose D - This phose begins offer oli porhcipsnts respond Ok. then, the coordinator sends 6. signel +2 acch sansa With commit instructions. After committing, e6ch writes the commit a2 part of ite log record for reference and sends the coordinator o messoge thot Hycommit hes been SuccessAUtlyy implemented. BLO server fils, the coordinator sends instrverons sion, After +o oll cervers 40 coll back the trance the servers roll back, each sendlo feedback thot this hos been completed. SWWasie model of o. Reatrtime System The hosic model of a. recinime Supremn presents she overview of all the components involved in o real-time austen, Reol-time oyster includes various hardware and sofhoare embedded in o Such @ Gly thot the spacifie tasks con be performed in tha time consireints aiiased. The eccuracy and correctness involved in reai-time system mokes the model complex. There ore various models of real-time system which ere more complet end ore hard +0 Understand. Here t5e sill discuss @. basie model nf raci-time system Lonich hod Some commonly, used terms and hardware, =>Sensor: Sensor is used for the conversion of some prysicat events DF chore.crevistics int the electvicol signals. These are horducre devices that thot 4okes the inpo+ from environment and gives 40the system by converting =Yaetustor: Actuotor io the reverse device of sensor, Where Sensor converts the physical events into electrical signals, actuator does the reverse. Jr consarts the elactricai signais into the physica events of cho.ro.cteristics. =>digns.| Conditioning Unit: When the sensor converts the physical cetions into electriccl signeis, then computer cor’+ Used them directly. Hence, ofran the conversion of phypical actions into electrical signals, they io need of conditioning. >Snterf.ce Unit: Ainrerfoce units cre bo.siealiy used for the conversion of digits\ +0 anclog and vice-verse... Signals coming from the input conditioning untt are analog and the system does the opere-tions 9p digital signes only then the imberfice Unit is used. 40 change the analog signals +o digitol Signats: Senlonty, while transmitting the signets 40 votpur conditioning unit the interface of signals ore changed i.e. from digital 40 aneiog.E)mobite Operating System A mobile operating system olloas the User +0 FON other diferent opplicotion oofruware on he mobile, tablets, ete. Moreover, we con say that ty ts a type of operating system which 1s specially designed for mobiles, tablets, smorhootches, ete. Furthermore, thal cre 6 mixture of computer OS With some additional features for mobiles. Also, they ore comparatively light and simple. An operating system (BS) is o program thot Gets 65 an interface between the system herdwoore Gnd the User. Moreover, it handles aii the intercerions berwwen the sofhocce and the hardware, Types of Popuier mobile Operating Sustenn- 1. Android, OS~ The Andraid 05 is tha mast common apara+ing Super Gmong the mobile operating system, Furthermore, Google i the developer of Android. Yoreower, 1+ is on open source ard free operosting system, This OS is based on the Linux Kernel. The nome for avery nals version of updote is based on ‘desserts for example Cupcake, Donut, Zclair, Gren, Wrke+, etc.2. Bade~ Somsing is the louncher of His spareting oyprem, fr came into marker to BOO rroreover, H+ Includes features Me 3D graphics, applicotion instollotion, multipoint touch ete. 3. Blackberry o5- The developer of +nis opercting suprem is Reosearen din motion Rd). dr woo specifeaily designed for biackberry devices. Furthermore, i+ 13 Useful for corporote ers +. Apple 10.5: Afrer ondroid, it io one of the moot populor 65 Be io designed +o run on Apple devices auch os iPhones, Pad toblers, ete. Moreover, ike the Endroid, devicas howe the ploystora for pps doontead. Likenise, apple 105 contains the opp Store, Aso, ++ hos very, strong security Features S. Windows mobile Opers.ting Systere “the developer of this OS is microsef. Sis hosicatty designed, for pocket PCs ond smartphones. Moreover, i+ hos the features of computer based Windows 65 and additional features for mobile phones.be. Sumbion 6S- Symbion Lid. is the developer of thio OS. rroreover, Nokia. wo0 the Rrot 40 we thio 8S on ts mobile phones. Furthermore, i+ provides high level integration With communication. This OS is besed on jas. lonquege. coven O3- latest GS moreover, Huowe is to + is specifically designed for use in Furthermore,