Cloud Computing:-Cloud refers to the ‘server ‘that are

accessed over the Internet (Present at remote location)

In simple term ,it means storing ,managing, and accessing the
data &program on the remote server that are hosted on
internet instead of occupation hard drive.
Or
Cloud computing is the on demand availability of computer
system resources especially data storage/cloud storage and
computing power without direct active management by the
user.
Service provider
Google cloud
AWS Amazon
Microsoft Azure
IBM cloud
Alibaba cloud
Characteristics of cloud Computing
There are basically 5 essential characteristics of Cloud
Computing.
1. On-demand self-services:
The Cloud computing services does not require any human
administrators, user themselves are able to provision,
monitor and manage computing resources as needed.
2. Broad network access:
The Computing services are generally provided over
standard networks and heterogeneous devices.
3. Rapid elasticity:
The Computing services should have IT resources that are
 able to scale out and in quickly and on as needed basis.
Whenever the user require services it is provided to him
and it is scale out as soon as its requirement gets over.
4. Resource pooling:
The IT resource (e.g., networks, servers, storage,
applications, and services) present are shared across
multiple applications and occupant in an uncommitted
manner. Multiple clients are provided service from a same
physical resource.
5. Measured service:
The resource utilization is tracked for each application and
occupant, it will provide both the user and the resource
provider with an account of what has been used. This is
done for various reasons like monitoring billing and
effective use of resource.

Uses of Cloud Computing

1. Software Testing and Development
If you’ve ever built an in-house app, you know how time-
consuming, costly, and expensive the process can be. It
necessitates the installation and deployment of sophisticated
gear and software, as well as ongoing training for all
personnel involved. This simply implies that even a basic
project might take months to execute, putting you at a
competitive disadvantage in today’s economy. Many solutions
for continuous integration and continuous delivery are
available through cloud computing companies, making
development and testing faster, easier, and less expensive.
2. Social Networking
Social networking is maybe one of the most underappreciated
uses of cloud computing. The Software as a Service (SaaS)
cloud computing concept is exemplified by platforms like
Facebook, Twitter, and LinkedIn. Social media platforms are
designed to assist you in finding individuals you already know
– or connecting with those you don’t. They also provide you
with a variety of options for exchanging data and information,
including tweets, photographs, instant messaging, and posts.
Alongside cloud storage, one of the most frequent use cases
for consumer-driven cloud computing is social networking.
3. Big Data Analytics
If your company does not gather big data now, it will be at a
considerable disadvantage. This information might include
information on your clients, industry trends, sales
performance, and so forth. Big data is required by businesses
of all sizes for a variety of reasons. Some people gather it in
order to uncover new business possibilities, while others do so
in order to solve complicated issues. Big data collection and
analysis, on the other hand, isn’t easy. It necessitates the
employment of massive computational resources, which come
at a high cost. If you buy the resources you’ll need for cloud
computing, you could have to cut expenditures for other
important services like marketing. If you use cloud
computing, you won’t have to worry about this. The main
advantage of cloud computing is that it has a pay-as-you-go
pricing model. This means you won’t have to pay for the time
you don’t utilize, which will save your company a lot of
money. You just use and pay for resources when you really
need them. Cloud computing, without even a doubt, enables
big data analytics simple, useful, and affordable. Amazon
Web Services (AWS) provides a variety of analytics services
for distinct use cases.
4. Data backups and archiving
We now live in a society where cybercrime has become the
norm. There isn’t a day that goes by without big data
breaches, which may be catastrophic for a number of
organizations. Traditional data backup solutions have been
shown to be successful in storing data for a long period.
Despite this, they are susceptible to infections, and because of
their portable nature, they can become misplaced, posing a
threat to contemporary enterprises. These issues can be
addressed using cloud-based backup and archiving. You can
backup or preserve your sensitive information to cloud-based
storage systems using this method. This gives you peace of
mind that your data will be safe even if your live data is
hacked.
5. File Storage
There are several choices for storing and accessing your data.
There’s your laptop’s hard disc, an external device you use for
data backup and transfer, network file sharing, USB devices,
and more. Cloud storage comes in a variety of forms,
including block, file, and encrypting data. These are suitable
for a variety of applications, including shared file systems,
block-based files, and backup and preservation systems.
You’ll receive safe access and the scalability to expand or
reduce storage based on your demands and finances with
cloud services storage services like Amazon S3, DropBox, or
OneDrive.
6. Disaster Recovery
Do you know how much it would cost you if you didn’t have
a business continuity strategy in place? According to research,
over 75% of firms that suffer a crisis and do not have a
disaster recovery plan in place collapse within three years of
the event. Building a disaster restoration site and evaluating
your company continuity strategy has traditionally been a
costly and time-consuming process. That doesn’t have to be
the case any longer! You may create a disaster recovery
system in the cloud using cloud computing. In this strategy,
you build a copy of your development site and duplicate data
and config settings on a regular basis.
7. Communication
People may use cloud computing to use cloud-based methods
of communication like calendars and emails. Furthermore,
cloud-based messaging and calling apps like WhatsApp and
Skype are all based on cloud infrastructure. Not just on your
smartphone, but also in the cloud, are the communications and
data you send and receive. This allows you to access them via
the internet from any gadget and from anywhere on the planet.

