Learning objective:

10.3.1.1. To explain the concept of polynomial in one variable

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VOCABULARY
polynomial: polinom (çok terimli)
degree of a polynomial: polinomun derecesi
coefficients of a polynomial: polinomun katsayıları
leading coefficient of a polynomial: polinomun baş katsayısı
constant term of a polynomial: polinomun sabit terimi
constant polynomial: sabit polinom
zero polynomial: sıfır polinomu
equivalent polynomials: eşit polinomlar
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Activity

a)
Express algebraically the area of the rectangle to
be formed by joining the pieces in the figure.

b)
Express the perimeter of the swimming pool
algebraically.

c) A square shaped public garden is represented in

the figure. There are square tables at each corner
of this garden. Express algebraically the area of
this garden excluding the areas allocated for
these tables.

1
  P(x)  anxn  a n1 xn1  an2xn2   a0 where an, an-1, ……,a2, a1, a0 are real numbers, n
is a natural number, and x is a variable is called a polynomial (polynomial function) in
one variable.

 Polynomials in the variable x are generally denoted by P(x), Q(x), R(x), K(x)…, p(x),q(x),
r(x),...

 an, an-1, ……,a2, a1, a0 are the coefficients of the polynomial.

 n : the highest exponent, called the degree of polynomial. It is denoted by deg[P(x)].

 anxn : the term with the highest degree, called the leading term

 an : the coefficient of the leading term, called the leading coefficient

 a0 : the term containing no variable, called the constant term

Class Exercises 1

1) State whether each of the following is a polynomial or not. Write down the leading term, degree,
leading coefficient and constant term of the ones that are polynomials.

Polynomial Leading Leading Constant

Function Degree
(Yes / No) term Coefficient term

I
2
F(x)  2x 2 3x  1
2 2
G(x)  4x 5 3x 4  7x 3  x 2  5x  6
Lys s h E
H(x)  x 5  3
3
N X
2
K(x)  x 4  6x 2  4x 0 0
3
FX h 43 0
BEN
7 1
M(x)  3  x 2   5
x x X
Ets
2 5π

1
N(x)  1  x  4x 2  x 3
2 6
P(x)  x 4  xO
SEN
3
 x2  x  1
X
3 11
Q(x)  3x  11
Tx 7
IN
1

3 T R
R(x)  πx  x 2  2x  2
3

6
2) Given P(x) = x m + 2x +1 , find the integer values of m so that P(x) is a polynomial.

EEN m 6,3 4
2
 12
3) Given Q(x) = 3x n  6xn3 + x 2  5 , find the sum of the possible values of n so that Q(x) is a
polynomial.

1330
12 6 4 3 25

4) Given R(x)  x15k  6xk 2 , find the possible values of k so that R(x) is a polynomial function.

F y't
k
KEE IE EN
KE
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5) Given that P(x)  3x2n7 +5x2  x283n , is a polynomial then find the maximum and the minimum

257 23.5
values of its degree.
m
O 1
2n 7

a 310 72823 82 n na 2
7
DegPix
Desmin
16,13 16,115,111
6) P(x)  2x  3x  5x  1 is given. Find the values of P(0),P(-1),P(2) .
3 2

Desmox
16
Plo 2101 3101 50 7 7

PH AIPAC I 51 1 7 7
PC 2127 391 591 1 19
7) Q(x)  x  4x  2x  3x  3 is given. Find the value of Q( 3 2) .
12 9 6 3

244657 265 3125 3

2 4125 212776 3
16 32 8 6 3 3

21
 7 24 4 4 2
2 7
8) P(2x  3)  4x  10x  5 is given. Find the value of P(7) .
2

Pc77 411 101 4 5

L h C207 5
20 5
Elf
9) Q(x)  x 2  1 is given. Find Q(3x  1) .

3 1 13 15 1
5 71
2
6 1
5 6 2
10) Given that P(x  1)  (x  1)4  4x 2  8x  2 , find P(x) .

4 1
Ply HH 1ILAH 86 1 2
X 4 72 1 8 8 2
11) Giventhinks
that R(2x  4)  10x  7 ,4
8 2
find R(x) .
4
2 hYj
y
Rix 104 1 7
5 20 7
5 13
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12) Given that q(x3  x  2)  2x3  2x  5 , find q(x) .

FR XI 5 967 241 7
91 2 21 21 2 1
g2 1 1 91 27 2
5 4

HIIIII go 2
13) P(x) and Q(x) are polynomials.

Given that 2  P(x  2)  x  Q(x  1)  x 2  3x  6 and P(5)  6 , find the value of Q(2) .
a
6
2P 5 30121 9
9

3044 24
12 4

30171 12
 1127 I

Constant polynomial

Consider the polynomial P(x)  a0  a 1 x  a2x2   anxn .

If a 1  a2  a3  an  0 and a0  0 , then P(x)  a0 is called a constant polynomial.

1
For example, p(x)  5 , q(x)   2 , r(x)   , P(x)  2a2  a , T(x)  y2  3y are constant polynomials.
3

9 P 5
* The degree of a constant polynomial is 0.
x
Class Exercises 2

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1) Given that P(x)  (a  1)x 2  (b  2)x  7 is a constant polynomial

a) find the values of a and b.

9 7 b 2
b) find P(x) .

Px 7

M F
2) Given that q(x)  (4  3a)x 3  (3  b)x2  6a  b  1 is a constant polynomial,

find the value of q(2018) .

