Plant Leaf Disease Detection APP

By:

Muhammad Usman
15041
Muhammad Awais Khalid
15285
Muhammad Subhan
15012
Muhammad Noman
14975

1
 Supervised by:
Prof. Muhammad Amjad
Co Supervised by:
Abdul Ghaffar

Riphah College of Computing

Riphah International University, Faisalabad Campus
2019-2023

2
 A Project Documentation Submitted to

Riphah College of Computing

Riphah International University, Faisalabad Campus
As a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Award of
the Degree of
Bachelors of Science in Computer Science

Riphah College of Computing

Riphah International University, Faisalabad Campus

3
 Final Approval

This is to certify that we have read the report submitted by M.Usman 15041 M.Awais
khalid 15285 M.Subhan 15012 M.Noman 14975 for the partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree of the Bachelors of Science in Computer Science BSCS. It is
our judgment that this report is of sufficient standard to warrant its acceptance by Riphah
International University, Faisalabad Campus for the degree of Bachelors of Science in
Computer Science BSCS.

Committee:

Dr. Muhammad Amjad

(Supervisor)

Abdul Ghaffar
(Co-Supervisor)

4
5
 Declaration

We hereby declare that this document Plant Leaf Disease Detection neither as a whole
nor as a part has been copied out from any source. It is further declared that we have done
this project with the accompanied report entirely on the basis of our personal efforts,
under the proficient guidance of our teachers especially our supervisor Prof.
Muhammad Amjad and Co Supervisor Abdul Ghaffar. If any part of the system is
proved to be copied out from any source or found to be reproduction of any project from
anywhere else, we shall stand by the consequences.

___________________________
Muhammad Usman
15041
___________________________
Muhammad Awais Khalid
15285

___________________________
Muhammad Subhan
15012
___________________________
Muhammad Noman
14975

6
 DEDICATION

To

My Mother

Who always wished and prayed for my success, for supporting and encouraging
me to believe in myself, for always sacrificing so much for me.

My Father

For earning an honest living for us, for supporting and encouraging me to
believe in myself.

My Sister

For her support and best wishes

7
 Acknowledgement

First of all, we are thankful to Allah almighty, the most beneficial and merciful
who gave us the courage and guidance to complete our project. We offer our
special praise for our beloved Holy Prophet Hazrat Muhammad (S.A.W) who
is the symbol of knowledge and guidance of humanity as a whole. We like to
express our special thanks of gratitude to our supervisor Prof. Muhammad
Amjad and Co-Supervisor Abdul Ghaffar for their support. Her steadfast
support of this project was greatly needed and deeply appreciated. Last but not
least, no acknowledgement could ever express our obligations to our loving
parents for their love, affection, amiable, advices and prayers for my success.

___________________________
Muhammad Usman
15041
___________________________
Muhammad Awais Khalid
15285

___________________________
Muhammad Subhan
15012
___________________________
Muhammad Noman
14975

8
 Abstract

Plant leaf disease detection is a new technology that can

improve agricultural productivity by identifying and
diagnosing plant diseases. Traditional methods for
detecting plant diseases involve visually examining
plants by trained experts, but this can be expensive and
time-consuming, especially for large farms. In addition,
some farmers may not have access to experts or the
necessary resources to consult them. Recent advances in
computer vision and deep learning have led to the
development of camera-based systems for detecting
plant diseases. These systems use transfer learning, a
technique that allows a model trained on one dataset to
be fine-tuned for a different task, to classify various
plant diseases with high accuracy. One such system has
achieved a 98% accuracy rate in detecting 39 different
classes of healthy and diseased plants. This technology
can help reduce crop losses and improve food security

9
 Table of Content
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Background
1.2 Motivations and Challenges
1.3 Goals and Objectives
1.4 Solution Overview
1.5 Report Outline
Chapter 2: Literature / Market Survey
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Literature Review/Technologies Overview
2.3 Summary
Chapter 3: Requirement Analysis

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 3.1 Introduction
3.2 Problem Scenarios
3.3 Functional Requirements
3.4 Non-Functional Requirements
Chapter 4: System Design
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Architectural Design
4.3 Detailed Design
4.4 Data Flow Diagram
4.5 Use Case Diagram
4.6 Use Cases
4.7 Sequence Diagram
4.8 Class Diagram
Chapter 5 : User Interface
5.1 Image 1
5.2 Image 2
5.3 Image 3

Chapter 6 : Implementation
6.1 Flow Control/Pseudo codes
6.2 Components, Libraries, Web Services and stubs
6.3 Code Layer (Code should be Written according to following layers)
6.3.1 Presentation Layer
6.3.2 Business Logic Layer
6.3.3 Data Management/Access Layer
6.6 Any Other

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References

12
 Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

13
Chapter 1:

INTRODUCTION

1.1.Background:

To feed the world's growing population, which is expected to reach over 9 billion people
by 2050, food production must increase by an estimated 70%. However, infectious
diseases can greatly reduce crop yields, with some farmers experiencing losses of up to
100%. The widespread adoption of smartphones among farmers, with an estimated 5
billion in use by 2020, provides an opportunity to use these devices as tools for
improving crop production. One potential application is the use of machine learning and
crowdsourcing to develop mobile disease diagnostic systems for crops. This could help
farmers in developing countries reduce losses due to disease and increase their yields.