8. Business Process
You’ve already included cloud computing within your
management approach if you use company management tools
like Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) or Customer
Relationship Management (CRM). Software as a Service
(SaaS), which primarily relies on cloud computing paradigms,
is used to deliver such enterprise apps. They make it easy to
maintain, secure and manage your company’s critical
resources. Furthermore, they give service providers and their
customer’s maximum efficiency.

Types of Cloud
There are the following 4 types of cloud that you can deploy
according to the organization's needs-

Public Cloud
o Public Cloud provides a shared platform that is
accessible to the general public through an Internet
connection.
 o Public cloud operated on the pay-as-per-use model and
administrated by the third party, i.e., Cloud service
provider.
o In the Public cloud, the same storage is being used by
multiple users at the same time.
o Public cloud is owned, managed, and operated by
businesses, universities, government organizations, or a
combination of them.
o Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2), Microsoft Azure,
IBM's Blue Cloud, Sun Cloud, and Google Cloud are
examples of the public cloud.

Advantages of Public Cloud

There are the following advantages of public cloud -
1) Low Cost
Public cloud has a lower cost than private, or hybrid cloud, as
it shares the same resources with a large number of
consumers.
2) Location Independent
Public cloud is location independent because its services are
offered through the internet.
3) Save Time
In Public cloud, the cloud service provider is responsible for
the manage and maintain data centers in which data is stored,
so the cloud user can save their time to establish connectivity,
deploying new products, release product updates, configure,
and assemble servers.
4) Quickly and easily set up
Organizations can easily buy public cloud on the internet and
deployed and configured it remotely through the cloud service
provider within a few hours.
5) Business Agility
Public cloud provides an ability to elastically re-size computer
resources based on the organization's requirements.
6) Scalability and reliability
Public cloud offers scalable (easy to add and remove) and
reliable (24*7 available) services to the users at an affordable
cost.
Disadvantages of Public Cloud
1) Low Security
Public Cloud is less secure because resources are shared
publicly.
 2) Performance
In the public cloud, performance depends upon the speed of
internet connectivity.
3) Less customizable

Parameter Public Private Cloud Hybrid Cloud Community

Cloud Cloud

Host Service Enterprise Enterprise Community

provider (Third party) (Third party) (Third party)

Users General Selected users Selected users Community

public members

Access Internet Internet, VPN Internet, VPN Internet, VPN

Owner Service Enterprise Enterprise Community

provider

Private Cloud
o Private cloud is also known as an internal
cloud or corporate cloud.
o Private cloud provides computing services to a private

internal network (within the organization) and selected

users instead of the general public.
o Private cloud provides a high level of
security and privacy to data through firewalls and
 internal hosting. It also ensures that operational and
sensitive data are not accessible to third-party providers.
o HP Data Centers, Microsoft, Elastra-private cloud, and
Ubuntu are the example of a private cloud.

Advantages of Private cloud

There are the following advantages of Private Cloud -
1) More Control
Private clouds have more control over their resources and
hardware than public clouds because it is only accessed by
selected users.
2) Security & privacy
Security & privacy are one of the big advantages of cloud
computing. Private cloud improved the security level as
compared to the public cloud.
3) Improved performance
Private cloud offers better performance with improved speed
and space capacity.
Disadvantages of Private Cloud
1) High cost
The cost is higher than a public cloud because set up and
maintain hardware resources are costly.
2) Restricted area of operations
As we know, private cloud is accessible within the
organization, so the area of operations is limited.
3) Limited scalability
Private clouds are scaled only within the capacity of internal
hosted resources.
4) Skilled people
Skilled people are required to manage and operate cloud
services.
Hybrid Cloud
Hybrid Cloud is a combination of the public cloud and the
private cloud. we can say:
Hybrid Cloud = Public Cloud + Private Cloud
o The main aim to combine these cloud (Public and
Private) is to create a unified, automated, and well-
managed computing environment.
 o In the Hybrid cloud, non-critical activities are performed
by the public cloud and critical activities are performed
by the private cloud.
o Mainly, a hybrid cloud is used in finance, healthcare, and
Universities.
o The best hybrid cloud provider companies are Amazon,
Microsoft, Google, Cisco, and NetApp.

