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Abhijeet MCA Section A Roll 01

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Abhijeet MCA Section A Roll 01

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ADITI NEGI
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Nfscrete Structure and Combimatortes Submitted To. Subaitted Ry. Dr. Amamd Chauhan Name- Abhijeet Kuamar Gourgse- MeA Class Rol\- OL Reet og- ‘A’ a IT ESTEE ec recat NT Abhijeet Kumar MCA 1! section A’ Roll OL 4 Im a class of 25 student, 12 have taken Mathematies, 3 have taken Mathematies but mot Bioloay. Find the mo of students who have taken Mathematics and Bisley: And atso pind the mo of students those who have taken Birtogy but aot Mathewaties: 8 a ne eh) Students who taken mathematics = 92 Students whe taken anathematics but mot bislogy = 8 Student who taken mathematies biology = 19-8 = 4 2. Student who faken biology bab mot amathemalfes = 25-18 = Be 2 gt is found that out of soo students 16 cen drive mefther a Scooter Mor a cay. ihile 25 CaM drive both these and 55 ob them cam drive a scooter. Use Venn datagram and Find how many students can drive a cay: Bo Gs ~ 18 Total student = 1060 Given, 19 etudent can't drive student = yoo > 38 = 82 Bp, student can drive scooter 2 25 ¢an both Aes 1 skudent who drive omty scoster = g§- 25 = Zo J. Student who drives car = 39-30 = 52- 3 Prove that (Ax B)A CPX A) = CANPDXCBNA) Ls: (Ax B) pn CPX @) Let (a,b) e (axa) n (PX Q) (ab) © A¥B amd (ab) © PXQ aeA and beB and AEP and be @ a€A and aeP and be B and beg ae (ANP) amd beCena) (ab) (an Py) x (BQ) (ANP) x@ Na) < (AxB)NCPxE) —@® RNS = (AN P)x (8.0 Q) (@b) € (AnP) x CBN) ae ane and be BNG aeA and aecp and beB and HE aeA and be B and aepand He @ (arb) & (Ax B) amd (aib) € CPx @) (ab) € (Axe) 1 CPx Q) (AxB) 0 CPXQ) & (ANP)X (BNR) —@ Frm @e@, (Ax BN CPXG) = CANP) xX CBN) proved. 4 3m a survey of 100 students, tt was found that so student \iked tea, 40 \Tked cobbee and 30 Itked cold drinks, Out obj these 20 Itked both tea and cobbee, 15 lTked cobbee and cold dvimk amd ao tiked tea amd eald dink. How many student itke all ie, tea, cohbee and cold dvinks (each student ome or amore of the 3 items definitely): N(Tea YU Cobber U Colddrimk) = 100 N (Tea) = Se, A(Cobbee) =4e, NCeold drink) FR, m (Tea N Cobbee)= 2, A(Coblyee fl Cold drink) = 45, NC Tea N Cold dvink) = s0 NC Tea 1 Cobbee 1 Colddrink) = 2 “ M(AN BNC) = MCAV BUC)~M(A)~ m(B)- MC) 4 M(ANB) + nCANC)+ N(BNC) 1 (Tea ) Cobbee M1 Cold drink) = JO- H0~ 40-30 420415 +10 \O- 520445 EYAS- 120 oo 5 Given that A= 14,2, 3,45 8md B= 1A bid} and C= LP. girs and R is a yelation prom A te 8, S fs the relation Krom 6 to G defimed a3 R={4), (2, ¢), (3, 6), (418), C4,493, and B= 4€8,9), Cb, PD, C4 Ds Or PID Neriby that CResy'= sto RT A= {1,2 343 B= ia, bc, a3 