EXPERIMENT 1 TOPIC: ENTHALPY OBJECTIVES: 1. Determine the enthalpy of neutralization of strong acid and weak acid. 2.

Determine the quantity and direction of the heat transfer in the dilution of a salt.

Introduction: Energy changes always accompany chemical reactions. If energy in the form of heat, is liberated the reaction is exothermic and if the energy is absorbed the reaction is endothermic. Thermochemistry is concerned with the measurement of the amount of heat evolved or obsorbed. The heat (or enthaply) of neutralization is the heat evolved when an acid and a base react to form a salt plus water. Heat measurements are performed by carrying out the reaction in a special container called a calorimeter. The heat (Q) given off by the neutralization reaction is absorbed by the reaction solution and the calorimeter. Both the solution and calorimeter increase in temperature due to the absorbed heat and this increase can be measured with a thermometer. H is negative if heat is evolved and positive if heat is absorbed.

Hneutralization = QSolution + QCalorimeter

The enthalpy of solution (or enthalpy of dissolution) is the enthalpy change associated with the dissolution of a substance in a solvent at constant pressure

The heat of solution is one of the three dimensions of solubility analysis. It is most often expressed in kJ/mol at constant temperature. Just as the energy of forming a chemical bond is the difference between electron affinity and ionization energy, the heat of solution of a substance is defined as the sum of the energy absorbed, or endothermic energy (expressed in "positive" kJ/mol), and energy released, or exothermic energy (expressed in "negative" kJ/mol).The lattice energy of salt and hydration energy will determine whether heat is absorbed or released when 1 mole of salt dissolve in water. The enthalpy of solution and dilution is total lattice energy and hydration energy. Salt dispersion enthalpy is determined with the combination of heat loss from the salt and water whenever both of them are mixed.

Chemicals and apparatus 1.0 M HCl solution, 1.0 M NaOH solution, 1.0 HNO3 solution, salt Styroform cup with lid with a tiny hole for thermometer, Themometer, Measure cylinder and 100ml beaker.

EXPERIMENT 1A: HEAT OF NEUTRALIZATION OF ACID-BASE PROCEDURES

1 50ml 1.0 M HCl is obtained and its temperature is measured. 2. 50 ml 1.0 M NaOH standard solution is obtained and is put into a dry styroform cup and temperature is measured. The molar concentration for the base is recorded exactly. 3. Acid added to the base in the styroform cup and cup covered by placing the lid on top properly to prevent the heat lost. The cup is stirred and the temperature taken every 10-20 seconds. 4. Temperature time graph is plotted and the maximum temperature is determined for the neutralization reaction. 5. Experiment is repeated to get accurate data. 6. Step 1-5 repeated by using HNO3 and both of the Hn will be compared.

EXPERIMENT 1B: HEAT OF SALT SOLUTION PROCEDURES

1. 5.0g salt is weight that is prepared for you. 2. The mass of a dry cup is measured and 20ml of distilled water is put in and the temperature is recorded. 3. Salt added in the styroform and the lid placed on top of the cup. The cup swirled until the salt is completely dissolved. The temperature is recorded for every 10-20 seconds. 4. Temperature time graph is plotted and the maximum temperature for the neutralization of the reaction. 5. the experiment is repeated to get an accurate date.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Enthalpy (heat ) of neutralization for acid-base reaction HCl-NaOH HNO3-NaOH Trial 2 Trial 1 26 0 32 0 32 32 20 32 20 32 32 40 32 40 32 32 60 32 60 32 32 80 32 80 32

26 32 32 32 32

Trial 1 0 20 40 60 80

Trial 2 0 20 40 60 80

Trial 1 26 24 23 22 22 21 20

ENTHALPY(HEAT) OF SOLUTION FOR THE SALT Trial 2 0 26 20 21 40 19 60 19 80 19 100 19 120 19

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

4a) HEAT OF NUETRALIZATION

1. Acid volumn (ml) 2.Acid temperature(celcius) 3.NaOH volumn(ml) 4. NaOH Temperature (celcius) 5. NaOH concentration(mol/L) 6. Maximum temperature from graph(celcius)

