INTRODUCTION

E2E361
Communication Systems I
Dr. Cihat ŞEKER
Electrical-Electronics Engineering Department
Karabuk University, Karabuk
 COURSE INFORMATION
Course Details Recommended Textbooks
Instructor: Dr. Cihat ŞEKER Louis E. Frenzel Jr., Principles of Electronic Communication
Email: [email protected] Systems, Fourth Edition, Mc Graw Hill Education, 2016.
Class Hours: John G. Proakis, Masoud Salehi, Fundamentals of
Wed: 08:50 – 11:15 Communication Systems, Pearson, Second Edition, 2014.
Thu: 08:50 – 11:15
Thu: 20:45 – 23:10 Simon Haykin, Micheal Moher, Introduction to Analog &
Digital Communications, Wiley, Second Edition, 2007
Office Hours You don’t have to buy these books. But I recommend buying
Fri: 14:40-16:00 them if you have the opportunity!
Office no.: 164
You will read a lot of papers in this course
(You can also come to my office at any
time if you need to see me)
COURSE INFORMATION
Grading
There will be one midterm and one final exam
There may be projects. I did not determine them yet.
❑ Simulation or implementation projects
❑ No idea how hard they will be!
❑ No idea which language(s) they will be implemented
on!
Attendance is important!

Why projects are important?

I hear and I forget, I see and I remember, I do and I understand
Confucius
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS I
Chapter I

Dr. Cihat ŞEKER

Electrical-Electronics Engineering

2020
 Introduction to Electronic Communication

Topics Covered in Chapter 1

1. Significance of Human Communication 5. The Electromagnetic Spectrum

2. Communication Systems 6. Bandwidth

3. Types of Electronic Communication 7. A Survey of Communication Applications

4. Modulation and Multiplexing 8. Jobs and Careers in the Communication Industry

Dr. Cihat ŞEKER, KBU, EEE, 2020 2

 Significance of Human Communication
Communication is the process of exchanging information.
Main barriers are language and distance.
Contemporary society’s emphasis is now the accumulation, packaging, and exchange of information.
Methods of communication:
1.Face to face
2.Signals
3.Written word (letters)
4.Electrical innovations:
Telegraph
Telephone
Radio
Television
Internet (computer)

Figure 1. Methods of communication.

Dr. Cihat ŞEKER, KBU, EEE, 2020 3

 Communication Systems

Basic components: Transmitter

The transmitter is a collection of electronic components and circuits that
Transmitter converts the electrical signal into a signal suitable for transmission over a
Channel or medium
Receiver given medium.

Noise degrades or interferes

with transmitted information.

Figure 2. A general model of all communication systems.

Dr. Cihat ŞEKER, KBU, EEE, 2020 4
 Communication Systems

Transmitters are made up of oscillators, amplifiers, tuned circuits and filters, modulators, frequency mixers,
frequency synthesizers, and other circuits.

Communication Channel
The communication channel is the medium by which the electronic signal is sent from one place to another.
Types of media include
Electrical conductors
Optical media
Free space
System-specific media (e.g., water is the medium for sonar).

Receiver
A receiver is a collection of electronic components and circuits that accepts the transmitted message from the
channel and converts it back into a form understandable by humans.

Receivers contain amplifiers, oscillators, mixers, tuned circuits and filters, and a demodulator or detector that
recovers the original intelligence signal from the modulated carrier.

Dr. Cihat ŞEKER, KBU, EEE, 2020 5

 Communication Systems

Transceiver
A transceiver is an electronic unit that incorporates circuits that both send and receive signals.
Examples are:
•Telephones
•Fax machines
•Handheld CB radios
•Cell phones
•Computer modems

Attenuation
Signal attenuation, or degradation, exists in all media of wireless transmission. It is proportional to the square of
the distance between the transmitter and receiver.

Noise
Noise is random, undesirable electronic energy that enters the communication system via the communicating
medium and interferes with the transmitted message.

Dr. Cihat ŞEKER, KBU, EEE, 2020 6

 Types of Electronic Communication

Electronic communications are classified according to whether they are

1. One-way (simplex) or two-way (full duplex or half duplex) transmissions
2. Analog or digital signals.

Simplex
The simplest method of electronic communication is referred to as simplex. This type of communication is one-
way. Examples are:
Radio
TV broadcasting
Beeper (personal receiver)

Full Duplex
Most electronic communication is two-way and is referred to as duplex. When people can talk and listen
simultaneously, it is called full duplex. The telephone is an example of this type of communication.

Half Duplex
The form of two-way communication in which only one party transmits at a time is known as half duplex.
Examples are: Police, military, etc. radio transmissions, Citizen band (CB), Family radio, Amateur radio
Dr. Cihat ŞEKER, KBU, EEE, 2020 7
 Types of Electronic Communication

Analog Signals
An analog signal is a smoothly and continuously varying voltage or current. Examples are:
Sine wave
Voice
Video (TV)

Figure 3. Analog signals (a) Sine wave “tone.” (b) Voice. (c) Video (TV) signal.

