Functions of a Complex Variable  

547

EXERCISE 7.6
1. Integrate f (z) = x + ixy from A (1, 1) to B (2, 8) along
2

1  1094 124i 
(i) the straight line AB; ( ii) the curve C, x = t, y = t3. Ans. (i) − (147 − 71) i (ii) −  − 
3  21 5 
2+i
2. Evaluate ∫1−i (2 x + iy + 1) dz along
2 25
(i) x = t + 1, y = 2t − 1 ; (ii) the straight line joining 1 – i and 2 + i. Ans. (i) 4 +
i (ii) 4 + 8i
3
(R.G.P.V., Bhopal, Dec. 2008)
3. Evalute the line integral ≡C
z 2 dz where C is the boundary of a triangle with vertices
0, 1 + i. –1 + i clockwise. Ans. 0
∫
2
4. Evaluate ( z + 1) dz where C is the boundary of the rectangle with vertices at the points
C
a + ib, – a + ib, – a – ib, a – ib. Ans. 0

5. Evaluate the integral ≡| z | dz , where C is the straight line from z = – i to z = i. Ans. i

c

6. Evaluate the integral ≡| z | dz, where C is the left half of the unit circle |z| = 1 from z = –i
c
to z = i. Ans. 2i

7. Evaluate the integral ≡log z dz, where C is the unit circle |z| = 1.
c
Ans. 2pi
8. Integrate xz along the straight line from A (1, 1) to B (2, 4) in the complex plane. Is the value
the same if the path of integration from A to B is along the curve x = t, y = t2 ?
151 45i
Ans. − +
2+ i 2
( z ) dz , along 15 4
9. Evaluate ∫0
(i) the real axis to 2 and then vertically to 2 + i, (ii) the line y = x/2.
1 5
(U.P., III Semester, June 2009) Ans. (i) (14 + i) , (ii) (2 − i )
Choose the correct answer: 3 3
4z2 + z + 5
10. The value of ∫C z−4
dz , where C : 9x2 + 4y2 = 36
(i) – 1 (ii) 1 (iii) 2 (iv) 0 (AMIETE, June 2009) Ans. (iv)

7.23 IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS

(i) Simply connected Region. A connected region is said to be a simply connected if all the
interior points of a closed curve C drawn in the region D are the points of the region D.
(ii) Multi-Connected Region. Multi-connected region is bounded by more than one curve. We
can convert a multi-connected region into a simply connected one, by giving it one or more cuts.
Note. A function f (z) is said to be meromorphic in a region R if it is analytic in the region
R except at a finite number of poles.

Multi-Connected Region Simply Connected Region Simply Connected Region

548  Functions of a Complex Variable

(iii) Single-valued and Multi-valued function

If a function has only one value for a given value of z, then it is a single valued function.
For example f (z) = z2
If a function has more than one value, it is known as multi-valued function, A
1
B D
For example f (z) = z 2
(iv) Limit of a function
A function f (z) is said to have a limit l at a point z = z0, if for a given an arbitrary chosen
positive number ε, there exists a positive number d, such that
| f ( z ) − l | < ε for | z − z0 |< δ
It may be written as lim f ( z ) = l
z → z0

(v) Continuity
A function f (z) is said to be continuous at a point z = z0 if for a given an arbitrary positive
number e, there exists a positive number d, such that
| f ( z ) − l | < ε for | z − z0 |< δ
In other words, a function f (z) is continuous at a point z = z0 if
(a) f(z0) exists (b) lim f ( z ) = f ( z ) z = 0
z → z0
(vi) Multiple point. If an equation is satisfied by more than one value of the variable in the
given range, then the point is called a multiple point of the arc.
(vii) Jordan arc. A continuous arc without multiple points is called a Jordan arc.
Regular arc. If the derivatives of the given function are also continuous in the given
range, then the arc is called a regular arc.
(viii) Contour. A contour is a Jordan curve consisting of continuous chain of a finite number
of regular arcs.
The contour is said to be closed if the starting point A of the arc coincides with the end
point B of the last arc.
(ix) Zeros of an Analytic function.
The value of z for which the analytic function f (z) becomes zero is said to be the zero
of f (z). For example, (1) Zeros of z2 – 3z + 2 are z = 1 and z = 2.
π
(2) Zeros of cos z is ± (2n −1) , where n =1, 2, 3..........
2
7.24 CAUCHY’S INTEGRAL THEOREM
(AMIETE, Dec. 2009, U.P. III Semester, 2009-2010, R.G.P.V., Bhopal, III Semester, Dec. 2002)
If a function f(z) is analytic and its derivative f ′(z) continuous at all points inside and on a
simple closed curve c, then ∫c f ( z ) dz = 0 .
Proof. Let the region enclosed by the curve c be R and let
f(z) = u + iv, z = x + iy, dz = dx + idy