1.2Motivation and Challenge:

The motivation for building a plant leaf disease detection app using deep learning may be
to improve food security by reducing crop losses due to disease. Plant leaf diseases can
significantly reduce crop yields and impair the quality of crops, which can have serious
consequences for food security. By developing a tool that can accurately and quickly
identify and detect diseases, it may be possible to help farmers reduce losses and increase
their yields.

14
One challenge in building a plant leaf disease detection app using deep learning is
obtaining a sufficient and diverse dataset of plant images to train the model on. It is
important to have a diverse set of images that includes a range of different plant species
and diseases in order to ensure that the model is able to generalize well to new situations.
Additionally, it may be challenging to obtain images that are of high quality and
accurately represent the plants and diseases being studied.
Another challenge is designing and implementing the deep learning model itself. This
may involve choosing an appropriate architecture, determining the optimal hyper
parameters, and ensuring that the model is able to learn effectively from the training data.
It may also be necessary to fine-tune the model using techniques such as transfer learning
in order to achieve good performance on the task of detecting plant diseases.

1.3 Goals and Objectives:

Our Goals and Objectives for Building Plant Leaf Disease Application Using Machine
and Deep Learning is to:
 Improving food security by reducing crop losses due to disease
 Developing a tool that is easy for farmers to use and understand
 Achieving high accuracy in detecting plant diseases
 Reducing the cost and time required for plant disease detection
 Expanding the availability of plant disease detection services to farmers who may
not have access to experts or resources
 Improving the efficiency and effectiveness of plant disease detection for large
farms
 Contributing to the development of new technologies and methods for plant
disease detection using deep learning.

15
1.4 Solution Overview:

The goal of this project is to minimize the yield loss caused by plant diseases through the
development of a mobile application for accurately and quickly identifying and detecting
diseases. The current method for detecting plant diseases, which involves visually
examining plants by trained experts, can be costly and time-consuming, particularly for
large farms. In addition, some farmers may not have access to experts or the necessary
resources to consult them. To address these issues, we propose using a deep learning
model to classify different plants and their diseases based on the symptoms present on the
leaves. This automatic detection method offers a more efficient and cost-effective way to
monitor crops, particularly in large fields. By using this technique, it may be possible to
reduce crop losses and improve food security. Overall, the use of deep learning for plant
disease detection offers a promising solution for addressing the challenges of traditional
methods, and has the potential to greatly benefit farmers and the agricultural industry.

1.5 Report Outline:

Our mobile application for detecting plant diseases and identifying the types of diseases
uses machine learning to analyze images of plants and provide accurate and fast results.
The process is simple and user-friendly:
 Users can capture and upload an image of the plant through the app
 Picture is saved in their mobile device.
 The app is connected to a deep learning model
 It analyzes the image and determines the type of plant and any diseases present.
App then displays this information, including a description of the disease and
potential remedies.
 With this app, users can easily identify plant diseases and take steps to address
them, improving the health and yield of their crops.

16
17
 Chapter 2:

Literature and Market Survey

18
Chapter 2:

Literature and Market Survey

2.1 Introduction:

The introduction to literature and market survey is an essential part of the research and
development process, as it allows you to gather information and insights that can inform
and guide your project.

Conducting a literature review involves reviewing and synthesizing the existing research
on a particular topic. This can be a time-consuming and challenging process, but it is an
important step in understanding the current state of knowledge in your field and
identifying gaps and opportunities for further research. A literature review can also help
you to understand the strengths and limitations of previous studies and to contextualize
your own work within the larger body of knowledge. To conduct a literature review, you
may need to search various sources such as academic databases, journals, and books. It is
important to be thorough and systematic in your search and to carefully evaluate the
quality and relevance of the sources you find.

A market survey is a research method used to gather information about the needs,
preferences, and behaviors of a specific target audience. This can be particularly useful if
you are developing a product or service that will be sold to a specific group of people. A
market survey may involve gathering data through surveys, focus groups, or other
research methods. The information you gather through a market survey can help you to

19
understand what products or services are in demand and how to effectively market and
sell them. It can also help you to identify potential challenges and opportunities in your
market and to tailor your offering to meet the needs of your target audience.

Overall, the introduction to literature and market survey is an important step in the
research and development process, as it helps you to gather valuable information and
insights that can inform and guide your project. By conducting a thorough and systematic
review of the literature and gathering data from your target audience, you can better
understand your field and the needs of your customers, which can help you to develop
more effective and successful products and services.

2.2 Literature Review:

A literature review of plant leaf disease detection app using deep learning involves
studying the various approaches, techniques, and tools used in the development of mobile
applications that use deep learning algorithms for the detection and identification of plant
diseases from images of leaf samples. In recent years, there has been a surge in the
development of such applications, owing to the increasing demand for efficient and
accurate methods for the diagnosis of plant diseases.

One of the key challenges in the development of a plant leaf disease detection app is the
selection of the appropriate deep learning algorithm. A wide range of algorithms, such as
convolutional neural networks (CNNs), deep belief networks (DBNs), and recurrent
neural networks (RNNs), have been used in the development of such applications. CNNs,
in particular, have been widely used due to their ability to extract features from images
and their robust performance in image classification tasks.

Another challenge is the availability of sufficient and high-quality training data. The
performance of a deep learning model is heavily dependent on the quality and quantity of
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the training data. In the case of plant leaf disease detection, obtaining a large and diverse
dataset of diseased and healthy plant leaves can be challenging. To overcome this issue,
some researchers have resorted to data augmentation techniques, such as rotation, scaling,
and flipping, to increase the size of the training dataset. Others have used transfer
learning techniques, whereby a pre-trained model is fine-tuned on a smaller dataset, to
reduce the need for a large training dataset.