CHL Pq rd R= 4 4,8), (2,0, (3rd, (409), Crd) § R= { Caray, (er 2), Cor), AD Car D§ S= {1 68,9), Cor PD, (de PD COrPD3 S*= 1 qian (Prd), (rd), CP} Ros= { (4,4), C2.PD, (3, P), (49). CDG (Ros y= 1 Cqia, Cer 2), CPr3), C4149), CHAD} SPO R= LGD, (PLO CGP AY (ADs CPr 3)} =i “1 = Hemee, (ROS) =S'o R* Prey ed. a & Let P amd @ be the relations debimed on set A=41.2,3,43 debimed by P= {1,27 (2,2), (2,3), C4), BD, 4,D,4,394 amd Q= { (2,2), 2,3), C2), (3,3), (3,4), 4D, 4.293, Pind PoP g Po Pog: A= {443,43 P= {2d Card, CB), Cr 4D) Br2D, C42), C43) = 4 C29), (2,3) (5/29, 873), G4, GD, (4993 Pope (QD, (43,4), (2,2),(23), (219), (3, 2), (313), rAd» C42), (43, 4) 3 PoPoQ= {01 2,(4/3), (14), WA), (29,023), (24) C2), C329, BB, CBrMy BAD, (4.29, (43), 414), C4023 sider the partial order ol ‘ anise a ee ‘hanna beA a < ib and ae A\b- Draw the rasse diagram ob the poset (4, <). Aq W257 4, 129 R= LUT), (279), (58), (414), G2 12D, (2.4), C22), C 4,32) 9 Remove the seth toop (reblerive patr) R= (914), C2499, (4, 42)3 Step. Step2, Remove the transitive patr . R={ C24), (4, 1293 Steps. Draw Nasse diagram av B Mraw Whe wWasse afaavam eb CA, S), where A={L.2,3,4,6,9, 12,18, 3c} amd a relation < be such that a xed = +8 > =X > At Xs F@Q is ome-one —@ For ont, fog = ere > Y=WHe = yoo =e M3 a x= (y-%) “YER 7 LER 1. £@ is onts —@ From @ 2 ® $O is one-one and onto Hemet fix is biyective- 1. Show that the Kumetfon FF R7R defined by FOQ= 3x45 bor all KER is biyection- FOO = BC+ For one-one, f(ay= FOE) BxPH5 = 3HA5 x= > y=-He, Ot RHE FOO is not ome- one Since, For Blyectivity FO) must be one-one as well as onto “Therepore. Foy is mot bijective 12 4b £,9,: RAR, ave depined reapeettonty oy fobs see, Boy = 2K) Fimd the Sead compo W fog WW goa Gb got FOr WH BHI, FOOT VAG W) fog =fos(X) = $(g00) > J (ex+3) ~ (2xt3)+ 3(2x43)t 3 = a +lant gt 6xrStt 4+ 18X49 ty) Sos = gos) = §3(300) > § (2x+3) > 2(2x43) 43 = 4x46 43 = An+9 Gi) gop” = g0F(X) = 3 (FO) = g (43043) = 9 (4 3x4I)t3 = C4 OKT 943 = "4 6045 13. Caleulate Truth table Kor given statements, check which is contradiction amd tautology Wpv-qap HD ( Cpagyyy) 3 oP) Wil) CRA) A CoP ARQ) W) P= (PVA) ocak a2 YO Pv-gap 5) wh (C9 CRaQyv rn) TP) Pa |g | pveg [pyran e al wa e T T TYR] T 15 7 e |] e e T ibe lly T & (Py~9)—>p is mefther tautology mor contradtetion Coe agy ry > ~t) P {ar | ceagyfepagyyy fee | @Cenayvy)> ~P TIT |T v T ie ‘a TIT /e a - e 7T Tle |T] ¢ al F e T/FJe]e T & Re eyT{T] e T T T ei{t}e] e 7 v o efe|T] e T cs J ELeEve] F T T T: (Cengyvr) ep is meithey fautology mor contradiction Wy CRy ay A (oP Ae 9) PL 4 [~rl~4] eva fapawg | (Pvt) a (PANS) TITIe, Fe] TF e : tTlejel Tt] e FE TIT] ELF FE e Flely]a] oe T e Ww) P(PvQ) - wv. (Prva) r(oPneg) fs comtradictton Pla j|eva | P> xs) Tt T 7 T/L Fe 1 T € |t i T ae eG Fe T P= eva) fs tautology. “(PAayvy Pig pag | wceag) [| ~RRDYY T/T e T oo: : T 7 e | 7 e T a eye e 7 7 ~(Pagyy 4 is tautology. 