∫
c
f ( z ) dz = ∫ (u + iv) (dx + idy) = ∫ (u dx − v dy) + i ∫ (v dx + u dy)
c c c
 ∂v ∂u   ∂u ∂v 
= ∫∫  − −  dx dy + i
R  ∂x ∂y  ∫∫ 
c  ∂x
−  dx dy
∂y 
(By Green’s theorem)

∂v ∂u ∂v ∂u
Replacing − by and by we get
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x
 ∂u ∂u   ∂u ∂u 
≡ f ( z) dz
c
= ∫ ∫R  ∂y − ∂y  dx dy + i ∫ ∫c  ∂x − ∂x  dx dy = 0 + i0 = 0
   
Functions of a Complex Variable   549

⇒ ∫C f ( z ) dz = 0 Proved.
Note. If there is no pole inside and on the contour then the value of the integral of the
function is zero.
3z 2 + 7 z + 1 1
Example 49. Find the integral ∫c dz , where C is the circle | z | = .
z +1 2
Solution. Poles of the integrand are given by putting the denominator equal to zero.
z+1=0 ⇒ z=–1
y
1 1
The given circle | z | = with centre at z = 0 and radius
2 2 1
2
does not enclose any singularity of the given function. x
–1 O x
2
3z + 7 z + 1
∫C dz = 0 (By Cauchy Integral theorem) Ans.
z +1 dz y
Example 50. Evaluate ∫ C z 2 + 9 , where C is
(i) | z + 3i | = 2 (ii) | z | = 5 (M.D.U. May 2009)

1
Solution. Here f (z) =
z2 + 9
The poles of f (z) can be determined by equating the
denominator equal to zero.
(i) \ z2 + 9 = 0 ⇒ z = ± 3i
Pole at z = – 3i lies in the given circle C.
1 1
∫C f ( z ) dz = ∫C z 2 + 9 dz = ∫C ( z + 3i) ( z − 3i) dz
1
=∫ z − 3i dz
C z + 3i

 1 
= 2 πi  
 z − 3i  z = − 3i
 1  −2 π i π
= 2 π i   = =− Ans.
 −3i − 3i  6i 3
(ii) Both the poles z = 3i and z = – 3i
lie inside the given contour
1 1
∫C f ( z ) dz = ∫C z 2 + 9 dz = ∫C ( z + 3i) ( z − 3i) dz
1 1
= ∫ z − 3i dz + ∫ z + 3i dz
C1 z + 3i C2 z − 3i

 1   1 
= 2 πi   + 2π i  
 z − 3i  z = − 3i  z + 3i  z = 3i
 1   1  π π
= 2 πi   + 2 πi   =− + =0 Ans.
 −3i − 3i   3i + 3i  3 3
550  Functions of a Complex Variable

7.25 EXTENSION OF CAUCHY’S THEOREM TO MULTIPLE CONNECTED REGION

If f (z) is analytic in the region R between two simple closed curves c1 and c2 then

∫c1 f ( z )dz = ∫c2 f ( z )dz

Proof. ∫ f ( z ) dz = 0
B
where the path of integration A C2 C1
is along AB, and curves c2 in
clockwise direction and along
BA and along c1 in anticlock-
wise direction.

∫AB f ( z ) dz − ∫c2 f ( z ) dz + ∫BA f ( z ) dz + ∫c1 f ( z )dz = 0

⇒ − ∫
c2
f ( z ) dz + ∫ c1
f ( z ) dz = 0 as ∫ AB
f ( z ) dz = − ∫
BA
f ( z ) dz

∫c1 f ( z ) dz = ∫c2 f ( z ) dz Proved.