Dr. Cihat ŞEKER, KBU, EEE, 2020 8

 Types of Electronic Communication

Digital Signals
Digital signals change in steps or in discrete increments. Most digital signals use binary or two-state codes.

Examples are:

Telegraph (Morse code)

Continuous wave (CW) code

Serial binary code (used in

computers)

Figure 4. Digital signals (a) Telegraph (Morse code). (b) Continuous-wave (CW) code. (c) Serial binary code.

Dr. Cihat ŞEKER, KBU, EEE, 2020 9

 Modulation and Multiplexing

Modulation and multiplexing are electronic techniques for transmitting information efficiently from one place to
another.
Modulation makes the information signal more compatible with the medium.
Multiplexing allows more than one signal to be transmitted concurrently over a single medium.

Baseband Transmission
Baseband information can be sent directly and unmodified over the medium or can be used to modulate a carrier
for transmission over the medium.
In telephone or intercom systems, the voice is placed on the wires and transmitted.
In some computer networks, the digital signals are applied directly to coaxial or twisted-pair cables for
transmission.

Broadband Transmission
A carrier is a high frequency signal that is modulated by audio, video, or data.
A radio-frequency (RF) wave is an electromagnetic signal that is able to travel long distances through space.

Dr. Cihat ŞEKER, KBU, EEE, 2020 10

 Modulation and Multiplexing

Broadband Transmission
A broadband transmission takes place when a carrier signal is modulated, amplified, and sent to the antenna for
transmission.
The twoTransmission
Broadband most common methods of modulation are:
Amplitude
A broadband Modulation
transmission (AM)place when a carrier signal is modulated, amplified, and sent to the antenna for
takes
Frequency Modulation (FM)
transmission.
Another
The two method is calledmethods
most common phase modulation (PM),
of modulation are:in which the phase angle of the sine wave is varied.
Amplitude Modulation (AM)
Frequency Modulation (FM)
Another method is called phase modulation (PM), in which the phase angle of the sine wave is varied.

Figure 5. Modulation at the transmitter.

Dr. Cihat ŞEKER, KBU, EEE, 2020 11
 Modulation and Multiplexing

Figure 6. Types of modulation. (a) Amplitude modulation. (b) Frequency modulation.

Dr. Cihat ŞEKER, KBU, EEE, 2020 12

 Modulation and Multiplexing

Broadband Transmission
Frequency-shift keying (FSK) takes place when data is converted to frequency-varying tones.

Devices called modems (modulator-demodulator) translate the data from digital to analog and back again.

Demodulation or detection takes place in the receiver when the original baseband (e.g. audio) signal is extracted.
Broadband Transmission
Frequency-shift keying (FSK) takes place when data is converted to frequency-varying tones.
Multiplexing
Multiplexing
takes place in is
the the process
receiver when of
the original baseband (e.g. audio) signal is extracted.
allowing two or more signals to
share the same medium or
channel.

The three basic types of

multiplexing are:
Frequency division
Time division
Code division Figure 7. Multiplexing at the transmitter.
Dr. Cihat ŞEKER, KBU, EEE, 2020 13
 The Electromagnetic Spectrum

The range of electromagnetic signals encompassing all frequencies is referred to as the electromagnetic
spectrum.

Figure 8. The electromagnetic spectrum.

Dr. Cihat ŞEKER, KBU, EEE, 2020 14
 The Electromagnetic Spectrum

Frequency and Wavelength: Frequency

✓A signal is located on the frequency spectrum according to its frequency and wavelength.
✓Frequency is the number of cycles of a repetitive wave that occur in a given period of time.
✓A cycle consists of two voltage polarity reversals, current reversals, or electromagnetic field oscillations.
✓Frequency is measured in cycles per second (cps).
✓The unit of frequency is the hertz (Hz).

Frequency and Wavelength: Wavelength

✓ Wavelength is the distance occupied by one cycle of a wave and is usually expressed in meters.
✓ Wavelength is also the distance traveled by an electromagnetic wave during the time of one cycle.
✓ The wavelength of a signal is represented by the Greek letter lambda (λ).

Figure 9. Frequency
and wavelength.
(a) One cycle. (b)
One wavelength.
Dr. Cihat ŞEKER, KBU, EEE, 2020 15
 The Electromagnetic Spectrum

Frequency and Wavelength: Wavelength

Wavelength (λ) = speed of light ÷ frequency
Speed of light = 3 × 108 meters/second
Therefore:
λ = 3 × 108 / f

Example:What is the wavelength if the frequency is 4MHz?

λ = 3 × 108 / 4 MHz
= 75 meters (m)

Frequency Ranges from 30 Hz to 300 GHz

The electromagnetic spectrum is divided into segments:
Extremely Low Frequencies (ELF) 30–300 Hz.
Voice Frequencies (VF) 300–3000 Hz.
Very Low Frequencies (VLF) include the higher end of the human
hearing range up to about 20 kHz.

Dr. Cihat ŞEKER, KBU, EEE, 2020 16

 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Frequency Ranges from 30 Hz to 300 GHz
Low Frequencies (LF) 30–300 kHz.