One of the major advantages of using deep learning for plant leaf disease detection is its
ability to achieve high levels of accuracy. In a study published in the Journal of
Agricultural and Food Information, a CNN-based approach was used to detect 14
different diseases in apple leaves and achieved an accuracy of 95%. In another study,
published in the journal Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, a DBN-based
approach was used to detect nine different diseases in grapevine leaves and achieved an
accuracy of 97%.

In addition to high accuracy, deep learning-based approaches also have the advantage of
being able to detect multiple diseases in a single image. This is particularly useful in the
case of plants, as they often exhibit symptoms of multiple diseases at the same time. In a
study published in the journal Frontiers in Plant Science, a CNN-based approach was
used to detect 20 different diseases in rice leaves and achieved an accuracy of 95%.

Despite the numerous advantages of using deep learning for plant leaf disease detection,
there are also some limitations and challenges that need to be addressed. One of the main
limitations is the need for a large amount of computational resources, which may not be
readily available in resource-constrained settings. Another challenge is the need for
frequent model updates, as new diseases and variations of existing diseases can emerge
over time.

21
In conclusion, the use of deep learning for the development of plant leaf disease detection
apps has the potential to revolutionize the way in which plant diseases are detected and
diagnosed. However, there are several challenges that need to be addressed, including the
selection of the appropriate deep learning algorithm, the availability of sufficient and
high-quality training data, and the need for a large amount of computational resources.
Despite these challenges, the use of deep learning-based approaches has demonstrated
promising results in terms of accuracy and the ability to detect multiple diseases in a
single image, making it a valuable tool for the diagnosis of plant diseases.

2.3 Summary:

The use of deep learning algorithms in the development of plant leaf disease detection
apps has shown promising results in terms of accuracy and the ability to detect multiple
diseases in a single image. Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and deep belief
networks (DBNs) have been particularly effective in this context. However, the selection
of the appropriate deep learning algorithm, the availability of sufficient and high-quality
training data, and the need for a large amount of computational resources remain
challenges. In addition, the frequent emergence of new diseases and variations of existing
diseases requires the frequent updating of models. Despite these challenges, the use of
deep learning-based approaches has demonstrated the potential to revolutionize the way
in which plant diseases are detected and diagnosed.

22
 Chapter 3:

Requirement Analysis

23
Chapter 3:

Requirement Analysis

3.1 Introduction:

Requirement analysis is the process of identifying, understanding, and documenting the

needs and constraints of a system or project. It is a critical step in the software
development lifecycle, as it helps to define the scope of the project and ensures that the
final product meets the needs of the end users.

The goal of requirement analysis is to identify and document the functional and non-
functional requirements of a system. Functional requirements describe the specific
actions that the system must be able to perform, while non-functional requirements
describe the constraints and conditions under which the system must operate.

There are several approaches to requirement analysis, including interviews with

stakeholders, focus groups, and prototyping. It is important to involve all relevant
stakeholders in the requirement analysis process to ensure that all needs and constraints
are properly identified and addressed.

Effective requirement analysis is essential for the success of any project, as it helps to
ensure that the final product meets the needs of the end users and is delivered on time and
within budget.

24
3.2 Problem Scenarios:

One potential problem scenario for a plant leaf disease detection app using deep learning
could involve inaccurate disease classifications.

Deep learning algorithms rely on large amounts of data for training and validation, and if
the data used to train the model is not diverse or representative of the types of diseases
that the app will encounter in the real world, the model may not generalize well and may
produce inaccurate disease classifications.

Another problem scenario could involve the app failing to detect certain diseases due to a
lack of relevant training data. If the app has not been trained on a particular type of
disease, it may not be able to accurately identify it when it is encountered in the field.

To mitigate these issues, it is important for the developers of the app to ensure that the
deep learning model is trained on a diverse and representative dataset and to continuously
update the model with new data as it becomes available. It may also be necessary to
include some form of human verification in the app's disease detection process to ensure
accuracy.

25
3.3 Functional Requirements:

FR01: Take/select a picture

FR01-01 System should request to allow the camera.
FR01-02 System should check the alignment of the image.
FR01-03 System should request the user to allow the storage media.

FR02: Evaluate the Picture

FR02-01 System should send the captured picture to the model for prediction
FR02-02 System should evaluate the picture either it is a healthy image or diseased.

FR03: Display Output

FR03-01 System should display the category of the Plant & disease.
FR03-02 System should display the causes of the disease.

26
3.4 Non-Functional Requirements:

Non-functional requirements define the characteristics and qualities that are important for
the overall user experience, system performance, and other aspects beyond the core
functionality. The following non-functional requirements should be considered:

1. Look and Feel Requirements: The app should have an intuitive and visually
appealing user interface that is consistent with modern design standards.

2. Usability: The app should be user-friendly, making it easy for users to navigate,
capture images, and access disease-related information.

3. Accessibility: The app should be accessible to users with disabilities, adhering to

accessibility guidelines and supporting assistive technologies.

4. Performance Requirement: The app should have fast response times and minimal
processing delays to ensure efficient disease detection and information retrieval.

5. Operational and Environmental Requirement: The app should function effectively

in different operating environments, such as various lighting conditions and different
plant species.

27
6. Maintainability and Support Requirements: The app should be designed with a
modular and maintainable code structure, allowing for future updates and bug fixes. It
should also provide a support mechanism for users to report issues and seek assistance.

7. Security Requirements: The app should implement appropriate security measures to

protect user data, including secure authentication, data encryption, and secure
communication protocols.