Corollary. ∫c1 f ( z ) dz = ∫c2 f ( z ) dz + ∫c3 f ( z ) dz + ∫c4 f ( z ) dz
7.26 CAUCHY INTEGRAL FORMULA     
If f (z) is analytic within and on a closed curve C, and if a is any point within C, then
1 f ( z)
f (a) = ∫ z
dz
2πi z−a
(AMIETE June 2010, U.P., III Semester Dec. 2009 R.G.P.V., Bhopal, III Semester, June 2008)
f ( z)
Proof. Consider the function , which is analytic at all points
z−a Z
within C, except z = a. With the point a as centre and radius r, draw a C1
small circle C1 lying entirely within C. a C
f ( z)
Now is analytic in the region between C and C1; hence by
z−a
Cauchy’s Integral Theorem for multiple connected region, we have
f ( z ).dz f ( z) f ( z ) − f (a) + f (a)
∫
c z−a
= ∫
c1 z − a
dz =
c1 ∫
z−a
. dz

f ( z ) − f (a) dz
= ∫ c1 z−a
dz + f (a ) ∫
c1 z−a
... (1)

For any point on C1

f ( z ) − f (a) 2π f (a + reiθ ) − f (a )
∫ ∫ ireiθ d θ iθ iθ
Now, dz = [ z−a = re and dz = ir e d θ ]
c1 z−a 0 reiθ
2π
iθ
    = ∫ [ f (a + re ) − f (a)] id θ = 0 (where r tends to zero).
0

dz 2π ir e iθ dθ 2π
∫ ∫ idθ = i [θ ]0 = 2π i∫
2π
= iθ
=
c1 z − a 0 re 0
Putting the values of the integrals in R.H.S. of (1), we have
f ( z ) dz 1 f ( z)
∫c z − a = 0 + f (a) (2πi) ⇒ f (a) = 2πi ∫c z − a dz Proved.
Functions of a Complex Variable   551

7.27 CAUCHY INTEGRAL FORMULA FOR THE DERIVATIVE OF AN ANALYTIC

FUNCTION           (R.G.P.V., Bhopal, III Semester, Dec. 2007)
If a function f (z) is analytic in a region R, then its derivative at any point z = a of R is also
analytic in R, and is given by
1 f ( z)
f ′(a ) = ∫c
dz
2π i ( z − a ) 2
where c is any closed curve in R surrounding the point z = a.
Proof. We know Cauchy’s Integral formula
1 f ( z)
f (a) = ∫ dz ... (1)
2πi c ( z − a )
Differentiating (1) w.r.t. ‘a’, we get

1 ∂  1 
f ′(a ) = ∫c f ( z ) ∂a  z − a  dz
2πi  
1 f (z)
2πi ∫c ( z − a )2
f ′( a ) = dz

2! f ( z ) dz n! f ( z ) dz
Similarly, f ′ ′( a ) = ∫
2πi ( z − a )3
c
⇒ f n (a ) = ∫
2πi ( z − a )n + 1
c

e3 z
Example 51. Evaluate ∫C ( z − log 2)4 dz, where C is the square with vertices at ± 1, ± i
(M.D.U. Dec. 2009)
e3 z
∫C ( z − log 2)4 dz
y
Solution. Here we have
D C
The pole is found by putting the denominator z = –1 + i z=1+i
equal to zero
(z – log 2)4 = 0 ⇒ z = log 2
The integral has a pole of fourth order. x
O z = log2
x

e3 z
2πi d 3 3 z
∫C ( z − log
3! dz 3
dz =
(e ) z =log 2
4
2)
z = –1 – i z=1–i
A B
[By Cauchy formula]
2πi 3 y
= 3.3.3(e3 z ) z =log 2 = 9πi e3 log 2 = 9πi elog 2 = 9πi (2)3 = 72πi Ans.
3!
dz
Example 52. Prove that ∫C z−a
= 2πi , where C is the circle | z – a | = r
(R.G.P.V., Bhopal, III Semester, Dec. 2006)
Solution. We have,
dz
z−a ∫C, where C is the circle with centre (a, 0) and radius r.
By Cauchy Integral Formula
 f ( z)  Y
 ∫C dz = 2πi f (a ) 
 z−a  r
c X
dz
∫C z − a = 2πi (1) O (a,0)
dz
⇒ ∫C z − a = 2πi Proved.              
552  Functions of a Complex Variable

z
Example 53. Use Cauchy’s integral formula to evaluate ∫c ( z 2 − 3 z + 2)
dz
1
where c is the circle | z − 2 | = (U.P. III Semester, June 2009)
Solution. Here, we have 2
z
∫c ( z 2 − 3 z + 2)
dz