Advantages of Hybrid Cloud

There are the following advantages of Hybrid Cloud -
1) Flexible and secure
It provides flexible resources because of the public cloud and
secure resources because of the private cloud.
2) Cost effective
Hybrid cloud costs less than the private cloud. It helps
organizations to save costs for both infrastructure and
application support.
3) Cost effective
It offers the features of both the public as well as the private
cloud. A hybrid cloud is capable of adapting to the demands
that each company needs for space, memory, and system.
4) Security
Hybrid cloud is secure because critical activities are
performed by the private cloud.
5) Risk Management
Hybrid cloud provides an excellent way for companies to
manage the risk.
Disadvantages of Hybrid Cloud
1) Networking issues
In the Hybrid Cloud, networking becomes complex because
of the private and the public cloud.
2) Infrastructure Compatibility
Infrastructure compatibility is the major issue in a hybrid
cloud. With dual-levels of infrastructure, a private cloud
controls the company, and a public cloud does not, so there is
a possibility that they are running in separate stacks.
3) Reliability
The reliability of the services depends on cloud service
providers.

Community Cloud
Community cloud is a cloud infrastructure that allows systems
and services to be accessible by a group of several
organizations to share the information. It is owned, managed,
and operated by one or more organizations in the community,
a third party, or a combination of them.

Example: Our government organization within India may

share computing infrastructure in the cloud to manage data.
Advantages of Community Cloud
There are the following advantages of Community Cloud -
Cost effective
Community cloud is cost effective because the whole cloud is
shared between several organizations or a community.
Flexible and Scalable
The community cloud is flexible and scalable because it is
compatible with every user. It allows the users to modify the
documents as per their needs and requirement.
Security
Community cloud is more secure than the public cloud but
less secure than the private cloud.
Sharing infrastructure
Community cloud allows us to share cloud resources,
infrastructure, and other capabilities among various
organizations.
Disadvantages of Community Cloud
There are the following disadvantages of Community Cloud -
o Community cloud is not a good choice for every
organization.
o Slow adoption to data
o The fixed amount of data storage and bandwidth is
shared among all community members.
o Community Cloud is costly than the public cloud.
o Sharing responsibilities among organizations is difficult.
Types of Cloud Computing
Most cloud computing services fall into five broad
categories:
1. Software as a service (SaaS)
2. Platform as a service (PaaS)
3. Infrastructure as a service (IaaS)
4. Anything/Everything as a service (XaaS)
5. Function as a Service (FaaS)
These are sometimes called the cloud computing
stack because they are built on top of one another. Knowing
what they are and how they are different, makes it easier to
accomplish your goals. These abstraction layers can also be
viewed as a layered architecture where services of a higher
layer can be composed of services of the underlying layer i.e,
SaaS can provide Infrastructure.

Software as a Service(SaaS)

Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) is a way of delivering services

and applications over the Internet. Instead of installing and
maintaining software, we simply access it via the Internet,
freeing ourselves from the complex software and hardware
management. It removes the need to install and run
applications on our own computers or in the data centers
eliminating the expenses of hardware as well as software
maintenance.
SaaS provides a complete software solution that you
purchase on a pay-as-you-go basis from a cloud service
provider. Most SaaS applications can be run directly from a
web browser without any downloads or installations required.
The SaaS applications are sometimes called Web-based
software, on-demand software, or hosted software.
Advantages of SaaS
1. Cost-Effective: Pay only for what you use.
2. Reduced time: Users can run most SaaS apps directly from
their web browser without needing to download and install
any software. This reduces the time spent in installation
and configuration and can reduce the issues that can get in
the way of the software deployment.
3. Accessibility: We can Access app data from anywhere.
4. Automatic updates: Rather than purchasing new software,
customers rely on a SaaS provider to automatically
perform the updates.
5. Scalability: It allows the users to access the services and
features on-demand.
The various companies providing Software as a service are
Cloud9 Analytics, Salesforce.com, Cloud Switch, Microsoft
Office 365, Big Commerce, Eloqua, dropBox, and Cloud
Tran.

