0% found this document useful (0 votes)
44 views12 pagesMagnets
Uploaded by
mariam saikCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
44 views12 pagesMagnets
Uploaded by
mariam saikCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
/ 12
NETS AND CURRI
North
Pole
Properties of magnets
Amagnet
+ has a magnetic field around
it (Gee the next spread)
+ has two opposite poles (N
and S) which exert forces on
other magnets. Like poles
repel; unlike poles attract.
* will attract magnetic
materials by inducing,
magnetism in them. n some
materials (e.g. steel) the
magnetism is permanent. In
others (e.g. ron) itis
temporary.
+ will exert litle or no force on
‘non-magnetic material
Magnets
Magnetic poles
Ifa small bar magnet is dipped into iron filings, the filings are attracted to its
ends, as shown in the photograph on the opposite page. The magnetic force
seems to come from two points, called the poles of the magnet.
‘The Earth exerts forces on the poles of a magnet. If a bar magnet is
suspended as on the left, it swings round until it lies roughly north-south.
This effect is used to name the two poles of a magnet. These are called:
© the north-seeking pole (or N pole for short)
@ the south-seeking pole (or S pole for short)
If you bring the ends of two similar bar magnets together, there is a force
between the poles as shown below:
Like poles repel; unlike poles attract.
‘The closer the poles, the greater the force between them.
magnetic poles
~
De Fe ole
Induced magnetism
‘Materials such as iron and steel are attracted to magnets because they
themselves become magnetized when there is a magnet nearby. The magnet
induces magnetism in them, as shown below. In each case, the induced pole
nearest the magnet is the opposite of the pole at the end of the magnet. The
attraction between unlike poles holds each piece of metal to the magnet.
‘The steel and the iron behave differently when pulled right away from the
magnet. The steel keeps some of its induced magnetism and becomes a
permanent magnet. However, the iron loses virtually all of its induced
magnetism. It was only a temporary magnet.
iron loses steel permanently
magnetism rragnetized
poles induced
in iron and steel Macners ano Currents
Making a magnet
A piece of steel becomes permanently magnetized when placed near a i
‘magnet, but its magnetism is usually weak. It can be magnetized more iinaee
strongly by stroking it with one end of a magnet, as on the right. However, away fom
steel
the most effective method of magnetizing it is to place it in a long coil of wire
and pass a large, direct (one-way) current through the coil. ‘The current has a
magnetic effect which magnetizes the steel.
Magnetic and non-magnetic materials duced poles
A magnetic material is one which which can be magnetized and is,
attracted to magnets. All strongly magnetic materials contain iron, nickel, or __ Magnetizing a piece of steel by
cobalt. For example, steel is mainly iron. Strongly magnetic metals like this _ stoking it with a magnet,
are called ferromagnetics. They are described as hard or soft depending on
how well they keep their magnetism when magnetized:
Hard magnetic materials such as steel, and alloys called Alcomax and Ferrous and non-ferrous
‘Magnadur are difficult to magnetize but do not readily lose their magnetism. ron and alloys (mixtures)
‘They are used for permanent magnets. containing iron are called
ferrous metals (ferrum is Latin
foriron). Aluminium, copper,
and the other non-magnetic
metals are non-ferrous.
‘Soft magnetic materials such as iron and Mumetal are relatively easy to
magnetize, but their magnetism is only temporary. They are used in the cores
of electromagnets and transformers because their magnetic effect can be
‘switched’ on or off or reversed easily.
Non-magnetic materials include metals such as brass, copper, zinc, tin,
and aluminium, as well as non-metals.
Where magnetism comes from
In an atom, tiny electrical particles called electrons move around a central
nucleus. Each electron has a magnetic effect as it spins and orbits the
nucleus. In many types of atom, the magnetic effects of the electrons cancel,
but in some they do not, so each atom acts as a tiny magnet. In an
‘unmagnetized material, the atomic magnets point in random directions. But,
as the material becomes magnetized, more and more of its atomic magnets
line up with each other. ‘Together, billions of tiny atomic magnets act as one
big magnet
it
Ifa magnet is hammered, its atomic magnets are thrown out of line:
becomes demagnetized. Heating it to a high temperature has the same
effect. ‘Magnetic materials are attracted to
magnets and can be made into
magnets.
‘What is meant by the N pole of a magnet? re
2 Magnetic materials are sometimes described as hard ot soft ail pan
a) What is the difference between the two types? : 7
b) Give one example of each type -
23. Name tive ferromagnetic metals, ee a
4 None teeron muse net
3 ‘The dagram on te ase thee meal bar. When diflent eds ar ;
trough ogc eo found ut Asnd Batact hand Cate. bu Asad ID
D repel. Decide whether each of the bars is a permanent magnet or not. a ill
|TRalted Apes atoms and lectrons 8.0; the Earth's magnetism 9.02; letromagrets 9.04; transformers .08-9.10 73) Macnets ano Currents
dots on plotting
paper compass
eld line
* Magnet essentials
‘A magnet has a north-seeking
(N) pole at one end and a
south-seeking (S) pole at the
other. When two magnets are
brought together:
like poles repel, unlike poles
attract.