Medium Frequencies (MF) 300–3000 kHz

AM radio 535–1605 kHz.
High Frequencies (HF) 3–30 MHz
(short waves; VOA, BBC broadcasts; government
and military two-way communication; amateur
radio, CB.
Very High Frequencies (VHF) 30–300 MHz
FM radio broadcasting (88–108 MHz), television
channels 2–13.
Ultra High Frequencies (UHF) 300–3000 MHz
TV channels 14–67, cellular phones, military
communication.
Microwaves and Super High Frequencies (SHF) 1–30 GHz
Satellite communication, radar, wireless LANs,
microwave ovens
Extremely High Frequencies (EHF) 30–300 GHz
Satellite communication, computer data, radar

Dr. Cihat ŞEKER, KBU, EEE, 2020 17

 The Electromagnetic Spectrum

Optical Spectrum
The optical spectrum exists directly above the millimeter wave region.
Three types of light waves are:
Infrared
Visible spectrum
Ultraviolet

Optical Spectrum: Infrared

Infrared radiation is produced by any physical equipment that generates heat, including our bodies.
Infrared is used:
In astronomy, to detect stars and other physical bodies in the universe,
For guidance in weapons systems, where the heat radiated from airplanes or missiles can be detected and
used to guide missiles to targets.
In most new TV remote-control units, where special coded signals are transmitted by an infrared LED to the
TV receiver to change channels, set the volume, and perform other functions.
In some of the newer wireless LANs and all fiber-optic communication.

Dr. Cihat ŞEKER, KBU, EEE, 2020 18

 The Electromagnetic Spectrum

Optical Spectrum: The Visible Spectrum

Just above the infrared region is the visible spectrum we refer to as light.
Red is low-frequency or long-wavelength light
Violet is high-frequency or short-wavelength light.
Light waves’ very high frequency enables them to handle a tremendous amount of information (the
bandwidth of the baseband signals can be very wide).

Optical Spectrum: Ultraviolet

Ultraviolet is not used for communication
Its primary use is medical.

Dr. Cihat ŞEKER, KBU, EEE, 2020 19

 Bandwidth

Bandwidth (BW) is that portion of the electromagnetic spectrum occupied by a signal.

Channel bandwidth refers to the range of frequencies required to transmit the desired information.

More Room at the Top

▪ Today, virtually the entire frequency spectrum between approximately 30 kHz and 300 MHz has been
spoken for.
▪ There is tremendous competition for these frequencies, between companies, individuals, and government
services in individual carriers and between the different nations of the world.
▪ The electromagnetic spectrum is one of our most precious natural resources.
▪ Communication engineering is devoted to making the best use of that finite spectrum.
▪ Great effort goes into developing communication techniques that minimize the bandwidth required to
transmit given information and thus conserve spectrum space.
▪ This provides more room for additional communication channels and gives other services or users an
opportunity to take advantage of it.

Dr. Cihat ŞEKER, KBU, EEE, 2020 20

 Bandwidth

Spectrum Management and Standards

Spectrum management is provided by agencies set up by the United States and other countries to control
spectrum use.
The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and the National Telecommunications and Information
Administration (NTIA) are two agencies that deal in spectrum management.
Standards are specifications and guidelines necessary to ensure compatibility between transmitting and receiving
equipment.
A Survey of Communications Applications
Simplex
➢ AM and FM broadcasting ➢ Paging services
➢ Digital radio ➢ Navigation and direction-finding
➢ TV broadcasting services
➢ Digital television (DTV) ➢ Telemetry
➢ Cable television ➢ Radio astronomy
➢ Facsimile ➢ Surveillance
➢ Wireless remote control ➢ Music services
➢ Internet radio and video
Dr. Cihat ŞEKER, KBU, EEE, 2020 21
 A Survey of Communications Applications
Duplex
❖ Telephones ❖ Family Radio service
❖ Two-way radio ❖ The Internet
❖ Radar
❖ Wide-area networks (WANs)
❖ Sonar
❖ Amateur radio ❖ Metropolitan-area networks (MANs)
❖ Citizens radio ❖ Local area networks (LANs)

Jobs and Careers in the Communication Industry

The electronics industry is roughly divided into four major specializations:
1. Communications (largest in terms of people employed and the dollar value of equipment purchased)
2. Computers (second largest).
3. Industrial controls.
4. Instrumentation.

Types of Jobs
Engineers design communication equipment and systems.

Technicians install, troubleshoot, repair, calibrate, and maintain equipment.

Dr. Cihat ŞEKER, KBU, EEE, 2020 22

 Jobs and Careers in the Communication Industry

Engineering Technicians assist in equipment design, testing, and assembly.

Technical sales representatives determine customer needs and related specifications, write proposals and
sell equipment.

Technical writers generate technical documentation for equipment and systems.

Trainers develop programs, generate training and presentation materials, and conduct classroom training.

Major Employers
The communication electronics industry is made up of the following segments:
Manufacturers
Resellers
Service Organizations
End users

Dr. Cihat ŞEKER, KBU, EEE, 2020 23

Jobs and Careers in the Communication Industry

Figure 10. Structure of the communication electronics industry.

Dr. Cihat ŞEKER, KBU, EEE, 2020 24