BALASORE SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

PREVIOUS YEAR SOLVED QUESTIONS &

ANSWERS

BRANCH : MECHANICAL ENGG.

SEMESTER : 5TH
THEORY : 03
SUBJECT : HYDRAULICS

SUBMITTED BY

P K SWAIN

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 CHAPTER:1

Q. What is reaction turbine

Ans: If at the inlet of turbine the water possess kinetic energy as well as pressure
energy then it is known as reaction turbine.

Q. Describe construction and working of Kaplan turbine [2013(s)

Ans:

Working:-
A propeller turbine is quite suitable when the load on the turbine
remains constant. At part load its efficiency is very low, shince the blades are
fixed, the water enters with shock (at part load) and eddies are formed whih
reduces the efficiency. This defect of the propeller turbine is removed in Kaplan
turbine. In a Kaplan turbine the runner blades are adjustable and can be
rotated about pivots fixed to the boss of the runner. The blades are adjusted

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 automatically by servo mechanism, so that at all loads the flow enters them
without shock. Thus, a high efficiency is maintained even at part load. The
servomotor cylinder is usually accommodated in the hub.
Construction:
The Kaplan turbine has purely axial flow usually it has 4 to 6 blades
having no outside rim. It is also known as a variable pitch propeller turbine
since the pitch of the turbine can be changed because of adjustable vanes. The
Kaplan turbine behaves like a propeller turbine at full-load condition.
The scroll casing, guide mechanism and draft tube are similar to that
in the francis turbine. The shape of runner blades is different from that of
francis turbine. The blade of Kaplan turbine are made of stainless steel.
Kaplan turbine, like every propeller turbine, is a high speed turbine &
is used for smaller heads, as the speed is high, the number of runner vanes is
small.
Q. Classify turbine in terms of head of water
Ans: Sl.No. Head of water in meters Types of turbine
1. 0 to 25 Kaplan or Francis
(Preferably Kaplan)
2. 25 to 50 Kaplan or Francis
(Preferably Francis)
3. 50 to 150 Francis
4. 150- to 250 Francis or pelton
(Preferably Francis)
5. 250 to 300 Francis or Pelton
(Preferably Pelton)
6. Above 300 Pelton

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Q. A pelton wheel has a mean bucket speed of 25 m/s with a jet of water
flowing at a rate of 1.2 m3/s under a head of 250 m. the bucket
deflects through an angle of 170o. Calculate the power delivered to
runner and hydraulic efficiency  B
V2 vf2
Ans: u = u1 = u2 = 25 m/s vr2
Discharge, Q = 1.2 m3/s
Head, H = 250 m
Angle of deflection = 170o u1 vr1
o o o
Angle ,  = 180 – 170 = 10 v1  vw1
Assume Cv = 0.98

Velocity of jet, V1  C v 2gh  0.98 2  9.81  250  68.64 m / s

Vr1 = V1 – u1 = 68.64 – 25 = 43.64 m/s, Vr2 = vr1 = 43.64 m/s

Vw1 = v1 = 68.64 m/s
Vw2 = Vr2 cos  – u2 = 43.64 × cos 10o – 25 = 17.99 m/s
Work done by jet per second on the runner

 
 pQ Vw1  Vw2  4
 1000  1.2  (68.64  17.99)  25  2598900 Nm / s
work done by jet per sec
Power given to turbine  kw
1000
2598900
  2598.9kw
1000

Hydraulic efficiency h 
 
2 Vw1  Vw2  r
2
V
1

2(68.64  17.99)  25
  0.92 or 92 %
(68.64)2

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Q. In an inward flow reaction turbine of inner and outer diameters of
wheel as 0.75 m and 1.25 m respectively the vanes are radial at inlet
and discharge is radial at outlet and water enters the vanes at an
angle of 12o. If the velocity of flow is 3.5 m/s. find speed of wheel and
vane angle at outlet. u2
Ans: Outer diameter (D1) = 1.25 m 
v 2  vf2
Inner diameter (= 0.75 m
vr2
Vanes are radial at inlet
 = 90o and Vf1 Vr1, Vf1 = Vf2 = 3.5 m/s
Discharge is radial at outlet.
 = 90o Vw2 = 0
Vane angle at inlet,  = 12o
Vf1 vf1 3.5
tan    u1    16.43 m / s
u1 tan  tan12o v1
vr1  vf1
D1N
u1  
60
u1
  1.25  N
 16.43 
60
60  16.43
 N  251 rpm
  1.25