The poles are determined by putting the denominator equal to zero

i.e.; z2 – 3z + 2 = 0 ⇒ (z – 1) (z – 2) = 0
⇒ z = 1, 2
So, there are two poles z = 1 and z = 2.
There is only one pole at z = 2 inside the given circle.
z z
∫c ( z 2 − 3z + 2) d z = ∫c ( z − 1) ( z − 2) d z X
O
z 1 2
 f ( z) 
= ∫ z −1 d z  ∫c z − a dz = 2 π i f (a ) 
c z−2  
 z   2 
= 2 πi   = 2 πi   =4πi Ans.
 z − 1 z = 2  2 −1 
Example 54. Use Cauchy’s integral formula to calculate
2z + 1 1
∫
Y
dz where C is | z | = . (AMIETE, Dec. 2009)
C z2 + z 2
Solution. Poles are given by
z2 + z = 0
⇒ z(z + 1) = 0 ⇒ z = 0, –1 X X
O 1
1 1 –1
| z | = is a circle with centre at origin and radius . 2
2 2
Therefore it encloses only one pole z = 0.
2z + 1
2z + 1 z +1  2z + 1 Y
∴ ∫
C z ( z + 1)
dz =
C ∫z
dz = 2πi  
 z + 1  z =0
= 2πi Ans.

ez
Example 55. Evaluate: ∫C ( z −1) ( z − 4)
dz where C is the circle | z | = 2 by using Cauchy’s

Integral Formula. (R.G.P.V., Bhopal, III Semester, June 2006)

Solution. We have,
ez
∫C ( z −1) ( z − 4) dz where C is the circle with centre at origin and radius 2.
Y
Poles are given by putting the denominator equal to zero.
(z – 1)(z – 4) = 0
⇒ z = 1, 4
Here there are two simple poles at z = 1 and z = 4. X´
O (1, 0) (4, 0)
X

There is only one pole at z = 1 inside the contour. Therefore

ez
z Y´
e ( z − 4)  ez 
∫C ( z −1) ( z − 4)
dz = ∫
( z −1)
dz = 2πi   (By Cauchy Integral Theorem)
 z − 4  z =1
Functions of a Complex Variable   553

 e  2πi e
= 2πi  = −
 1 − 4  3
Which is the required value of the given integral. Ans.
ez t
Example 56. State the Cauchy’s integral formula. Show that ∫Cz2 + 1
dz = sin t

if t > 0 and C is the circle | z | = 3 (U.P., III Semester, Dec. 2009)

ez t Y
Solution. Here, we have ∫C 2
z +1
dz
i
The poles are determined by putting the denominator equal to zero.
i.e., z2 + 1 = 0  
⇒ z2 = – 1 X X
⇒ z = ± −1 = ± i –1 O 1

⇒ z = i, – i
The integrand has two simple poles at z = i and –i
at z = – i. Both poles are inside the given circle
with centre at origin and radius 3. Y
e zt 1  ez t ez t 
Now, ∫ 2
2 i ∫C  z − i z + i 
dz =  −  dz [By partial fraction]
C z +1

1  ez t ez t  1
 2 π i (e zt ) z = i − 2 π i (e z t ) z = − i 
=  ∫C dz − ∫ dz  =
2 i  1 z −i C 2 z + i  2 i  

2 πi  ti
= e − e − t i  = 2πi sin t
2i  

Example 57. Evaluate the following integral using Cauchy integral formula
4 − 3z 3
∫
c z ( z − 1) ( z − 2)
dz where c is the circle |z| = .
2
(AMIETE, Dec. 2009, R.G.P.V., Bhopal, III Semester, June 2008)
Solution. Poles of the integrand are given by putting the
Y
denominator equal to zero.
z(z – 1)(z – 2) or z = 0, 1, 2
C
The integrand has three simple poles at z = 0, 1, 2.
3 C1 C2
The given circle | z | = with centre at z = 0 and X
2 X
3 O 1 2
radius = encloses two poles z = 0, and z = 1.
2
4 − 3z 4 − 3z
4 − 3z (z − 1) (z − 2) z (z − 2)
∫C z (z − 1) (z − 2) dz = ∫c1 z
dz + ∫
c2 z −1
dz Y