Platform as a Service

PaaS is a category of cloud computing that provides a

platform and environment to allow developers to build
applications and services over the internet. PaaS services are
hosted in the cloud and accessed by users simply via their
web browser.
A PaaS provider hosts the hardware and software on its own
infrastructure. As a result, PaaS frees users from having to
install in-house hardware and software to develop or run a
new application. Thus, the development and deployment of
the application take place independent of the hardware.
The consumer does not manage or control the underlying
cloud infrastructure including network, servers, operating
systems, or storage, but has control over the deployed
applications and possibly configuration settings for the
application-hosting environment. To make it simple, take the
example of an annual day function, you will have two
options either to create a venue or to rent a venue but the
function is the same.
Advantages of PaaS:
1. Simple and convenient for users: It provides much of the
infrastructure and other IT services, which users can
access anywhere via a web browser.
2. Cost-Effective: It charges for the services provided on a
per-use basis thus eliminating the expenses one may have
for on-premises hardware and software.
3. Efficiently managing the lifecycle: It is designed to
support the complete web application lifecycle: building,
testing, deploying, managing, and updating.
4. Efficiency: It allows for higher-level programming with
reduced complexity thus, the overall development of the
application can be more effective.
The various companies providing Platform as a service are
Amazon Web services Elastic Beanstalk, Salesforce,
Windows Azure, Google App Engine, cloud Bess and IBM
smart cloud.
Infrastructure as a Service

Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) is a service model that

delivers computer infrastructure on an outsourced basis to
support various operations. Typically IaaS is a service where
infrastructure is provided as outsourcing to enterprises such
as networking equipment, devices, database, and web
servers.
It is also known as Hardware as a Service (HaaS). IaaS
customers pay on a per-user basis, typically by the hour,
week, or month. Some providers also charge customers based
on the amount of virtual machine space they use.
It simply provides the underlying operating systems, security,
networking, and servers for developing such applications,
and services, and deploying development tools, databases,
etc.
Advantages of IaaS:
1. Cost-Effective: Eliminates capital expense and reduces
ongoing cost and IaaS customers pay on a per-user basis,
typically by the hour, week, or month.
2. Website hosting: Running websites using IaaS can be less
expensive than traditional web hosting.
3. Security: The IaaS Cloud Provider may provide better
security than your existing software.
4. Maintenance: There is no need to manage the underlying
data center or the introduction of new releases of the
development or underlying software. This is all handled by
the IaaS Cloud Provider.
The various companies providing Infrastructure as a
service are Amazon web services, Bluestack, IBM,
Openstack, Rackspace, and Vmware.

Anything as a Service

It is also known as Everything as a Service. Most of the

cloud service providers nowadays offer anything as a service
that is a compilation of all of the above services including
some additional services.
Advantages of XaaS: As this is a combined service, so it has
all the advantages of every type of cloud service.

Function as a Service

FaaS is a type of cloud computing service. It provides a

platform for its users or customers to develop, compute, run
and deploy the code or entire application as functions. It
allows the user to entirely develop the code and update it at
any time without worrying about the maintenance of the
underlying infrastructure. The developed code can be
executed with response to the specific event. It is also as
same as PaaS.
FaaS is an event-driven execution model. It is implemented
in the serverless container. When the application is
developed completely, the user will now trigger the event to
execute the code. Now, the triggered event makes response
and activates the servers to execute it. The servers are
nothing but the Linux servers or any other servers which is
managed by the vendor completely. Customer does not have
clue about any servers which is why they do not need to
maintain the server hence it is serverless architecture.
Both PaaS and FaaS are providing the same functionality but
there is still some differentiation in terms of Scalability and
Cost.
FaaS, provides auto-scaling up and scaling down depending
upon the demand. PaaS also provides scalability but here
users have to configure the scaling parameter depending
upon the demand.
In FaaS, users only have to pay for the number of execution
time happened. In PaaS, users have to pay for the amount
based on pay-as-you-go price regardless of how much or less
they use.

Advantages of FaaS :
 Highly Scalable: Auto scaling is done by the provider

depending upon the demand.

 Cost-Effective: Pay only for the number of events

executed.
 Code Simplification: FaaS allows the users to upload the

entire application all at once. It allows you to write code

for independent functions or similar to those functions.
 Maintenance of code is enough and no need to worry about

the servers.
 Functions can be written in any programming language.
 Less control over the system.
The various companies providing Function as a Service are
Amazon Web Services – Firecracker, Google – Kubernetes,
Oracle – Fn, Apache OpenWhisk – IBM, OpenFaaS,