Magnetic fields
In the photograph below, iron filings have been sprinkled on paper over a bar
magnet. The filings have become tiny magnets, pulled into position by forces
from the poles of the magnet. Scientifically speaking, there is a magnetic
field around the magnet, and this exerts forces on magnetic materials in it.
Magnetic field patterns
‘Magnetic fields can be investigated using a small compass. The ‘needle’ is a
tiny magnet which is free to turn on its spindle. When near a magnet, the
needle is turned by forces between its poles and the poles of the magnet.
The needle comes to rest so that the turning effect is zero.
‘The diagram on the left shows how a small compass can be used to plot the
field around a bar magnet, Starting with the compass near one end of the
‘magnet, the needle position is marked using two dots. Then the compass is,
moved so that the needle lines up with the previous dot... and so on, When
the dots are joined up, the result is a magnetic field line. More lines can be
drawn by starting with the compass in different positions.
In the diagram above, a selection of field lines has been used to show the
magnetic field around a bar magnet:
© The field lines run from the N pole to the $ pole of the magnet. The field
direction, shown by an arrowhead, is defined as the direction in which the
force on aN pole would act. It is the direction in which the N end of a
compass needle would point.
© The magnetic field is strongest where the field lines are closest together.
If two magnets are placed near each other, their magnetic fields combine to
produce a single field. Two examples are shown at the top of the next page.
At the neutral point, the field from one magnet exactly cancels the field
from the other, so the magnetic force on anything at this point is zero. Magnets AND CURRENTS
4 Atthe neutral point, the fields
from the two magnets cancel, so
the combined field is of zero
strength.
neutral
point
The Earth’s magnetic field ‘Magnetic screening
‘The Earth has a magnetic field, No one is sure of its cause, although it is Some electronic equipment is
thought to come from electric currents generated in the Earth's core. The easily upset by magnetic fields
field is rather like that around a large, but very weak bar magnet. from nearby generators,
i 3 : , motors, transformers, or the
‘With no other magnets near it, a compass needle lines up with the Earth’s Tank TReeaipmenceanbe
magnetic field. The N end of the needle points north, But an N pole is always screened (shielded) by
attracted to an S pole. So it follows that the Earth’s magnetic S pole must be enclosing itn layer of a soft
in the north! It lies under a point in Canada called magnetic north ‘magnetic material such as iron
‘Magnetic north is over 1200 km away from the Earth’s geographic North ‘or nickel. This redirects the field
so that it does not pass
through the equipment.
Pole. This is because the Earth's magnetic axis is not quite in line with its
north-south axis of rotation.
The Earth behaves asifithas a large but very weak bar
magnet inside t.
@
4 In the diagrams on the right, the same compass is
‘A compass is of no use in polar regions because the Earth's
magnetic field lines are vertical.
being used in both cases. met x
1a) Copy diagram A. Label the N and $ ends of the {
compass needle
‘b) Copy diagram B. Mark in the poles of the magnet ® x
to show which is N and which is S. Then draw an
arrowhead on the field line to show its direction.
©) In diagram B, at which position, X or Y, would you
expect the magnetic field to be the stronger?
magnet.
|[Relatea{topits: magnetic poles and the Earth’s magnetic effect 9.01 Z oS
MAGNETS AND CURRENTS
‘Magnet essentials
Like poles repel; unlike poles
attract. Magnetic field lines
show the direction of the force
on aN pole.
current
(conventional)
Current essentials
In a circuit the current is a flow
of electrons: tiny particles
‘which come from atoms,
The current arrows shown on
circuit diagrams run from +
‘0 -. Thisis the conventional
current direction. Electrons,
being negatively charged, flow
‘the other way.
fl
See
ie
Magnetic effect of a current
Magnetic field around a wire
Ifan electric current is passed through a wire, as shown below left, a weak
magnetic field is produced. The field has these features:
© the magnetic field lines are circles
© the field is strongest close to the wire
@ increasing the current increases the strength of the field.
current
(conventional)
Arrule for field direction The direction of the magnetic field produced by
a current is given by the right-hand grip rule shown above right. Imagine
gripping the wire with your right hand so that your thumb points in the
conventional current direction. Your fingers then point in the same direction
as the field lines.
Magnetic fields from coils
A current produces a stronger magnetic field if the wire it flows through is
wound into a coil. The diagrams below show the magnetic field patterns
produced by two current-carrying coils. One is just a single turn of wire.
‘The other is a long coil with many turns. A long coil is called a solenoid.