 4 − 3z   4 − 3z 
= 2πi   + 2πi  
 ( z − 1) ( z − 2)  z =0  z ( z − 2)  z =1
4 4−3
= 2πi. + 2πi = 2πi (2 − 1) = 2pi
(−1) (−2) 1(1 − 2)
Which is the required value of the given integral. Ans.
554  Functions of a Complex Variable

z2 − 2z
Example 58. Evaluate ∫c ( z + 1)2 ( z 2 + 4) dz
where c is the circle | z | = 10. (U.P. III Semester, June 2009)
Solution. Here, we have Y
z2 − 2z
∫c ( z + 1)2 ( z 2 + 4) dz 2i

The poles are determined by putting the 10

denominator equal to zero. X
–1 O
X

i.e.; (z + 1)2 (z2 + 4) = 0

⇒ z = – 1, – 1 and z = ± 2 i –2i

The circle | z | = 10 with centre at origin and radius = 10.

encloses a pole at z = – 1 of second order and simple poles z = ± 2 i Y´
The given integral = I1 + I2 + I3
z2 − 2z
2 2
I1 = ∫
z − 2z z 2 + 4 dz = 2π i  d z − 2 z 
c1 ( z + 1) 2 ( z 2 + 4)
dz = ∫c1 ( z + 1)2  2 
 d z z + 4  z = −1
 ( z 2 + 4) (2 z − 2) − ( z 2 − 2 z ) 2 z   (1 + 4) (−2 − 2) − (1 + 2) 2 (−1) 
= 2π i  2 2  = 2 πi  
 ( z + 4)  z = −1  (1 + 4) 2 
 14  − 28 π i
= 2π i  −  =
 25  25
2
z − 2z
( z + 1) 2 ( z + 2 i )  z2 − 2z   − 4 − 4i  (1 + i )
I2 = ∫ dz = 2 π i  2  = 2π i  2  = 2 πi
c2 ( z − 2 i)  ( z + 1) ( z + 2i )  z = 2i  ( 2 i + 1) ( 2 i + 2 i )  4 + 3i
z2 − 2z
( z + 1) 2 ( z − 2i )  z2 − 2z 
I3 = ∫ dz = 2 π i  2 
c3 ( z + 2i )  ( z + 1) ( z − 2 i )  z = − 2 i
 −4 + 4i  (i −1)
= 2 πi  2  = 2 πi
 ( − 2 i + 1) ( − 2 i − 2 i )  (3 i − 4)
z2 − 2 z
∫c ( z + 1) 2 ( z 2 + 4)
dz = I1 + I2 + I3

− 28 π i  1+ i   i −1 
= + 2 πi   + 2 πi  
25  4 + 3i   3i − 4 
 −14 1 +i (i − 1) 
= 2 πi  + + 
 25 ( 4 + 3 i ) (3i − 4) 
 −14 (1 + i ) (3i − 4) + (i − 1) (4 + 3i ) 
= 2 πi  + 
 25 (−9 − 16) 
2 πi
= [14 + (3i – 4 – 3 – 4i) + (4i – 3 – 4 – 3i)]
− 25
=0 Ans.
Functions of a Complex Variable   555

3z 2 + z
Example 59. Find the value of ∫
z2 −1
C
dz .
If c is circle | z – 1 | = 1 (R.G.P.V., Bhopal, III Semester, June 2007)
Solution. Poles of the integrand are given by putting the
denominator equal to zero.
z2 – 1 = 0, z2 = 1, z = ±1
The circle with centre z = 1 and radius unity encloses a
simple pole at z = 1.
By Cauchy Integral formula
3z 2 + z
2
3z + z z +1  3z 2 + z   3 +1
∫C z 2 − 1 dz = ∫C z − 1 dz = 2πi  z + 1  = 2πi  1 + 1  = 4πi
z =1

Which is the required value of the given integral. Ans.