Virtualization in Cloud Computing

Virtualization is the "creation of a virtual (rather than actual)
version of something, such as a server, a desktop, a storage
device, an operating system or network resources".
In other words, Virtualization is a technique, which allows to
share a single physical instance of a resource or an application
among multiple customers and organizations. It does by
assigning a logical name to a physical storage and providing a
pointer to that physical resource when demanded.
What is the concept behind the Virtualization?
Creation of a virtual machine over existing operating system
and hardware is known as Hardware Virtualization. A Virtual
machine provides an environment that is logically separated
from the underlying hardware.
The machine on which the virtual machine is going to create
is known as Host Machine and that virtual machine is referred
as a Guest Machine.
Types of Virtualization:
1. Hardware Virtualization.
2. Operating system Virtualization.
3. Server Virtualization.
4. Storage Virtualization.
1) Hardware Virtualization:
When the virtual machine software or virtual machine
manager (VMM) is directly installed on the hardware
system is known as hardware virtualization.
The main job of hypervisor is to control and monitoring the
processor, memory and other hardware resources.
After virtualization of hardware system we can install
different operating system on it and run different applications
on those OS.
Usage:
Hardware virtualization is mainly done for the server
platforms, because controlling virtual machines is much easier
than controlling a physical server.
2) Operating System Virtualization:
When the virtual machine software or virtual machine
manager (VMM) is installed on the Host operating
system instead of directly on the hardware system is known as
operating system virtualization.
Usage:
Operating System Virtualization is mainly used for testing the
applications on different platforms of OS.
3) Server Virtualization:
When the virtual machine software or virtual machine
manager (VMM) is directly installed on the Server system is
known as server virtualization.
Usage:
Server virtualization is done because a single physical server
can be divided into multiple servers on the demand basis and
for balancing the load.
4) Storage Virtualization:
Storage virtualization is the process of grouping the physical
storage from multiple network storage devices so that it looks
like a single storage device.
Storage virtualization is also implemented by using software
applications.
Usage:
Storage virtualization is mainly done for back-up and
recovery purposes.

Hypervisor
A hypervisor is a form of virtualization software used in
Cloud hosting to divide and allocate the resources on various
pieces of hardware. The program which provides
partitioning, isolation, or abstraction is called a virtualization
hypervisor. The hypervisor is a hardware virtualization
technique that allows multiple guest operating systems (OS)
to run on a single host system at the same time. A hypervisor
is sometimes also called a virtual machine manager(VMM).

Types of Hypervisor –

TYPE-1 Hypervisor:
The hypervisor runs directly on the underlying host system. It
is also known as a “Native Hypervisor” or “Bare metal
hypervisor”. It does not require any base server operating
system. It has direct access to hardware resources. Examples
of Type 1 hypervisors include VMware ESXi, Citrix
XenServer, and Microsoft Hyper-V hypervisor.
Pros & Cons of Type-1 Hypervisor:
Pros: Such kinds of hypervisors are very efficient because
they have direct access to the physical hardware
resources(like Cpu, Memory, Network, and Physical
storage). This causes the empowerment of the security
because there is nothing any kind of the third party resource
so that attacker couldn’t compromise with anything.
Cons: One problem with Type-1 hypervisors is that they
usually need a dedicated separate machine to perform their
operation and to instruct different VMs and control the host
hardware resources.

TYPE-2 Hypervisor:
A Host operating system runs on the underlying host system.
It is also known as ‘Hosted Hypervisor”. Such kind of
hypervisors doesn’t run directly over the underlying
hardware rather they run as an application in a Host
system(physical machine). Basically, the software is installed
on an operating system. Hypervisor asks the operating
system to make hardware calls. An example of a Type 2
hypervisor includes VMware Player or Parallels Desktop.
Hosted hypervisors are often found on endpoints like PCs.
The type-2 hypervisor is very useful for engineers, and
security analysts (for checking malware, or malicious source
code and newly developed applications).
Pros & Cons of Type-2 Hypervisor:
Pros: Such kind of hypervisors allows quick and easy access
to a guest Operating System alongside the host machine
running. These hypervisors usually come with additional
useful features for guest machines. Such tools enhance the
coordination between the host machine and the guest
machine.
Cons: Here there is no direct access to the physical hardware
resources so the efficiency of these hypervisors lags in
performance as compared to the type-1 hypervisors, and
potential security risks are also there an attacker can
compromise the security weakness if there is access to the
host operating system so he can also access the guest
operating system.