D2N2   0.75  251

u2    9.85 m / s
60 60
Vane angle at outlet ()
Vf2  Vf   3.5 
tan      tan1  2   tan1    19.8o or 19o 471
u2  u2   9.85 

Q. A pelton wheel turbine produces 20 MW while running at 700 rpm

under the head of 1700 m. Calculate
(i) Least diameter of jet
(ii) Mean diameter of runner
(iii) Number of bucket

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Ans: S.P. = 20 MW = 20 × 106 W
N = 700 r.p.m.
H = 1700 m
According to design of pelton wheel turbine, Jet ratio m = D/d = 12 where D =
Dia of runner and d = dia of jet

u  d  2gH  0.43  2  9.81  1700  78.5 m / s

DN
u
60
u  60 78.5  60
D   2.14 m
N   700
D D 2.14
m   12  d    0.18 m
d 12 2d
D 2.14
Number of bucketz  15   15   20.94 say 21
2d 2  0.18

(i) d = least diameter of jet = 0.18 m

(ii) D = diameter of runner = 2.14 m
(iii) Number of buckets = 21

Q. What is a relation turbine ?

Ans: In a reaction turbine the energy available at the inlet of turbine is kinetic
energy and pressure energy. In reaction turbine the blades are fully enclosed in
an airtight casing and is not exposed to atmosphere.
Example :- francis turbine

Q. Classify water turbines :

Ans: 1. According to type of energy at inlet
(a) Impulse turbine (b) Reaction turbine
2. According to direction of flow through runner
(a) Tangential flow turbine (b) Radial flow turbine
(c) Axial flow turbine (d) Mixed flow turbine
3. According to head at inlet of turbine
(a) High head turbine (b) Medium head turbine
(c) Low head turbine

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 4. According to specific speed of turbine
(a) Low specific speed turbine (b) Medium specific speed turbine
(c) High specific speed turbine

Q. Give layout of hydroelectric power plant.

Ans: High Head Power Plants
These types of plants work under heads 100 m and above. Water is
usually stored up in lakes on high mountains during the rainy season or during
the reason when the snow melts. The rate of flow should be such that water
can last throughout the year.
Figure shows high head power plant layout. Surplus water discharged
by the spillway cannot endanger the stability of the main dam by erosion
because they are separated. The tunnel through the mountain has a surge
chamber excavated near the exit. Flow is controlled by head gates at the tunnel
intake, butterfly valves at the top of the penstocks, and gate valves at the
turbines. This type of site might also be suitable for an underground station.

High head power plant layout. The main dam, spillway, and
powerhouse stand at widely separated locations. Water flows from the reservoir
through a tunnel and penstock to the turbines.
The pelton wheel is the common primemover used in high head power plants.

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Medium Head power plants
When the operating head of water lies between 30 to 100 metres,
the power plant is known as medium head power plant. This type of plant
commonly uses Franis turbines. The foreby provided at the beginning of the
penstock serves as water reservoir. In such pants, the water is generally carried
in open canals from main reservoir to the forebay and then to the power house
through the penstock. The forebay itself works as a surge tank in this plant.

Low Head Power Plants

Figure shows these plants usually consist of a dam across a river. A
sideway stream diverges from the river at the dam. Over this stream the power
house is constructed. Later this channel joins the river further downstream.
This type of plant uses vertical shaft Francis turbine or Kaplan turbine.