Example 60. Use Cauchy integral formula to evaluate.
sin πz 2 + cos πz 2
∫ C ( z − 1) ( z − 2)
dz
where c is the circle | z | = 3.
(AMIETE, Dec. 2010, R.G.P.V., Bhopal,
X´ 1
III Semester, June 2003)
sin πz 2 + cos πz 2
Solution. ∫ dz
( z − 1) ( z − 2) Y´
Poles of the integrand are given by putting the
denominator equal to zero.
(z – 1)(z – 2) = 0 ⇒ z = 1, 2
The integrand has two poles at z = 1, 2.
The given circle | z | = 3 with centre at z = 0 and radius 3 encloses
both the poles z = 1, and z = 2.
sin πz 2 + cos πz 2 sin πz 2 + cos πz 2
2 2
sin πz + cos πz ( z − 2) ( z − 1)
∫ C ( z − 1) ( z − 2) dz = ∫C1 ( z − 1)
dz + ∫C
2 ( z − 2)
dz

 sin πz 2 + cos πz 2   sin πz 2 + cos πz 2 

= 2πi   + 2πi  
 z−2  z =1  z −1  z =2
 sin π + cos π   sin 4π + cos 4π   −1  1
= 2πi   + 2πi   = 2πi   + 2πi   = 4πi
 1 − 2   2 − 1  −
  1 1
Which is the required value of the given integral. Ans.
Y
Example 61. Derive Cauchy Integral Formula.

e3iz
Evaluate ∫ ( z + π)3 dz X
– O 
X
C
where C is the circle |z – p| = 3.2
e3iz
Solution. Here, I = ∫ dz
C ( z + π)3 Y´

Where C is a circle {| z − π | = 3.2 } with centre ( π, 0) and radius 3.2.

556  Functions of a Complex Variable

Poles are determined by putting the denominator equal to zero.

( z + π)3 = 0 ⇒ z = − π, − π, − π
There is a pole at z – p of order 3. But there is no pole within C.
e3iz
By Cauchy Integral Formula ∫C
( z + π)3
dz = 0 Ans.

Example 62. Evaluate, using Cauchy’s integral formula,

log z 1
∫
C ( z − 1)3
dz where C is | z − 1 | = .
2
(MDU. Dec. 2010)

Solution. Using Cauchy’s Integral formula,

log z 1
∫
C ( z − 1)3
dz C : | z − 1 |=
2
Poles are determined by putting denominater equal to zero.
(z – 1)3 = 0 ⇒ z = 1, 1, 1
There is one pole of order three at z = 1 which is inside the circle C.
f ( z) y
∫
( z − a) 3
dz = 2πif 2 (a )

 d2   d  1 
= 2πi  2 log z  = 2πi     x
dz  dz  z   z =1 0.5 (1, 0) 1.5
  z =1
 1 
= 2πi  − 2  = –2pi
 z  z =1 y
Example 63. Verify, Cauchy theorem by integrating e along the boundary of the triangle
iz

with the vertices at the points 1 + i, –1 + i and – 1 – i.

−1+ i Y
 eiz 
= [e
1 i(−1+ i) i(1+ i) ]
Solution. ≡AB
eiz dz =  
 i  i
1 +i
−e
(–1 + i) (1 + i)
B A
1 [ − i − 1 i −1 ]
= e −e ...(1)
i
−1−i X O X
 eiz 
≡BC e dz =  i  −1+i = i [e
iz 1 i(−1−i) i(−1+ i) ]
−e
(–1 – i) C
1 [ −i +1 −i −1 ]
= e −e ...(2)
i Y
1+ i
 eiz 
= [ ei(1+ i) − ei(−1−i) ] = [ ei −1 − e −i +1 ]
iz 1 1
≡CA e dz =  i 
−1−i i i
...(3)

On adding (1), (2) and (3), we get

1 −i −1 i −1
∫AB e dz + ∫BC e dz + ∫CA e dz = i ( e − e ) + ( e − e ) + ( e − e )
iz iz iz −i +1 −i −1 i −1 −i +1

iz
⇒ ∫∆ABCe dz =0 ...(4)

The given function has no pole. So there is no pole in ∆ ABC.

The given function eiz is analytic inside and on the triangle ABC.
iz
By Cauchy Theorem, we have ≡ e dz = 0 ...(5)
C
From (4) and (5) theorem is verified.