26 50 26 1M
32

26 50 26 1M
32

i) CALCULATION OF THE HEAT OF NEUTRALIZATION

Item

HCl+ NaOH Trial 1 Trial 2 26 6C 100 100 26 6C 100 100

HNO3+NaOH Trial 1 Trial 2 32 6C 100 100 32 6C 100 100

1. Average initial temperature of acid and base(C) 2.Temperature change,T(C) 3.Volumn of final mixture(ml) 4.Mass of final mixture(g) 5. Specific heat of the mixture 6. Yielded heat (J) 7. Amount of OH- reacted 8. Amount of H2O produced 9. Yielded heat per mole H2O, Hn 10. Average Hn (KJ/mole H2O)

4.18 J/g.C 2508J 2508J 2508J 2508J 0.050mol 0.050mol 0.050 mol 0.050mol 0.050mol 0.050mol 0.050mol 0.050mol 50kJ 50KJ 50KJ 50KJ 50KJ 50KJ 50KJ 50KJ

*DENSITY OF THE CALCULATION OF THE SOLUTION 1.0g/ml 1) (0.050L)(1.0 mol/L)=0.050mol H=-2.508KJ/0.050mol=-50KJ

2. According to our experiment they have a same Hn value because HCl and HNO3 are strong acid. Strong acid and strong base will ionise completely in water and the actual value enthalpy of neutralization for strong acid and strong base is -57KJ/mol. 3. NaOH(aq)+HCl(aq) H+(aq) + OH-(aq) H2O(l) + NaCl(S) H2O(l) H = -57KJ/mol

H= -57KJlmol

HNO3(aq) + NaOH(aq) H+(aq)+ OH-(aq)

NaNO3(aq) + H2O(l) H= -57KJ/mol H2O(l) H = -57KJ/mol

4b) Heat of salt Solution Salt: NaCl Item 1. Mass of salt (g) 2. Mass of salt (mole) 3.Mass of a cup and water (g) 4. Mass of styroform cup(g) 5. Mass of water (g) 6. Initial temperature of water(C) 7. Initial temperature of water (C) from graph Trial 1 5.005 0.08564 21.500 2.640 18.869 26C 26C Trial 2 5.002 0.08559 21.054 2.595 18.459 26C 26C

2. Mole of salt (mole) =gram/atomic mass =5.005/58.443 =0.08564 mole Mass of cup and water=21.500g Mass of styroform cup=2.640g Mass of water (g) = Mass of cup and water-mass of styroform =21.500g-2.640g =18.859g

ii) Calculation for heat of salt solution Item 1.Temperature change,T(C) 2.water heat released (J) 3. Salt heat released(J) 4. Total enthalpy change 5. Amount of OH-reacted 6. Amount of H2O produced 7.Hs(KJ/mol salt) 8.Average Hs(KJ/mol salt) Trial 1 26C-19C=7C 0 146.45J 146.45J 1 mol 1mol 1.71KJ/mol 1.71KJ/mol Trial 2 7C 0 146.36J 146.36J 1 mol 1mol 1.71 KJ/mol 1.71 KJ/mol

1. Temperature change Initial temperature- final temperature =26C-19C =7C Salt heat released (J) =mc =5.005(4.18)(7) =146.45J Hs (KJ/mol salt) = 1710/1000 =1.71KJ Since 0.08564 mole involve 0.146KJ Then 1moles involve 1.71KJ heat.

Since solution is hotter than the water. Means heat is released, and then the reaction is exothermic. 2. I will use Hess Law which is used when we will know the equation and their delta H values and the equation can be added to get the equation we desire to know the delta H for. 3. The answer is Calorimeter. Discussion Enthalpy of neutralization is the heat change when 1 mole of water is formed from the neutralization of acid and base. The reaction is exothermic because the heat is released. Conclusion Overall, thermochemistry is a study of heat change in chemical reaction.Two types of chemical reaction that is exothermic and endothermic. Exothermic means heat is released to the surrounding and endothermic means heat is absorded from the surrounding.

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