Type 1 hypervisors offer much better performance than

Type 2 ones because there’s no middle layer, making them
the logical choice for mission-critical applications and
workloads. But that’s not to say that hosted hypervisors don’t
have their place – they’re much simpler to set up, so they’re a
good bet if, say, you need to deploy a test environment
quickly. One of the best ways to determine which hypervisor
meets your needs is to compare their performance metrics.
These include CPU overhead, the amount of maximum host
and guest memory, and support for virtual processors. The
following factors should be examined before choosing a
suitable hypervisor.
1. Understand your needs: The company and its
applications are the reason for the data center (and your job).
Besides your company’s needs, you (and your co-workers in
IT) also have your own needs. Needs for a virtualization
hypervisor are:
a. Flexibility
b. Scalability
c. Usability
d. Availability
e. Reliability
f. Efficiency
g. Reliable support
2. The cost of a hypervisor: For many buyers, the toughest
part of choosing a hypervisor is striking the right balance
between cost and functionality. While a number of entry-
level solutions are free, or practically free, the prices at the
opposite end of the market can be staggering. Licensing
frameworks also vary, so it’s important to be aware of
exactly what you’re getting for your money.
3. Virtual machine performance: Virtual systems should
meet or exceed the performance of their physical
counterparts, at least in relation to the applications within
each server. Everything beyond meeting this benchmark is
profit.
4. Ecosystem: It’s tempting to overlook the role of a
hypervisor’s ecosystem – that is, the availability of
documentation, support, training, third-party developers and
consultancies, and so on – in determining whether or not a
solution is cost-effective in the long term.
5. Test for yourself: You can gain basic experience from
your existing desktop or laptop. You can run both VMware
vSphere and Microsoft Hyper-V in either VMware
Workstation or VMware Fusion to create a nice virtual
learning and testing environment.

Web 1.0 –
Web 1.0 refers to the first stage of the World Wide Web
evolution. Earlier, there were only a few content creators in
Web 1.0 with a huge majority of users who are consumers of
content. Personal web pages were common, consisting
mainly of static pages hosted on ISP-run web servers, or free
web hosting services.
In Web 1.0 advertisements on websites while surfing the
internet are banned. Also, in Web 1.0, Ofoto is an online
digital photography website, on which users could store,
share, view, and print digital pictures. Web 1.0 is a content
delivery network (CDN) that enables the showcase of the
piece of information on the websites. It can be used as a
personal website. It costs the user as per pages viewed. It has
directories that enable users to retrieve a particular piece of
information. The era of Web 1.0 was roughly from 1991 to
2004.
Four Design Essentials of a Web 1.0 Site Include:
1. Static pages.
2. Content is served from the server’s file system.
3. Pages built using Server Side Includes or Common
Gateway Interface (CGI).
4. Frames and Tables are used to position and align the
elements on a page.
Web 2.0 –
2004 When the word Web 2.0 become famous due to the
First Web 2.0 conference (later known as the Web 2.0
summit) held by Tim O’Reilly and Dale Dougherty, the term
was coined by Darcy DiNucci in 1999. Web 2.0 refers to
worldwide websites which highlight user-generated content,
usability, and interoperability for end users. Web 2.0 is also
called the participative social web. It does not refer to a
modification to any technical specification, but to modify the
way Web pages are designed and used. The transition is
beneficial but it does not seem that when the changes occur.
Interaction and collaboration with each other are allowed by
Web 2.0 in a social media dialogue as the creator of user-
generated content in a virtual community. Web 2.0 is an
enhanced version of Web 1.0.
The web browser technologies are used in Web 2.0
development and it includes AJAX and JavaScript
frameworks. Recently, AJAX and JavaScript frameworks
have become a very popular means of creating web 2.0 sites.
 Five Major Features of Web 2.0:
1. Free sorting of information, permits users to retrieve and
classify the information collectively.
2. Dynamic content that is responsive to user input.
3. Information flows between the site owner and site users
using evaluation & online commenting.
4. Developed APIs to allow self-usage, such as by a software
application.
5. Web access leads to concerns different, from the
traditional Internet user base to a wider variety of users.
Usage of Web 2.0 –
The social Web contains several online tools and platforms
where people share their perspectives, opinions, thoughts,
and experiences. Web 2.0 applications tend to interact much
more with the end-user. As such, the end-user is not only a
user of the application but also a participant in these 8 tools
mentioned below:
1. Podcasting
2. Blogging
3. Tagging
4. Curating with RSS
5. Social bookmarking
6. Social networking
7. Social media
8. Web content voting
Web 3.0 –
It refers to the evolution of web utilization and interaction
which includes altering the Web into a database, with the
integration of DLT (Distributed Ledger Technology
blockchain is an example) and that data can help to make
Smart Contracts based on the needs of the individual. It
enables the up-gradation of the back-end of the web, after a
long time of focusing on the front-end (Web 2.0 has mainly
been about AJAX, tagging, and other front-end user-
experience innovation). Web 3.0 is a term that is used to
describe many evolutions of web usage and interaction
among several paths. In this, data isn’t owned but instead
shared but still be, where services show different views for
the same web / the same data.
The Semantic Web (3.0) promises to establish “the world’s
information” in a more reasonable way than Google can ever
attain with its existing engine schema. This is particularly
true from the perspective of machine conception as opposed
to human understanding. The Semantic Web necessitates the
use of a declarative ontological language like OWL to
produce domain-specific ontologies that machines can use to
reason about information and make new conclusions, not
simply match keywords.