14 Represent the argument aymnbatically and determine whether the argument fs valtd oy mot YW 1 study, them 7 will mat fal) Mathematics V1 do mot Wave Pl3y basketbatl, then 1 with study But 1 patled Mathematics “Therebore, 1 played basket ball Lekus consider, p— 4 study 4 teil tw nmathemat{es vr play basketbdal\ Sr= pored Boz (oY > PPAY S3=Y7 P la |e |g ar [pong | ~ = 4 Pong ]=r> P| (rs Pag | (Pr~gyaCimrrrp)ag) | Panga l(er=pyager TleltTlefele [sr = Thrlejelt}e fa] s e i alee ae Vel ate = : F ar TIEJelt IT] + y F + T FIT Tle le | + ; F r a eITIE}FIT| T Je T 7 7 ele|titlela | + F c T EUR IE TIT] 7 e 4 € \ oo’ T “2 (Png) a (Corp) aq)—y ts taukotogy Hemee, Given statement is dalfa 1S Represent the avgument them we will mot have @ party today: 4h it vain today, we wit\ have party > \oday, hen 4p we do mot have party re a ‘Vheregpre, th it ratns oday. Ahen we woitl nave be Y tomorrow - Symbolteally and deteramine whether avgument ts valtd - Let us consider, P= Ht ratms $ = party today P= parky teamemsrem 4o/morrow St> pray Ss egy Sa= por 7 “ZA d>¥) Pig ]r tag Pod] gor | por | (ps9) (~Q>r) Coaee tilt lalele = - - Teele . a F F T rlelel+ | 2 a T T T tlele{a] > : ' ' i elt/tle] +r . F 7 7 + ETJELE T 7 7 Fini r | + r . T e . 7 : a fo) F i “egy a (ear) (pry ig tauleidy Heme, Given, statement is valid- 16 Express the pollowima using quantibiers th Kod: xis student, MEO: x is clever, NED: Kis successbut W There exists a student, i) Some studemts are clever Wily Some etudemts are Mot Success bul KON x is student MUO: x 1s clever NGO: x is successbul ©) “here exists a student ArH (KOO) Gi) Some students are clever 4x (Ke0 > MOD) iit) Some students are mot success bit dx (KGO> © NGO) SJ Wirite the megation ob quantitted proposition, at (4 PO) A ATI) w(ex( Poo) ad yam) Fx CPOO) ANY (SOD) a 18 Use Mathematical Induction: To show that B+ ess 3.54354 FSH 438 SCsn ia, whenever m ts mon-megative imteger Pon): 343-543-543: 54--4 3572 30657] 4 Put m=0 sts 3(S™ aya Bz 3(5~-3)/4 SS 3B=3 Hemee, P(m) is true kor n= Let PUM) is true bor M=K a 3 Seon ste east ssi yl © Now, we nave to prove Pn) is trae bor m= KtL P(t): 34 SST SSH SSH 4 TSHR. acs Layla CHS = 34 3545-54 3-534 -- t35%4 3.544) = BSL aya e358 Leven oJ : 3[ stthis ast) 4 [= \ | 4 3S] : = BOS 3)/q = RWS Hemce, Pm) fs tye bor a= kta he, By the primeipte ob mathematical induction, Pm) is true wim © Non-megative imteaer Proved i yi 13. Prove Anak — a a is divisible bY Aa > em 9 mx peu ees yr. Pat met PE. sty gH ght 5 ism 5ttt 39? < 19m 195429 = 19M 154 = 19% asx = i9™ Hemee, pen) is true or m3 Leb PUM) is true Eee MK Mx): ath 3h? yo cae © Pt), Now, we Wave bo prove PUN) is tvue bor M=KtL ‘ gers (EAT 2 oety)-3 ghTh , o¥t8 Lg 524434 gets ot = 19% = 19% > 295 ( 5" - oe) 95-49 ~ 19. 