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 CHAPTER:2
Q. What is Cavitation.
Ans: Cavitation is defined as the phenomenon of formation of vapour bubbles
of flowing liquid in a region where the pressure of liquid falls below its vapour
pressure and sudden collapsing of these vapour bubbles into region of high
pressure.
Q. Differentiate between centrifugal pump and reciprocating pump.
Ans: Centrifugal Pump. Reciprocating Pump.
1. Simple in construction because 1. Complicated in construction
of less number of parts because of more number of
parts
2. total weight of pump is less for 2. Total weight of pump is more
a given discharge for a given discharge
3. It requires less space. 3. It requires more space.
4. It has less wear and tear. 4. It has more wear and tear.
5. It’s maintenance cost is low. 5. Its maintenance cost is high.
6. It can handle dirty water. 6. It can’t handle dirty water
7. It does not require air vessels. 7. It requires air vessels.
8. It is suitable for large 8. It is suitable for less discharge
discharge and smaller heads and higher heads

Q. Draw a neat sketch of a centrifugal pump and explain its working.

[2013(s), 4-a]
Ans: Centrifugal pump
i. The hydraulic machine which convert the mechanical energy is converted,
into pressure energy by means of centrifugal force acting on the fluid is
known as centrifugal pump.
ii. A centrifugal pump is a roto dynamic type pump in which pressure energy
is provided to the liquid with the help of centrifugal action.
Main parts of a centrifugal pump:
i. The impeller is a device which used in a centrifugal pump the no. of vanes
are filled over the circumference of the impeller which is fitted on the
shaft of the motor. The main function is the impeller which is converted
the striking of water into rotary motion.

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ii. The function of casing the same as that the turbine caxing there are
different of casing are used in case of centrifugal pump. The main function
of casing is :
 To prevent the accident
 To avoid to splash out the water
 to increasing the pressure in the water of the chamber.

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iii. Suction pipe
The suction pipe one type of connection in between the water sump
and theimpeller. The one end is deep in the supply of water and the other
end is connected to the impeller in proper connection.
iv. Foot valve/Strainer
 A foot valve which is a non return valve or one way type valve is
fitted in the lower end of the suction pipe.
 the foot valve open only the upward direction.
 A strainer is also fitted with lower end of the suction pipe from
purefye of the water
v. Delivery pipe
A pipe whose one end is connected to the outlet of the pump and
other end delivers the water at a required height is known as delivery
pipe.
Working:-
In case of hydraulic ram the supply tank is fitted with chamber
through supply pipe with inlet valve. When the water supply tank through
the supply pipe to the chamber the inlet valve open. The continuously
supply of water to the chamber the pressure in side the chamber is
gradually increase by the water. When a water rise up in the chamber the
wastes valve is operated which is closed to it’s open according to the
figure. When the wastes valve is close suddenly increased the pressure in
side the chamber.
D1N

60

D2 = Diameter of impeller at outlet.

D2N
U2 = Tangential velocity of impeller at outlet 
60
V1 = Absolute velocity of water at inlet.
Vr1 = Relative velocity of water at inlet.
 = angle made by absolute velocity (V1) at inlet with the direction of
motion of vane.

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  = Angle made by relative velocity (Vr1) at inlet with the direction of
motion of vane and Vr2,  and  are the corresponding values at outlet.
As the water enters the impeller radially which means the absolute velocity of
water at inlet in the radial direction and hence angle  = 90o and Vw1 = 0.
A centrifugal pump is the reverse of a radially inward flow reaction
turbine. But in case of a radials of the water striking per second is given by
equation as
1
  V u  Vw u2 
g  w1 1 2 

 work done by the impeller on the water per second per unit weight of water
striking per second.
 [Work done caseof turbine]
1  1
 
   Vw1 u1  Vw2 u2    Vw2 u2  Vw1 u1 
g  g
1
 Vw2 u2 ( Vw1  0 here)
g

Work done by impeller on water per second

W
 V u
g w2 2

Where W = Weight of water =  × g × Q

Where Q = Volume of water
And Q = Area × Velocity of flow = D1B1 × Vf1
=  D2B2 × Cf2
Where B1 and B2 are width of impeller at inlet and outlet and Vf1 and Vf2 are
velocities of flow at least and outlet
Equation gives the head imparted to the water by the impeller or energy given
by impeller s water per unit weight per second.

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Q. With a neat sketch explain in brief the working of a single acting and
double acting reciprocating pump.
Ans: i. Single acting Reciprocating pump.

Working:-
A single acting reciprocating pump, which is consists of a piston
which moves forwards and backwards in a close fitting cylinder. The movement
of the piston is obtained by connecting the piston rod to crank by means of a
connecting rod. The crank is rotated by means of an electric motor. Suction and
delivery pipe with suction valve and delivery valve are connected to the
cylinder. The suction and delivery valves are (one way valve) non return valves,
which allow the water to flow in one direction only. Suction valves allows water
from suction pipe to the cylinder which delivery valve allows water from
cylinder to delivery pipe only.