Main features That can Help us Define Web 3.0:

1. Semantic Web
The succeeding evolution of the Web involves the
Semantic Web. The semantic web improves web
technologies in demand to create, share and connect
content through search and analysis based on the capability
to comprehend the meaning of words, rather than on
keywords or numbers.
2. Artificial Intelligence
Combining this capability with natural language
processing, in Web 3.0, computers can distinguish
information like humans to provide faster and more
relevant results. They become more intelligent to fulfill the
requirements of users.
3. 3D Graphics
The three-dimensional design is being used widely in
websites and services in Web 3.0. Museum guides,
computer games, e-commerce, geospatial contexts, etc. are
all examples that use 3D graphics.
4. Connectivity
With Web 3.0, information is more connected thanks to
semantic metadata. As a result, the user experience evolves
to another level of connectivity that leverages all the
available information.
5. Ubiquity
Content is accessible by multiple applications, every
device is connected to the web, and the services can be
used everywhere.
6. DLT and Smart Contracts
With the help of DLT, we can have a virtually impossible
to hack database from which one can have value to their
content and things they can own virtually, this is the
technology that enables a trustless society by the
integration of smart contracts which does not need to have
a middle man to be a guarantor to make that contract occur
on certain cause its based on data from that DLT. It’s a
powerful tool that can make the world a far better place
and generate more opportunities for everyone on the
internet.
Difference Between Web 1.0, Web 2.0, and Web 3.0 –
S.
No. Web 1.0 Web 2.0 Web 3.0

Mostly Read- Wildly Read- Portable and

1. Only Write Personal

Community
2. Company Focus Focus Individual Focus

Live-streams /
3. Home Pages Blogs / Wikis Waves

Sharing Consolidating
4. Owning Content Content Content

Web Smart
5. WebForms Applications Applications

6. Directories Tagging User behavior

7. Page Views Cost Per Click User Engagement

S.
No. Web 1.0 Web 2.0 Web 3.0

Banner Interactive Behavioral

8. Advertising Advertising Advertising

The Semantic
9. Britannica Online Wikipedia Web

RDF / RDFS /
10. HTML/Portals XML / RSS OWL

Data of many Data was

was controlled personalized and
Data was not by some no use of
11. Focused. mediatory. mediatory.

Information
sharing is the Interaction is Immersion is the
12. goal. the goal. goal.

It connects It aims to Focuses on

information as its connect relating
13. primary goal. people. knowledge.

14. Static websites

Introduction of Intelligent web-
S.
No. Web 1.0 Web 2.0 Web 3.0

web based functions

applications and apps

A simpler, more An enhanced A semantic web

15. passive web. social Web exists.

Web 3.0
AJAX, technologies
Web and File JavaScript, include
Servers, HTML, CSS, and blockchain,
and Portals are HTML5 are artificial
technologies examples of intelligence, and
connected to Web related decentralized
16. 1.0. technology. protocols.

What is AWS?
AWS (Amazon Web Services) is a comprehensive,
evolving cloud computing platform provided by Amazon that
includes a mixture of infrastructure-as-a-service (IaaS),
platform-as-a-service (PaaS) and packaged-software-as-a-
service (SaaS) offerings. AWS services can offer an
organization tools such as compute power, database storage
and content delivery services.
 Amazon.com Web Services launched its first web services in
2002 from the internal infrastructure that Amazon.com built
to handle its online retail operations. In 2006, it began
offering its defining IaaS services. AWS was one of the first
companies to introduce a pay-as-you-go cloud computing
model that scales to provide users with compute, storage or
throughput as needed.

AWS offers many different tools and solutions for enterprises

and software developers that can be used in data centers in up
to 190 countries. Groups such as government agencies,
education institutions, non-profits and private organizations
can use AWS services.

Amazon EC2
Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) provides
scalable computing capacity in the Amazon Web Services
(AWS) Cloud. Using Amazon EC2 eliminates your need to
invest in hardware up front, so you can develop and deploy
applications faster. You can use Amazon EC2 to launch as
many or as few virtual servers as you need, configure security
and networking, and manage storage. Amazon EC2 enables
you to scale up or down to handle changes in requirements or
spikes in popularity, reducing your need to forecast traffic.