3h ae 4 LAvom a] 19 (25mm— BEF oF) EK Hemee, Pm) is true bor m= eI or Fe, By the primcipte ob Mathematical induetion Pm) is true SF MEN proved. is divisible by 19 TMEN, by the primetpal ob mathematical imduction- Pom). Bee 2 Yse Mathematical Imduction. Te show that wera 4 yay Ber all mon- megattve integers of mn. Py: agar aee +a™= C2- 3) Pul n=0 Hemee, Pin) is true ber meu Let Pin) is true Ber m= K eh ee ee ee © Now, we have to Prove P(n) is tue ber m= et PHA): L424 074.004 ake gett _ oan y LHS = 1424 ye. ah, gxth + oy ott | Lfvom iJ = oot, = tty = Rus Hence, Pom) is tyue or me KHL Fe, By the primeciple ob amathewetical induction, Pim) is true for every integer Including © proved. 2h. an gagsane ane DIMA ANHN1E, NFZA- Play: P+2t sy 4M = MMH) COMEDIC Pol m=1, Y= a(aaay Gar le Ls s(y@ye 21 Hence, Pin) is true bor N=! Let Pim) is true por m=k Ple)= Pe ote ste tits KET) CUtH/4 — O Now, we have fo prove Pm) is tvue Bor m= ktL POCA Pe Pa ghee HIS Getty’ = (ee 8) (42) (243) /6 twas 14 oe 492+ (ert = €OE41) C2esyy/g+ Cetay* iL From s J = Cetty7e Le Gaeray 4 60eray] = (e+1y/¢ Leeres out Oy = fetty7g [ ae tqet ce) = Ke) g Lats avrset cy = eraysg [ax(K+2y+ 3 (et2)] = Werayse LET) Geray) = (eed) Let2)(2e8 3) /6 = RHS Hemee, P(m) is true fer n= ¥+d Te, By The Primciple of Mathematical induction , Pom) is true Aroma 4 Proved % 6,1, be the imteser 1,2,3,4,5, 6, 22 Im how ane fears a imteger will be im ts maturat place permuted su Total me. = a Total odd me. = 4 M= “Go8t~ AGA + 46,6! - 4055! + 80,41 FP 1Ql- 4a 4 6 61 - 4514 vat in Caraxexs ~ AYTKEXS + 6x 6X5 ~ 4x54 1) = 41(1680~ 340 +30- eo 4 4) * 41 (1711-960) = 24x35) = 20494 23. Fimd Ine Me vb imtegers VOM 4 to soo that Ave Mok divisible by 3,5 or 4: ™ (3)= Seo, N(US)= 60, (9): 42, N(BNS)= 20, 7(8N9)=3, A(BAN= 34, H(SNSNA)=2 M(3U5UI) = N(3)+ HLS) + A(A)~ MENS)-NGNI) ~N(309)+n(3N5 04) = 1OO4 bo + 42420- 8-14 49 = 202-40 = .62. M(3USU9) = U- m(3U5L9) ~ 300-162 = 138- 24 ‘Im how amany way a 11 football player ean be chosen cut obs $9 player when - (i) Rive particular player are to be always imeluded (i) Two particular player are to be always excluded W me, 024, "Give particular player are do be always imcluded a6 2rz6 "= !¢, In : © [Gs [ides . “= | — eae 2 _ FEN x Wx SBT © ExXBXARZRLZ¥L = jind ken = 1386 ways MAI, TM = UU Two particular player are to be always exctuded M=15, 2 YEA “NG, = cr te + Ps ye a pe [AS=tb ' la iruer | - me a U5 K44 ¥ 13 X4E AKBKEY L = ASK4X AB = 3345 ways Qs. S Im ho us WV amon: NY ways 2 4 Rocce 12 thimes can be dtvided equally 42. = 33 3 _ 2 : 3. Bee EBS. Lt es = Jt J3- eee” BBS Bis Blk’ ne : a 3B as es _ wu Be 26 Im how many ways can we get an even gum when two Atstingutshable Afee ave rolled 2 ‘Telal sanmple space = 6x6 = 3¢ even sum= Any ok the dice aust be ever