ENGINEERING PHYSICS-PHY 109

UNIT:1 ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY

1

LECTURE 2

Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD August 8, 2018

 What we learned in Lecture-1?
2

1. Physical quantities
i. Scalar
ii. Vector
2. Vector Algebra
1. Addition,
2. Subtraction,
3. Dot product
4. Cross product
3. Scalar and vector field
Refer
• Curvilinear coordinate system
• Coordinate transformation Advanced Engineering Mathematics
• Partial differential calculus By ERWIN KREYSZIG

4 Rectangular co-ordinate system

Cylindrical co-ordinate system
Spherical co-ordinate system
Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD August 8, 2018
3

Quick Quiz of last class

Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD August 8, 2018

4

The quantity which has only magnitude is called?

a) A scalar quantity
b) A vector quantity
c) A chemical quantity
d) A magnitude quantity

Answer: A

Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD August 8, 2018

5

Force is a vector quantity. True or false?

a) True
b) False

Answer: A

Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD August 8, 2018

6

The quantity which has magnitude and direction is called?

a) A scalar quantity
b) A vector quantity
c) A chemical quantity
d) A magnitude quantity

Answer: B

Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD August 8, 2018

 UNIT:1 ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY
7

3 /7/18 Lecture 1: Scalar and Vector field

8/7/18 Lecture 2: Concept of Gradient, Divergence and Curl
9/7/18 Lecture 3: Gauss theorem and Stokes theorem (qualitative),
Gauss’s law of electrostatics, Poisson equation Laplace
Equations, Continuity Equation
10/7/18 Lecture 4:Gauss’s law of magnetostatics, Faraday’s law of
electromagnetic induction, Ampere Circuital law
15/7/18 Lecture 5: Maxwell’s displacement current and corrections in
Ampere Circuital Law, dielectric constant
16/7/18 Lecture 6: Maxwell’s Electromagnetic Equations (Differential
and integral forms)
17/7/18 Lecture 7 Electromagnetic waves, Physical significance of
Maxwell Equations, electromagnetic spectrum

Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD August 8, 2018

 VECTOR CALCULUS
8

 Introducing mathematical operations in vector

calculus for EM theory
 Study the rate of change of scalar and vector fields

Vector differential operator (∇)

-called Del or Nabla in
 Rectangular co-ordinate system (Cartesian )
 Cylindrical coordinate system
 Spherical polar coordinate system

Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD August 8, 2018

 1. DEL OPERATOR
9

In the Rectangular coordinate system

In the Cylindrical coordinate system

Refer T1: Mailk and Singh section

In the spherical polar coordinate system 10.3 figure 10.1 to see the definition
of (x,y,z), (s,φ,z) and (r,θ,φ)…Also
depicted in the next slide

Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD August 8, 2018

 r-projection = r Sinθ= ƒ (r,θ
θ)
x=s cosφ= ƒ (s,φ
φ) x=r-projection. Cosφ = r Sinθ Cosφ= ƒ (r,θθ,φ
φ)
y=s sinφ= ƒ (s,φ
φ) y=r-projection.Sinφ = r Sinθ Sinφ= ƒ (r,θ
θ,φ
φ)
z= z z= r Cosθ= ƒ (r,θθ)
10

P(s,φ
φ,z)
θ r r, φ,θ
θ

φ
S, φ and Z

Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD August 8, 2018

 2. GRADIENT
11

In the rectangular coordinate, the Gradient of a

Scalar function F(x,y,z)

Grad F(x,y,z)=

Cylindrical
coordinate system

Spherical coordinate
system

Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD August 8, 2018

 2. GRADIENT; directional derivative
12

dF is variation in F for a small

change x, y and z

And is nothing but the dot

product of ∇F with

i.e….dF=
So maximum when θ=0; i.e when spatial change is in the direction of the vector ∇F

so…its gives an idea about the direction along which maximum

change in the scalar function (F) occurs- and that will be in the
direction of the vector
Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD August 8, 2018
 3 DIVERGENCE
13

In the rectangular coordinate system, Divergence of the vector,

results in

)•

Vectors and with an θ between

them
θ A

Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD August 8, 2018

 3 DIVERGENCE
14

Cylindrical
coordinate system

Spherical
coordinate system
Outward normal flux of vector field from a closed surface is
Solenoidal if the divergence of the vector is zero..

What if the Divergence is ±x? Source ? Sink? Think about

it…
Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD August 8, 2018
 3 DIVERGENCE, source, sink or
solenoidal
15

source sink

solenoidal
Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD August 8, 2018
 Curl of a vector
16

Rectangular coordinate system (x,y,z)

Curl of a vector is a vector quantity--- as it has both magnitude and

direction, and
 is a rotational vector
 Its magnitude is the maximum circulation per unit area
 Its direction is normal to the area that make circulation maximum..
Right hand rule
It is not possible to have the curl of a scalar quantity

Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD August 8, 2018

Curl of a vector
17

Cylindrical coordinate system (s,φ,z)

Spherical polar coordinate system (r,θ,φ)

If , we can say that vector A is irrotational or

conservative vector field

If , then vector A is rotational vector and cross

product gives the vorticity of the vector field A.. Not a
conservative vector field
Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD August 8, 2018
18

Quick QUIZ

Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD August 8, 2018

19

Which is the correct statement for the ‘Curl of a vector’ ?

a) Curl of a vector is a vector quantity.

b) Curl of a vector is a rotational vector
c) Curl of a vector is normal to the area that make circulation
maximum.
d) It is not possible to have the curl of a scalar quantity.
e) All of the above
f) None of the above

Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD August 8, 2018

20

If the divergence of the vector is zero i.e . Then

that vector is called

a) Solenoidal vector
b) Rotational Vector
c) Null vector
d) Unit vector

Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD August 8, 2018

21

Which is/are correct statement(s)regarding the gradient of a

scalar function (F),

a) Maximum change in the scalar function (F) is along

b) It is a vector quantity
c) Both a and b
d) None of the above

Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD August 8, 2018