Features of Amazon EC2

Amazon EC2 provides the following features:
 Virtual computing environments, known as instances
 Preconfigured templates for your instances, known as Amazon
Machine Images (AMIs), that package the bits you need for
 your server (including the operating system and additional
software)
 Various configurations of CPU, memory, storage, and
networking capacity for your instances, known as instance
types
 Secure login information for your instances using key
pairs (AWS stores the public key, and you store the private
key in a secure place)
 Storage volumes for temporary data that's deleted when you
stop, hibernate, or terminate your instance, known as instance
store volumes
 Persistent storage volumes for your data using Amazon
Elastic Block Store (Amazon EBS), known as Amazon EBS
volumes
 Multiple physical locations for your resources, such as
instances and Amazon EBS volumes, known
as Regions and Availability Zones
 A firewall that enables you to specify the protocols, ports, and
source IP ranges that can reach your instances using security
groups
 Static IPv4 addresses for dynamic cloud computing, known
as Elastic IP addresses
 Metadata, known as tags, that you can create and assign to
your Amazon EC2 resources
 Virtual networks you can create that are logically isolated
from the rest of the AWS Cloud, and that you can optionally
connect to your own network, known as virtual private
clouds (VPCs)
What is Microsoft Azure?
Azure is a cloud computing platform and an online portal that
allows you to access and manage cloud services and resources
provided by Microsoft. These services and resources include
storing your data and transforming it, depending on your
requirements. To get access to these resources and services,
all you need to have is an active internet connection and the
ability to connect to the Azure portal.

Things that you should know about Azure:

 It was launched on February 1, 2010, significantly later than

its main competitor, AWS.
 It’s free to start and follows a pay-per-use model, which
means you pay only for the services you opt for.
 Interestingly, 80 percent of the Fortune 500 companies use
Azure services for their cloud computing needs.
 Azure supports multiple programming languages,
including Java, Node Js, and C#.
 Another benefit of Azure is the number of data centers it
has around the world. There are 42 Azure data centers
spread around the globe, which is the highest number of
data centers for any cloud platform. Also, Azure is planning
to get 12 more data centers, which will increase the number
of data centers to 54, shortly.

What are the Various Azure Services and How does Azure
Work?

Azure provides more than 200 services, are divided into 18

categories. These categories include computing, networking,
storage, IoT, migration, mobile, analytics, containers, artificial
intelligence, and other machine learning, integration,
management tools, developer tools, security,
databases, DevOps, media identity, and web services. Let’s
take a look at some of the major Azure services by category:

Compute Services

 Virtual Machine
This service enables you to create a virtual machine in
Windows, Linux or any other configuration in seconds.
 Cloud Service
This service lets you create scalable applications within the
cloud. Once the application is deployed, everything,
including provisioning, load balancing, and health
monitoring, is taken care of by Azure.
 Service Fabric
With service fabric, the process of developing a
microservice is immensely simplified. Microservice is an
application that contains other bundled smaller applications.
 Functions
With functions, you can create applications in any
programming language. The best part about this service is
that you need not worry about hardware requirements while
developing applications because Azure takes care of that.
All you need to do is provide the code.

Networking

 Azure CDN
 Azure CDN (Content Delivery Network) is for delivering
content to users. It uses a high bandwidth, and content can
be transferred to any person around the globe. The CDN
service uses a network of servers placed strategically around
the globe so that the users can access the data as soon as
possible.
 Express Route
This service lets you connect your on-premise network to
the Microsoft cloud or any other services that you want,
through a private connection. So, the only communications
that will happen here will be between the enterprise network
and the service that you want.
 Virtual network
The virtual network allows you to have any of the Azure
services communicate with one another privately and
securely.
 Azure DNS
This service allows you to host your DNS domains or
system domains on Azure.

Storage

 Disk Storage
This service allows you to choose from either HDD (Hard
Disk Drive) or SSD (Solid State Drive) as your storage
option along with your virtual machine.
 Blob Storage
This service is optimized to store a massive amount of
unstructured data, including text and even binary data.

 File Storage
This is a managed file storage service that can be accessed
via industry SMB (server message block) protocol.
 Queue Storage
With queue storage, you can provide stable message
queuing for a large workload. This service can be accessed
from anywhere in this world.

Why Use Azure?

Now that you know more about Azure and the services it
provides, you might be interested in exploring the various
uses of Azure.

 Application development: You can create any web

application in Azure.
 Testing: After developing an application successfully on the
platform, you can test it.
 Application hosting: Once the testing is done, Azure can
help you host the application.
 Create virtual machines: You can create virtual machines in
any configuration you want with the help of Azure.
 Integrate and sync features: Azure lets you integrate and
sync virtual devices and directories.
 Collect and store metrics: Azure lets you collect and store
metrics, which can help you find what works.
 Virtual hard drives: These are extensions of the virtual
machines; they provide a huge amount of data storage.