Blt.. even, Amy digit Total possibility ~ 3x ¢ = Ag LF 44 30 book fm school contain of 61327 pages then atleast how many pages in ene book N= 30 m= 61329 pe M3 m = 61226 Bo No os pages per books = 1326 Zo = 2045 pages 28 How amamy atbberent permutation can be ‘made out ob the letters of the word “ASSASSINATION” taken all S together A73 s74 Ine Noo ASSASSINATION —7 33-7 AAINATIONESS S| — 3° yo, Total mo of Ways When all S together = Bee SOX IKBKTK ESHA arora = §51200 ways 29: How anamy atbberemt words cam be bermed by using the leNlers of the word 'MISSISSPPI’- MISSISSPPI— 10 Ii+3 84 eo 2 No of ways = eo Bue 4 SOX OK AX TX SKS Bray ze = 12600 ways 3S How many bive- tetlers palitmarome ean be BpYMed Brom ematish at phabets es a8 26 2 LL TF Total mo. of ways + 26K26K 24 = 19576 ways BL. Fimd the mimiemum mo: ofs student im a class se that three of them ave berm im the same month. N= 32 ( pigeon holes ) k+i=3 k= 2 enti = axsotl = 25 student s 3% Comsider three dibberent cities P, 4, R- There are 4 raihoay track between P and @, 3 railway track between @ and R, amd 2 vathoay track belwees that go directly Brom P to R: Fimd out - W Total mo ots ways 49 ao yom P eR altogether Cie Pao R via Qand PLR directly) Ui) Total mo of ways to go prom P te Rand then back to P (iy Total mo: of ways that go Brom P to Avia @ and velury dfrectly Brom BR to P tH Total mo- of ways to go brom P to R altogether = (Pt @ via Q) + (CP Ao R directly) = (3x3x3x3) 4 2 > 8l+2 = BR ways, (Total me of ways to go HYom P to Rand then back b P = (ways to go HYOM P fo R) x (ways 40 go brom & Ao P) =| Gransx3) + 2] « [ Graxay so) = 83x 66 + SAFS ways UY Total me: of ways Anat go Brom P te R via @ and reluray directly prom AR bo P- . 8) x (eats © go KOM R to P) = fo ap Krom P to (es yia> a directly = (3x3x3x3)%* (2) = Oya = 162 ways: 7 33 Prove that "C, = Ona 8G @Hss M1 e Cet ™ Oy m1 La ae Ey, - - Urspmsey [ren maine i |" r Tare TEE | lan on "wes - (4 rot pare a eS pa eee YU PONY ype ery YM - t.4 A Vek mee? y m-¥ - ae mart wa) Wate r(n-v) om mt a hires (ney) Ge 1s wine = “Cy = UNS prov ed. . 7 a a“ 34: Solve the recearrrence relation: Ange™ Famer Gant 4 + Anee= SAmyy- 68, tT ™ F Ansa~ S8may* 6An7 7 Ge: Amyo~ Sam4s * 68m = © Auvi\iary equ", put a= 6" G(E): EH SEX G=0 Gu neE-2E4+6=0 E (E- 3)- 2LE-3) =0 (E-3) (E- 2) =0 am = Cy) (34 C2 C2)” Now, PU= amt Cn ~ | (ENE - ot €-3) (F2) aaa 45 -1" 20 “: ¢ . crea) Hemee, Cremerat act”: a(S) O22) + 3S: Solve Ahe vecurremce relation: Ugo = 4Umay7 Wyte Umea * Ug yy> Uy + 2” FP Uneas Any, + Ae = 2” oP: Unse~ 4 Unga t 4a = 0 Auxillary eQu™, pat Une P(E) ES ae +40 (E-2)"=0 Ya= Cot mea)” Now, PL = Uqz 2-2" pre) Seer (3) a2 MMA) L iw ne 4: yo (oemerat gol”: n= (Cat C2) oy = BE Solve Amr TAna t 12 Iq = 14" Ce Year Tmt 2 Aaya = © Auxiilary equ’, pat an= ct eX act ta we 0 Put Y= 2, gee): ee Jyerxi2=0 EX 4E- SETID=0 € (E+ 4)- 3(E-4)=0 (E-4) (E-3)=0 an= cy (44 eG) Now, 7 5. 