8. Cultural Requirements: The app should consider cultural sensitivities and

preferences, such as language, visual representations, and appropriate content.

9. Legal Requirements: The app should comply with relevant laws and regulations,
including privacy regulations and intellectual property rights.

Here are some other non-functional requirements.

NFR01: System shall remain available 24/7 to its users.
NFR02: System should take different image formats (jpeg, png)
NFR03: System shall process one image at a time.
NFR04: System should display error if the given image does not belong to the specified
category of plants diseases.

28
 Chapter 4:

System Design

29
Chapter 4:

System Design

4.1 Introduction:

System design is the process of defining the architecture, components, modules, and
interfaces of a system to satisfy a set of specified requirements. It is a critical step in the
software development process, as it helps to ensure that the final product is scalable,
maintainable, and efficient.

There are several approaches to system design, including top-down design, bottom-up
design, and object-oriented design. In top-down design, the system is decomposed into
smaller and smaller subsystems until the required level of detail is reached. In bottom-up
design, the design process starts with the lowest-level components and works upwards to
the higher-level components. Object-oriented design focuses on designing reusable
objects and their interactions.

During the system design process, it is important to consider factors such as performance,
scalability, security, maintainability, and cost. The design should also take into account
any constraints or limitations that may affect the system, such as hardware or software
dependencies.

Effective system design is essential for the success of any project, as it helps to ensure
that the final product is fit for purpose and meets the needs of the end users. It also helps
to minimize the risk of costly rework or redesign further down the line.

30
 4.2 Architectural Design:

User

Open APP

Capture Upload Image

Image

Image Selected Deep learning

Model

Show Plant Explanation

and Redemption Display Result

31
 4.3 Detailed Design:

Dataset

Splitting the
Visualization data
Techniques

Plant Disease
and
Classification DL Model
Performance Architecture
Metrics

Train/Validate
the Model

F1-Accuracy
Score

32
4.4 Data Flow Diagram:

Context Diagram:
Level 0:

Figure 2.5 Context Diagram

Level 1:

33
Level 2:
The Level 2 DFD breaks down the sub-processes from the Level 1 DFD into more
detailed tasks and data flows. Here is a textual representation of the Level 2 DFD for the
plant leaf disease detection app:
Image Capture and Upload:
Capture Image: This task involves capturing an image of a plant leaf using the device's
camera.
Upload Image:
This task allows users to upload a pre-captured image of a plant leaf from their device's
gallery.
Image Processing:
Image Enhancement: This task applies image processing techniques, such as noise
reduction and contrast adjustment, to enhance the quality of the captured or uploaded leaf
image.
Disease Detection:

34
Image Analysis: This task analyzes the processed leaf image to identify potential disease
symptoms and patterns.
Disease Detection Algorithm: This task utilizes machine learning or computer vision
algorithms to detect diseases based on the analyzed image.
Disease Classification:
Disease Categorization: This task categorizes the detected diseases into predefined
disease categories based on their characteristics and patterns.

Please note that the Level 2 DFD described above provides a high-level representation of
the tasks and data flows involved in the specific sub-processes.

35
 4.5 Use Case Diagram

Use Case Diagram:

Take Picture

User

Make Display
Prediction Result

Extends
Launch Select
Gallery Image

36
4.6 Use Cases:

Use Case Title Take picture

Use Case Id 1
Requirement Id 1
Description: This use case is about taking image through device camera.
Pre Conditions:
1. User must request for camera access.
Task Sequence Exceptions

1. User should click on take picture button.

Camera access denied.

2. System should request user to grant permission for accessing camera.

3. User clicks on okay button to confirm image.

Post Conditions:
a. System should pass the taken image to model for prediction.
Unresolved issues:
Authority: User
Modification history: 1.0
Author: <Plant leaf disease detection>
Description:

Table 4.6. 1: Take picture

Use Case Title Launch gallery

Use Case Id 2

37
Requirement Id 2
Description: This use case is about selecting image through device gallery.
Pre Conditions:
1. User must request for storage media access.
Task Sequence Exceptions

1. User should click launch gallery button.

Gallery access denied.

2. System should request user to grant permission for accessing storage

media.

3. User tap on desired image.

Post Conditions:
a. System should pass the selected image to model for prediction.
Unresolved issues:
Authority: User
Modification history: 1.0
Author: <Plant leaf disease detection>
Description:

Table 4.6.2: Launch Gallery

Use Case Title Make Predictions

Use Case Id 3
Requirement Id 3
Description: This use case is about making predictions on selected image.
Pre Conditions:
1. An image must be taken or selected.
Task Sequence Exceptions

38
 1. A system should preprocess the selected image.

2. System should predict the class of selected image.

Post Conditions:
a. System should display the predicted class to the user.
Unresolved issues:
Authority: User
Modification history: 1.0
Author: <Plant leaf disease detection>
Description:

Table 4.6.3: Make Predictions

Use Case Title Display result

Use Case Id 4
Requirement Id 4
Description: This use case is about displaying result.
Pre Conditions:
1. A prediction must be made on selected image.
Task Sequence Exceptions

1. A system should display the predicted class and selected image to the
user.

39
 2. System should display the causes and remedies to the user.