TEETHas Eblen
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23
9
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3) If R(x) is a constant polynomial and R(1)  R(2)  R(3)  315 , find R(x  3) .

RATRA
t Rat
s

35

5
 Zero polynomial

Consider the polynomial P(x)  a0  a 1 x  a2x2   anxn .

If a0  a 1  a2  a3  an  0 , then P(x)  0 is called a zero polynomial.

* The degree of zero polynomial is indetermined.

Class Exercises 3

if
1) Given that p(x)  (m  n  2)x 3  (m  k)x  n  2 is a zero polynomial, find the values of m, n and k.

y an
M O
h O
2) Given that q(x)  a  b  6  2x ab is a zero polynomial, find the value of a  b .

III
a 20 4
Equivalent polynomials

If the degrees of two polynomials p(x) and q(x) are equal and also if the coefficients of the terms
with the same degree are equal, then p(x) and q(x) are called equivalent polynomials.

For the polynomials P(x)  a0  a 1 x  a2x2   anxn and q(x)  b0  b 1 x  b2x2   bnxn

p(x)  q(x)  a0  b0 , a1  b1 , a2  b2 , , an  bn

Class Exercises 4

a
1) P(x)  3x 3  4x 2  5x  2 and Q(x)  (a  1)x 3  (a  b)x 2  (c  2)x  2a  d are given.
If P(x)  Q(x) , find the value of a  b  c  d .

a 2

d 2 2 13
a2
atbI 61,3
2) P(x)  (kx  1)2  3x 2 and Q(x)  4x 2  4x  bx  c  4 are given.
If P(x)  Q(x) and k  0 , find the value of k  b  c .

thx D x'thx by c th
Ix't 2kx x xch b th 6

42 7 7 4 753
be
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rejected htbt 1 2 3 4

Finding the constant term and the sum of the coefficients of a polynomial

Consider the polynomial p(x)  a0  a 1 x  a2x2   anxn .

1. p(0)  a0  a 1 0  a2  0   an  0  a0  p(0)  a0

p(0) is equal to the constant term of the polynomial.

i
For example,

Constant term of the polynomial P(x  3) is P(0  3)  P(3) .

Constant term of the polynomial Q(2x 3  5x  1) is Q(2  03  5  0  1)  Q(1)
Constant term of the polynomial (3x  6)  R(x  7) is (3  0  6)  R(0  7)  (6)  R(7)

2. p(1)  a0  a 1 1  a2  1   an  1  a0  a 1  a2   an

p(1) is equal to the sum of the coefficients of the polynomial.

For example,

Sum of the coefficients of the polynomial P(x  2) is P(1  2)  P(1) .

Sum of the coefficients of the polynomial Q(x 2  3x  2) is Q(02  3  0  2)  Q(2)
Sum of the coefficients of the polynomial (x 2  3)  R(x  1) is (12  3)  R(1  1)  4  R(0)

Class Exercises 5

1) Given P(x)  (2x  1)3  (3x  2)11 , find

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20418
a) its constant term.
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b) the sum of the coefficients. 411 20487
PA APCA 7
2) If the sum of the coefficients of P(x)  (3m  2)x3  (1  m)x  m  4 is  20, find the value of m.

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4 20
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3mt2 7tmtm 4 20

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3) P(x  2)  x 3  2x2  kx  k  1 is given. If the sum of the coefficients of P(x) is 12  k ,

find the value of k.

PCD135 2635 34 41 12 h
7
27 18 44 1 12 K
4
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4) q(x  2)  5x3  3x2  5x  1 is given.

a) Find the constant term of q(x) . d) Find the sum of the coefficients of q(x) .

g
o SENT314 t SEY H E 7 79 I SC MISHASant
5 3 5 7 4
40 12 10 1 43
b) Find the constant term of q(x  2) . e) Find the sum of the coefficients of q(x  2) .
x 0791027 0 0 0 1 7 X 7 7913 5 375 1 4

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c) Find the constant term of q(3x  1) . f) Find the sum of the coefficients of q(3x  1) .
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5137 3GA SAH 7
X 3 9111 0 7910 2 0 0 0 1
I 9115 3 FISH
62 14 148
9
5) Given that the constant term of the polynomial p(x) is 1 and p(x  1)  x6  2x 5  x 4  a , find p(2) .

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K l path p HEH E AtCo an
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7 2 7 9 7
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6) P(2x  2)  8x  6x  4 is given. Find the constant term of the polynomial (x2  4)  P(x  4) .
2

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4PCH 46 58
2 2 4 X 371114 8131766 4
32
18 4 58
7) P(
x 1
2

1 7 2142
272
)  10x  26 is given. Find the sum of the coefficients of (2x  4)  P (x  1) .
2 2

P2
XI 2 1 3 PRI 1014 26
4
2P 2 2EUR 32 8
8) P(x)  ax 4  bx3  cx2  dx  e is given.
P(1)  P(1)
a) Show that the sum of the coefficients of even degree terms is .
2

Pakatbtadte
Pfl a btc dte
PCKP 2E atcte

P(1)  P(1)
b) Show that the sum of the coefficients of odd degree terms is .
2

Pakatbtadte
Pfl a btc ate

PCDI 2CL btd

9) R(x)  (2x3  3)2  (x2  1) is given.

a) Find the sum of the coefficients of even degree terms.

RCI 23 1 1 2 2
RALEIGH 50 HIR 21 26

b) sum of the coefficients of odd degree terms.

RCI 23 1 1 2
RALEIGH 50
RCDz 2 2h