2 WA Oe 5) wa ee n, (E-ayre?) 1 ama * EA) (4?) oe m4" - EN oh mn A sant “ ie ~ e Cremerat gol: ame Gy + Gy +4 BH Solve Aq= BAQ WN Auyillary equ™ put aq- ak “1 grea vn 2% 32% 20 Put Kea gley.2-32 7° 2-3=0 253 am = a)” Now, 2 Pls anz oT — tm @) - aay” (Gemerat aol”: am= aay * as) BB: Qdlve Am~ 2m 3 Ang =OV M7Z With age3 amd ay-3 Auxillary equ put @m: 2 zt aati 3z2%% 0 Put 2=9 2°- 92-3 +0 2°- B24 2-380 2(2-3)t (2-3) =d (2-3) C243) =0 am= UC3)"4 2 CY"— © Pub aso in equ" s Aor CAF ee Bz Cyto Pat m=3, iy equ 2 93> e134 ea(-yt Bz 3Ci~e. —@® Adding @ 2 @ 6= 4Cy G+ Sey Ye From @ , an~ FOS+ (HOY 32 Belve the recurrence relation: ” Am Ame + 4 Ama = COA); MR9- Aurtilary equ®, Put Anz 2 2 42 aah? = cma > 2 4 gety a ghee 0 Put 2=0 B(EY 2* az 44 =0 (z-2)"=0 am= (ct me.) 2% Now, Piz (mpayo” #@) (mt2) > Saray” (e-3" a2 — mayen (WH 2 ar 2 mcm mar) 2 (remeral sal™ an= Cortes) o™ 4 4 Deine Abelian Group: Aveliam Group : A Group (4, #) is satd te be Abelian Croup if, Group (6.x) safishy the commutative baw: Abelian Group satishy the bellowing Property - *Glosure properly + Associative property “There exist an identi by element “There exist am imverse element of each element. * Commutative Property . “1 0 ari oe 4\. Show thet the matrices [2] ['o al i S\fe “| brom a mulHplication Abelian group: Har fio} a Pee}e- fh] ao Ls 8] x q G9 co Pp @ D e oD dD ¢ A 8B a A Closure Properly: Simee, every entries ob the composition table belongs be A “Therebore, Closure property Balisby - Associative Law: SSeS Tee Since, multiplication om ayabrty is associative 2 A is the set © matrices. “here bore, A holds associative tao on amabrix anultiptication Tdemtity elements Since, row headed by 1 is Same as imiMal vou TWerbore, Je= A Inverse ols_element: 15 pro Therebore, (a,x) ts a Group. Commutative tad: : _ Simce, Tranapase ob the caamposition Kable is same as original tay Hemee, (A,X) is Abelian Group: AL Prove that the Fourth root ob umity G= dark Ti berm a Sroup under mmultfpticatton: A= Xs-a, t, 43 Closure Pro very Bimee, All the embries in the composition table are belong te! Hemee, Closure property salishy on A- Associative aw : the set Hemee, \Kiptication on complex Mo is associattve & A Is eH complex mp. Multiptication on A is associative ‘Identity element: Sime, Row headed by ome is same as Mittal roo Therepore jes Inverse element « ena w= Hence, (A,X) is “Group. A% Prove that the set 40,1, 2 3,45} is a bite abelian SIP Under additiom modulo 6- Leb ae 494 %3 4,545 hie 2 345 ©)0 1 9 3245 ‘)@ 23 4 50 2/2 3 4 5 oy 313 4 5 o 39 414 5 6 1 93 SIS 0 4 9 34 Closure froperty : Simee, AN the emtyies in the composition table belongs to A Hemee, Closure Properly satishy on A. Assoctalive tao: ais