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 When crank starts rotating, the piston moves to and from in the
cylinder. When crank is at ‘A’, the piston is at the extreme left position in the
cylinder. As the crank is rotating from ‘A’ to ‘C’ the piston is moving towards
right in the cylinder.
The movement of the piston towards right creates a partial vacuum
in the cylinder. But on the surface of the liquid in the sump atmospheric
pressure is acting, which is more than the pressure inside the cylinder. Thus
the liquid is forced in the suction pipe from the sump.
ii. Double – acting Reciprocating pump
In case of double acting pump, the water is acting on both sides of
the piston. Thus we required two suction pipes ad two delivery pipes double-
acting pump. When there is a suction stroke on one side of the piston, there is
at the same time a delivery stroke on the other side of the piston. Thus for one
complete revolution of the crank there are two delivery strokes and water is
delivery to the pipes by the pump during these two delivery strokes.
Let D = Diameter of the piston
d = Diameter of the piston rod
Area on one side of the piston.

 2
 A D
4
Area of the other side of the piston
 2  2  2
 A1 
4
D  d 
4 4

D  d2 

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Q. A centrifugal pump having outer diameter twice the inner diametr
running at 1100 rpm works against a head of 180 m.
the velocity of flow through the impeller is constant at u2
vw 2
3 m/s. the vanes are set back at an angle of 30o at
vf2
outlet. If outer diameter of impeller is 60 m and width
v2 vr2
at outlet is 6 cm. Determine (i) Vane angle at inlet (ii)
Work done/sec and (iii) manometric efficiency.
Ans: Let D1 = inner diameter
D2 = Outer diameter
D2 = 2D1 (given)
Speed , N = 1100 rpm.
Head, Hm = 180 m
Vf1 = Vf2 = 3 m/s
Vane angle at outlet  = 30o vr1
vf1

u1

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 Disch arg e, Q    0.6  0.6  3  0.34 m3 / s
Vane ange azt inlet ()
Vf 3
tan   1   0.174
u1 17.27
   tan1 (0.174)  9.87 o or 9o 521
Vf2 3
Again tan    tan 30 o 
u2  Vw 2 34.54  Vw 2
3
 0.577   0.577(34.54  Vw 2 )  3
34.54  Vw 2
3
 34.54  Vw 2   5.2
0.577
 Vw 2  34.54  5.2  29.34 m / s.
Workdone by impeller on water per sec ond
W p g Q
  Vw 2u2   Vw 2u2  p  Q  Vw 2u2
g g
 1000  0.34  29.34  34.54  344557.22 Nm / s
gHm
Manometric efficiency , man 
Vw 2u2
9.81  180
  1.74
29.34  34.54

Q. A centrifugal pump having outer diameter twice the inner diameter

running at 1100 rpm. Works against a head of 180 m. the velocity of
flow through the impeller is constant at 3 m/s. The vanes are set back
at an angle of 30o at outlet if the outer diameter of impeller is 60 cm
and width at outlet is 6 cm.
Determine (i) Vane angle at inlet
(ii) Work done/se
(iii) Manometri efficiency

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Ans: Speed, N = 1100 r.p.m.
Head , Hm = 180 m
u2
Velocity of flow , Vf1 = Vf2 = 3 m/s
vw 2
Vane angle at outlet,  = 30o
vf2
Let D1 = Inner diameter of impeller v2 vr2
D2 = Outer diameter of impeller
D2 = 2D1 (given)
Outer diameter of impeller
= 60 cm = 0.6 m
Inner diameter of impeller

D2 0.6
D1    0.3m
2 2
Tangential velocity of impeller at inlet
D1N   0.3  1100 vr1
u1   m / s  17.27m / s vf1
60 60
Tangential velocity of impeller at
u1
D2N   0.6  1100
u2   34.54 m / s
60 60
Width at outlet, B 2  6cm  0.06 m

Q. Define slip
Ans: Slip is defined as the difference between theoretical discharge and actual
discharge.
Slip = theoretical discharge – Actual discharge.

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