Post Conditions:
-
Unresolved issues:
Authority: User
Modification history: 1.0
Author: <Plant leaf disease detection>
Description:
Table 4.6.4: Display Results

4.7 Sequence Diagram

User Camera Main Activity

Request Access

Open app

Access Granted

Access Denied

40
 Figure 2.3.1 Sequence Diagram

User Gallery Main Activity

Request Access

Open app

Access Granted

Access Denied

41
Figure 2.3.2 Sequence Diagram

42
 4.8 Class Diagram:

User
Camera

+Image Type: PNG/JPG

+Take Picture ()

Gallery Predict

+Image Type: PNG/JPG

+Max Image: int +Image Type: PNG/JPG
+Image Path: String +Leaf Type: String
+Description: String

+Select Image ()
+Predict Disease ()
+Display Result ()

43
 Chapter 5

User Interface

44
Chapter 5:

User Interface / UI Design

Image – 1:

45
Image – 2:

46
Image – 3:

47
 Chapter 6:
Implementation

48
Chapter 6:
Implementation

6.1 Flow Control/Pseudo codes:

In this section, the flow control and pseudocode for the implementation of plant leaf
disease detection app are covered. The logical arrangement and sequencing of actions
within AI application are referred to as flow control. A high-level explanation of the
algorithm or logic you want to use is called pseudocode.

Start by reviewing your app's needs and outlining the stages that go into the disease
detection process. Break the flow into smaller, to-be-implemented actions or functions.
For your reference, the following pseudocode is provided:

1. Initialization:

49
 - Initialize the app.
- Load the dataset and trained model.

Pseudocode:
InitializeApp()
dataset = LoadDataset("plant_leaves_dataset")
model = LoadModel("leaf_disease_model")

2. Main Loop:
- Capture an image from the camera.
- Preprocess the image.
- Apply the trained model for disease detection.
- Display the prediction result.
- Check if the user wants to continue or exit the app.

Pseudocode:
while true do
image = CaptureImage()
preprocessedImage = PreprocessImage(image)
prediction = model.Predict(preprocessedImage)
DisplayPrediction(prediction)
if UserWantsToExit() then
break\

3. Capture Image:
- Use the device's camera to capture an image.

Pseudocode:
function CaptureImage()

50
 // Code to capture an image from the camera
// and return the captured image

4. Preprocess Image:
- Preprocess the captured image to prepare it for disease detection.

Pseudocode:
function PreprocessImage(image)
// Code to preprocess the captured image
// (e.g., resizing, normalization, etc.)
// and return the preprocessed image

5. Disease Detection:
- Apply the trained model to the preprocessed image for disease detection.

Pseudocode:
function DetectDisease(image)
// Code to apply the trained model for disease detection
// on the preprocessed image
// and return the prediction result

6. Display Prediction:
- Display the prediction result to the user.

51
 Pseudocode:
function DisplayPrediction(prediction)
// Code to display the prediction result to the user

7. User Exit Check:

- Check if the user wants to continue using the app or exit.

Pseudocode:
function UserWantsToExit()
// Code to check if the user wants to exit the app
// Return true if the user wants to exit, false otherwise

These pseudocode snippets provide a high-level representation of the flow control in our
"Plant Leaf Disease Detection App" project

6.1.1 Flowchart:

In this section, we will discuss the flowchart for the implementation of Plant Leaf
Disease Detection App. A flowchart is a pictorial depiction of the logical flow of
operations within an application. It helps in understanding the sequence of steps and
decision-making processes involved in the disease detection process.

Start

52
 Upload Image

Pre Process
Image

Extract
Features

Classi
fy Show message
Image “Healthy”

Disease Detection
Results

End

6.2 Components, Libraries, Web Services and stubs:

In this section, various components, libraries, web services, and stubs that we'll use to
create Plant Leaf Disease Detection App will be covered.

Components:

53
- User Interface (UI): This will manages user interactions with applications. Users will
be able to interact with the app through a user-friendly interface that is visually
appealing.

- Image Processing Module: This part will perform preprocessing tasks like scaling,
normalization, and noise reduction on plant leaf images.

- Feature extraction Module: This module will take preprocessed photos and extract
important aspects like color, texture, and shape.

- Classification Module: To categorize the photos of plant leaves into categories of

healthy or unhealthy, this component will build a machine learning algorithm or model.

- Recommendation Module: Based on the results of the disease detection, this

component will offer suggestions for treatment or additional steps.

Libraries:
- OpenCV: A popular computer vision library offers a variety of image processing
options.

- TensorFlow or PyTorch: Deep learning libraries, which can be used for developing
and deploying machine learning models.

- Flask or Django: These web development frameworks can be utilized to build your
app's backend.
- Bootstrap or Material UI: These are front-end libraries that offer pre-built UI
components and styling.

Web services:
54
- Image Upload Service: Create a web service endpoint that enables users to upload
photos of plant leaves for the purpose of identifying disease.
The web service should receive the image data, process it, and return the result.

- Detection of Disease Service: Create a web service that applies the trained model for
Disease diagnosis to the preprocessed image as input.
The service should review the photograph and make a determination about whether or not
there are any diseases present.

- External APIs: We can integrate with external APIs to get more data or access
particular functionality, like databases for plant diseases or meteorological data.

- Service for databases: Make a web service that communicates with a database to store
and retrieve data about the diseases that have been detected.
This service is capable of doing tasks including managing user profiles, retrieving disease
history, and storing disease information.

Stubs:
You can create stubs or mock objects to imitate particular components' or services'
behavior during testing and development if they have not yet been fully built.