Since, addition is associ Set of, integers Hemee, te ts assoctative on set A Simce, Row headed by one is same as imiffal row: Therebore, leo] Amv erse element: tt a alive on integer 2 set 4 is the ogo =a. sts 5, rsa, Hemee, (4,-h) is Group - Comautative law, Since, addikon is commutative on imtegers and transpese ef compositon table is same as origimat table - Hence, +, is commutative on A: “Therebor (Artz) is Abelian Group: 5: Te show that the order of each sub- group ob a binite group & isa divisor of the order of the avoup - Prov: Let HY be AMY Bub- grouR th Order Mm ob a finibe group 6 Of order 1 OW)= AM, O()=m Since, The union th all dibberemt right coset ob G (Lept coset) is equal to the & There pore, = Ush where ge & “Vherebore, AN the lebt cosels ob H Wave only kK dipherent cosets: G= gh bon VSN... vg i 9(6)= aC gn) 40 (a8) 4 OCH) t+ OC gH) Smee, (GH) = OOH) ae geG OCG) = OCH) + OOH)+ OCH) +--+ OLR) x Hames Ne WAM Ma IM Howes = km 7h Nam Hemee, Order ob Wis a divtsor ob order of G- Proved - AG Find the product oly two permutations and show that itis mot commutative t. 71 2 3 4\ and ae /i 2 34 t Gs 14 ) 8 ( 24 13 RO3S SC. 38 3) BS@) = gobuy = 4 B8E)= gh =D BgG)= SoLG) = 3 $C) = Goh) = 4 SbO)= bogays a SEC2)= fogcay= 2 SFCS)= bOg(sy = 3 ST)= bogs 4 a 12 34 bs (1433) $4 (3 23 4 1 23 4 Since, fest Hemce, tt fs commutative . st 4} 4 = fa fas fa-$ay where fil9= x, faOQenx, F2O0=} HOY them show (G,+) is abeltan group where + show the composition ob bumckion,: Closure Property Simee, A\\ the embvies ob Compe sition table belongs to G Hence, Closure Proper ky saltshy on 6: Associative Lau, i Simce function Hollow Associative lao 2 & b& the se oh bunction Hence G Is associative TWentily element - i initial row SiMce, Yow headed by ome is same as initial rr ‘\nerebore | e= Fi Inverse element: Wet, fst= fs, a fo, fat = fq. Hence, (Gx) is Group Comanutative Law Simce, Avampose ob the Composition table is same as original aval lable. Hence, & ts commutattye- Tnevetere, (G4) fs Abetian Group: 48- A Graph G has 21 edges, 3 vertices of degree 4 amd other vertices are of degree 3: Find the mo: ob vertices in G- Given, ex oy Leb Aotal vertices = 4 Simce, BY Handsaking Lema, d= oe > 4x34 3(m-2) = 2x0 Jo + B(M-2) = 42 7 BCMA) = Bd a 1, = Lo 7 M=\3 Hemce total mo: of vertices is 13: So: Prove that the mo: of verbices having add degree im a Graph G is always ever Prools: 2 4%) woe fea ZT diy + 7 dWi) =2e even SS awi) = 2e- Z_ 2 even 2_ Aj) = even ; [rot dy even always ee proved 51. show that the omaxinnumy degree oly amy verker iq 9 aimmpte Riaph oh v vertices is m-3- Simee edge= % +. Martmuan edges = pena z e+ MM-1) 2 2e= m(M-1) Were m = yerbices M-\ = degree Hemee amariamum degree eb m edges Im & simple graph is m-2 proved:

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