—
ce Macners ano Currents
‘The magnetic field produced by a current-carrying coil has these features:
© the field is similar to that from a bar magnet, and there are magnetic poles
at the ends of the coil
© increasing the current increases the strength of the field
@ increasing the number of turns on the coil increases the strength of the
field
Axrule for poles To work out which way round the poles are, you can use
another right-hand grip rule, as shown on the right. Imagine gripping the
coil with your right hand so that your fingers point in the conventional
current direction. Your thumb then points towards the N pole of the coil.
‘Magnets are made — and demagnetized — using coils, as shown below. In
audio and video cassette recorders, tiny coils are used to put magnetic
patterns on tape. The patterns store sound and picture information,
‘Making a magnet
[
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Above, a steel bar has been placed in a solenoid. When a
current is passed through the solenoid, the steel becomes
magnetized and makes the magnetic field much stronger
than before. And when the current is switched off, the steel
stays magnetized. Nearly all permanent magnets are made
in this way,
Above, a magnet is slowly being pulled out of a solenoid
through which an alternating current is passing. Alternating
current (AC) flows backwards, forwards, backwards, |
forwards... and so on. it produces a magnetic field which
changes direction very rapidly and throws the atoms in the
magnet out of line.
‘The coll in diagram A is producing a magnetic field
) Give two ways in which the strength of the field
could be increased.
1b) How could the direction of the field be reversed?
©) Copy the diagram. Show the conventional current
direction and the N and S poles of the coil.
2 Redraw diagram B to show which way the compass
needles point when a current flows through the wire.
(Assume that the black end of each compass needle is
aN pole, the conventional current direction is away
from you, into the paper, and that the only magnetic
field is that due to the current.)
j
wire (end view)
Related topies: current ina circuit 8.03; magnetic poles 9.01; magnetic fields 9.02; alternating current 8.11 Macnets ANo Currents
battery switch
i
cil core
A simple electromagnet
‘Magnetic essentials
Abhard magnetic material (for
example, steel is one which,
when magnetized, does not
readily lose its magnetism,
A soft magnetic material for
‘example, iron) quickly loses its
magnetism when the
magnetizing field is removed.
With a relay, a small switch can be
used to tum on a powerful starter
motor.
Electromagnets
Unlike an ordinary magnet, an electromagnet can be switched on and off.
Ina simple electromagnet, a coil, consisting of several hundred turns of
insulated copper wire, is wound round a core, usually of iron or Mumetal.
‘When a current flows through the coil, it produces a magnetic field. This
magnetizes the core, creating a magnetic field about a thousand times
stronger than the coil by itself. With an iron or Mumetal core, the magnetism
is only temporary, and is lost as soon as the current through the coil is
switched off. Steel would not be suitable as a core because it would become
permanently magnetized.
‘The strength of the magnetic field is increased by:
@ increasing the current
© increasing the number of turns in the coil.
Reversing the current reverses the direction of the magnetic field.
‘The following devices all contain electromagnets.
‘The magnetic relay
A magnetic relay is a switch operated by an electromagnet. With a relay, a
small switch with thin wires can be used to turn on the current in a much
more powerful circuit — for example, one with a large electric motor in it:
iron armature
power supply
for motor
switch
contacts ©
input circuit output creuit
py
‘When the switch S in the input circuit is closed, a current flows through the
electromagnet. This pulls the iron armature towards it, which closes the
contacts C. Asa result, a current flows through the motor.
‘The relay above is of the ‘normally open’ type: when the input switch is OFR,
the output circuit is also OFF. A ‘normally closed” relay works the opposite
way: when the input switch is OFF, the output circuit is ON. In practice, most
relays are made so that they can be connected either way.
‘ L nite swith
coi (normal coll norm
open) dlozed)
Normally-open relay (symbol) Normally-closed relay (symbol) Macnets ano CURRENTS ’
The circuit breaker
A circuit breaker is an automatic switch which cuts off the current in a circuit
if this rises above a specified value. Ithas the same effect as a fuse but, unlike
a fuse, can be reset (turned ON again) after it has tripped (turned OFF).
reset button
In the type shown on the right, the current flows through two contacts and
also through an electromagnet. If the current gets too high, the pull of the
electromagnet becomes strong enough to release the iron catch, so the
contacts open and stop the current. Pressing the reset button closes the
contacts again. mn
Magnetic storage
Although CDs and DVDs are popular, many people still use magnetic tape
for recording sounds and TV pictures. The tape consists of a long, thin,
plastic strip, coated with a layer of iron oxide or similar material.
‘Magnetically, iron oxide is between soft and hard. Once magnetized it keeps
current electro-
‘its magnetism, but is relatively easy to demagnetize, ready for another ee
recording.
Circuit breaker
‘The diagram below shows how sound is recorded on tape. The hard drive in
a computer also stores data as a pattern of varying magnetism. In both
examples, an electromagnet creates the varying magnetic field needed for the
recording. Later, a playback head can read the pattern and produce a varying
current.
i (<
varied by
sound