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6.3 Code Layers:
The code layer of your Plant Leaf Disease Detection App will be covered in this part. To
ensure modularity, maintainability, and reusability, the code should be divided into
several layers. Here are the different layers we should consider:

6.3.1 Presentation Layer:

The user interface and user interaction management are handled by the presentation layer.
It should have code for processing user input, rendering UI elements, and interacting with
the business logic layer. Examples of code in this layer include JavaScript, HTML, CSS,
and frameworks like Angular or React.

6.3.2 Business Logic Layer:

The fundamental features and regulations of your application are contained in the
business logic layer. It should be capable of performing operations including image
processing, feature extraction, classification, and recommendation generation. This layer
should be independent of the presentation layer and interact with the data
management/access layer. The code for this layer can be written in Python or any other
programming language of your choice.

6.3.3 Data Management/Access Layer:

This layer handles the storing, retrieving, and manipulating of data. It ought to be able to
perform duties like managing photos and their information, storing user data, and
connecting with any external databases or APIs. This layer makes sure that data is
managed correctly and is reliable. You can access data using databases like MySQL,

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PostgreSQL, or MongoDB and frameworks like SQLAlchemy or Django ORM,
depending on the technology stack you've chosen.

6.3.4 Any Other:

You can include any extra layers or components that are unique to your application in
this area. You might have a layer that manages user authentication or one that integrates
with third-party services, for instance.

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 Chapter 7:
Testing and Evaluation

58
Chapter 7:
Testing and Evaluation

7.1 Introduction:

A new solution called the "Plant Leaf Disease Detection App" was created to help with
the early detection and diagnosis of diseases that harm plant leaves. This final year
project seeks to offer a trustworthy and user-friendly smartphone application that helps
farmers, botanists, and plant enthusiasts to swiftly identify and treat leaf diseases,
increasing higher agricultural yields and maintaining plant biodiversity.

Thorough testing and assessment techniques are crucial to ensuring the app's efficacy and
usefulness. At this stage, the performance, accuracy, usability, security, and scalability of
the software are all evaluated. We can find and fix any potential problems, enhance the
app's features, and guarantee its dependability in real-world situations through thorough
testing and review.

The testing and evaluation phase includes a variety of tasks, each of which focuses on a
different area of the design and functionality of the app. The main functions of the app,
such as image collection, analysis, and disease detection, will be put through functional

59
testing to ensure they function as intended. By comparing the app's findings to a
collection of known diseases, accuracy evaluation will gauge the app's accuracy in
identifying plant diseases. Performance testing will evaluate the app's responsiveness and
resource consumption to ensure top performance on all relevant platforms and devices.
To evaluate the app's usability, interface, and general user happiness, user experience
evaluation is essential. We may increase the app's user experience by refining and
improving its design with input from prospective users. Robustness testing will ensure
the app's resilience to various scenarios, such as different lighting conditions, angles, and
background variations in images, while integration testing will validate its compatibility
with external systems and APIs.

7.2 List of Test Scenarios:

List of Test Scenarios for "Plant Leaf Disease Detection App"

1. Image Capture:

- Verify that the app can take sharp, focused pictures of plant leaves.
- Examine the app's adaptability to various lighting and capturing angle situations.
- Verify whether the app offers instructions or suggestions for taking the best possible
leaf photographs.

2. Image Processing and Analysis:

- Examine how well the app can interpret the photos of the acquired leaves.
- Confirm that the leaf can be precisely identified and separated from the backdrop using
the app.
- Assess the effectiveness of the app at spotting illness signs and differentiating healthy
leaves from unhealthy ones.

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3. Disease Detection and Diagnosis:

- Test the accuracy of disease detection by providing the app with images of leaves
affected by known diseases.
- Verify that the app correctly identifies the disease and provides accurate diagnoses.
- Check whether the software can handle photographs of symptoms or various diseases.

4. Recommendations and Remedies:

- Determine whether the app can offer suitable advice and treatments depending on the
identified ailment.
- Verify the correctness and applicability of the recommended cures or preventative
actions.
- Confirm that the app provides extra resources or connections for more details on
particular diseases or treatments.

5. User Interface and Experience:

- Evaluate the user interface of the app for clarity, usability, and overall satisfaction.
- Check to see if the app offers precise directions or prompts for taking and interpreting
leaf photographs.
- Assess how quickly and smoothly the app responds to user input and switches between
displays or functionalities.

6. Performance and Speed:

- Evaluate how quickly the app processes and analyses leaf photos.
- Test the app's functionality on a variety of hardware-varying devices, such as tablets
and mobile phones.

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 - Assess the app's use of resources, such as CPU and memory, while analysing images.

7. Robustness and Error Handling:

- Test the app's resilience to unforeseen circumstances, such as photographs with fuzzy
or noisy backgrounds.
- Check to see if the app responds to problems or errors with clear error messages or
feedback.
- Determine how resistant the app is to input problems like erroneous or damaged
picture files.

8. Testing the App's Integration with External Databases and APIs for Disease
Information and Recommendations.
- Confirm that the programme is capable of syncing and retrieving data from external
sources.
- Assess the app's dependability and performance when interacting with external
systems.

9. Security:

- Test the data security measures in the app, including the safe storage of sensitive data
and user information.
- Perform penetration testing to find and fix any potential weaknesses.
- Assess the authentication and permission procedures used by the app to make sure that
user privacy is protected.

10. Scalability and Performance under Load:

62
- To test the app's performance and response time under high load, simulate a high
volume of user queries.
- Determine whether the app can manage an increased volume of users and data without
experiencing a substantial performance hit.

You can thoroughly assess the "Plant Leaf Disease Detection App's" functionality,
accuracy, performance, user experience, security, and scalability by taking into account
these test scenarios to make sure that it will be effective and reliable in actual use.

7.3 Performance and Evaluation:

Performance and evaluation are essential for determining the "Plant Leaf Disease
Detection App's" usefulness, efficiency, and quality. We can find any bottlenecks,
improve the performance of the app, and make sure it satisfies the required specifications
and user expectations by doing rigorous performance testing and evaluation.

Performance:
Performance testing measures the speed, responsiveness, and resource utilisation of the
app under various circumstances. Performance testing's essential components include:

1. Response Time: Evaluate how quickly the app responds to user input and completes
various activities, such as gathering and processing leaf photos, diagnosing problems, and

63
offering advice. Check to see if the response time satisfies requirements and determine
whether any optimisations are needed to increase speed.

2. Resource Consumption: Examine how much CPU, memory, and network bandwidth
the software uses when doing certain tasks. Find any instances of high resource use that
can affect the performance of the programme or lead to system instability.

3. Scalability: Test the app's ability to handle increasing loads and a growing number of
users. Simulate scenarios with multiple concurrent users or a large number of leaf images
to evaluate if the app maintains its performance and response time without degradation.

Evaluation:
Evaluation focuses on assessing the app's overall effectiveness, accuracy, usability, and
user satisfaction. Key aspects of evaluation include:

1. Accuracy Assessment: Evaluate the app's accuracy in disease detection and diagnosis
by comparing its results against a dataset of known diseases. Calculate metrics such as
precision, recall, and F1 score to measure the app's ability to correctly identify and
classify leaf diseases.

2. Usability and User Experience: Conduct user testing sessions to gather feedback on
the app's interface, ease of use, and overall user experience. Identify any usability issues,
navigation challenges, or areas for improvement based on user feedback.

3. User Satisfaction: Gather feedback from users, such as farmers, botanists, or plant
enthusiasts, to assess their satisfaction with the app's functionality, accuracy, and
usefulness in practical scenarios. Identify any gaps or suggestions for enhancing user
satisfaction.

64
4. Security Assessment: Evaluate the app's security measures to ensure the protection of
user data and privacy. Conduct penetration testing to identify vulnerabilities and ensure
appropriate security controls, such as encryption and authentication, are implemented.
5. Integration Evaluation: Verify the app's compatibility and seamless integration with
external systems and APIs. Ensure that the app can effectively communicate with
databases or APIs for disease information and recommendations, and assess the accuracy
and reliability of the integrated data.

By conducting performance testing and evaluation, you can optimize the app's
performance, validate its accuracy, ensure user satisfaction, enhance usability, and
address any potential issues or shortcomings. This process will help deliver a robust and
reliable "Plant Leaf Disease Detection App" that effectively aids in early disease
detection, diagnosis, and promoting healthier plant growth.

7.3.1 Functional Testing:

Functional testing is a crucial aspect of testing and evaluation for the "Plant Leaf Disease
Detection App." It focuses on verifying the functional requirements and ensuring that the
app functions as intended. The following types of functional testing can be performed:

1. Unit testing: It makes sure that each unit works as expected and complies with the
requirements by testing individual units or components of the software in isolation.

65
 - Examples of tests are created to cover every conceivable circumstance and confirm
the code's accuracy.

2. Integration Testing: Integration testing examines how various software modules or

components interact and are compatible with one another.
- It guarantees that the interconnected components operate without a hitch and uphold
data integrity.
- Test cases concentrate on evaluating the communication, data flows, and interfaces
between different modules.

3. System testing: System testing assesses the overall functionality and behaviour of the
system. It seeks to verify that the application satisfies the established requirements and
operates properly in various usage circumstances.

End-to-end functionality, system integration, and user expectations compliance are all
covered through test cases.

4. Smoke Testing: After every build or release, smoke testing—also referred to as build
verification testing is carried out to evaluate the app's fundamental functioning.
- Before moving on to additional testing, it ensures the reliability of the app by
confirming that the crucial functionalities are functioning as planned.

5. Interface Testing: This type of testing concentrates on checking the internal and
external interfaces that the app utilises to communicate with other systems, APIs, and
databases.
- It guarantees reliable and error-free data interchange and communication between the
app and external entities.

66
6. Regression Testing: Regression testing is carried out to ensure that recent app changes
or alterations did not result in the introduction of new bugs or have an effect on the
functionality of the app.
- It retests previously tested sections to make sure they continue to function as expected
following modifications.

7. Acceptance Testing: This process entails confirming that the software complies with
user criteria and that it lives up to user expectations.
- If the app is prepared for deployment or production use, it is typically assessed by end
users or stakeholders.

8. Sanity Testing: Sanity testing is a concise and targeted testing strategy to determine
whether the application is stable enough for additional testing.
- It seeks to locate any significant problems or deal-breaker flaws before moving further
with thorough testing.

These are some of the functional testing types that can be applied to the "Plant Leaf
Disease Detection App." The selection and depth of testing depend on the project's
requirements, complexity, and available resources. By performing thorough functional
testing, you can ensure that the app functions correctly, meets the desired requirements,
and provides reliable disease detection and diagnosis capabilities.

7.3.2 Non-Functional Testing:

67
In addition to functional testing, non-functional testing is an essential part of testing and
evaluation for the "Plant Leaf Disease Detection App." Non-functional testing focuses on
evaluating the app's attributes and characteristics that are not directly related to its
specific functionalities. Here are some types of non-functional testing that can be
performed:

1. Performance testing: Performance testing evaluates the app's scalability,

responsiveness, and resource utilisation under various load scenarios.
- It monitors resource usage, response times, and throughput to make sure the app
operates effectively and lives up to performance standards.

2. Load testing: Load testing assesses the app's performance and behaviour under
expected or peak loads.
- It simulates a large number of users or requests in order to assess the app's stability,
response speed, and resource usage under such circumstances.

3. Security Testing: Security testing is conducted to identify vulnerabilities and

weaknesses in the app's security measures.
- Its main goal is to guarantee that user data, sensitive data, and the entire system are
appropriately safeguarded from unauthorised access or hostile assaults.

4. Compatibility Testing: This process ensures that the software works properly on a
variety of platforms, browsers, and operating systems.
- It guarantees the app's compatibility with diverse setups and that it offers a constant
user experience in various settings.

68
5. Installation Testing: This phase of testing focuses on making sure that the programme
can be installed, upgraded, or uninstalled without any problems.
- It verifies appropriate setup, configuration, and compatibility with the intended
hardware or software.

6. Recovery Testing: Recovery testing assesses the app's capacity to bounce back after
crashes, system failures, or other unforeseen circumstances.
- It confirms that the application can gracefully manage faults and resume operation
without compromising data integrity.

7. Usability Testing: Usability testing evaluates the user experience, intuitiveness, and
usability of the software.
- It entails gathering user feedback to pinpoint any usability problems, navigational
difficulties, or opportunities for development.

8. Reliability Testing: Reliability testing gauges how well an application will function
over time in a consistent and error-free manner. It looks to find any possible problems
with stability, robustness, and error handling.

These are some examples of non-functional testing types that can be applied to the "Plant
Leaf Disease Detection App." Each type focuses on different aspects that contribute to
the app's overall quality, performance, security, and user satisfaction. By conducting
comprehensive non-functional testing, you can ensure that the app not only meets
functional requirements but also provides a reliable, secure, and user-friendly experience
to its users.

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7.4 Any other:

1. Scalability Testing:
- Scalability testing assesses the app's ability to handle increasing workloads, user
interactions, and data processing as the user base grows.
- It involves testing the app's performance, response time, and resource usage under
various levels of load and scalability scenarios.

2. Internationalization Testing:
- Internationalization testing focuses on ensuring that the app supports different
languages, cultures, and regional settings.
- It verifies that the app displays localized content correctly, handles multilingual
inputs, and respects cultural preferences.

3. Documentation Testing:
- Documentation testing involves reviewing and validating the accuracy, completeness,
and usability of the app's documentation, including user guides, manuals, and help
documentation.
- It ensures that the documentation provides clear instructions and guidance to users for
effectively utilizing the app's features and functionalities.

Remember to select the testing types that are most relevant to your project and align with
the specific requirements and objectives of the "Plant Leaf Disease Detection App." Each
type of testing helps ensure the app's functionality, performance, usability, and
compatibility across different dimensions, contributing to a successful and reliable
application.

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 Chapter 8:
Conclusion and Outlook

71
Chapter 8:
Conclusion and Outlook

8.1 Introduction:

In this chapter, we present the conclusion and outlook of our plant leaf disease detection
app project. We summarize the achievements and improvements made during the
development process, provide a critical review of the project, and offer future
recommendations and an outlook for potential enhancements.

8.2 Achievements and Improvements:

Throughout the project, several key achievements and improvements have been made.

These include:
- Development of a robust and accurate plant leaf disease detection algorithm that
leverages machine learning techniques.

- Integration of the detection algorithm into a user-friendly mobile application, allowing

users to easily capture and analyze leaf images for disease diagnosis.

72
- Implementation of a comprehensive database that stores a wide range of leaf disease
images for training and testing purposes.

- Integration of a user feedback system to collect data and enhance the app's performance
over time.

- Optimization of the app's performance, including speed and accuracy improvements,

through iterations and testing.

8.3 Critical Review:

While the project has achieved notable success, it is essential to conduct a critical review
to identify areas that can be further improved. Some key aspects to consider in the critical
review are:

- Accuracy: Evaluate the accuracy of the disease detection algorithm and identify
potential areas for improvement to enhance the precision of disease identification.

- User Experience: Assess the user interface and overall user experience of the mobile
application to identify any usability issues or areas for enhancement.

- Performance: Analyze the app's performance in terms of speed, responsiveness, and

resource utilization to optimize its efficiency.

- Scalability: Consider the scalability of the app to accommodate a growing user base
and handle increasing demands on the system.

8.4 Future Recommendations/Outlook:

73
Based on the critical review, several recommendations and future outlooks can be
proposed for the plant leaf disease detection app project:

- Further research and development to improve the accuracy of disease detection

algorithms by incorporating advanced machine learning techniques and exploring novel
approaches.

- Continuous collection of user feedback and data to enhance the app's performance and
expand the disease database.

- Integration of additional features, such as real-time notifications, disease prevention

strategies, and access to expert consultations, to enrich the user experience and provide
comprehensive support.

- Collaboration with plant pathologists and experts in the field to ensure the app's
alignment with the latest scientific findings and to facilitate continuous improvement.

- Exploration of potential partnerships with agricultural institutions, organizations, or

governmental bodies to promote the adoption of the app and its integration into existing
agricultural systems.

By implementing these future recommendations, the plant leaf disease detection app can
evolve into a valuable tool for farmers, researchers, and agricultural stakeholders,
contributing to improved crop management practices and disease prevention strategies.

74
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