ADDIS ABABA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

COURSE: Electrical Machines I

Laboratory report 2
Laboratory Title:- Single Phase Transformer Testing
Group name ID
1. Nahom Birhanu ETS0175/13
2. Nahom Belay ETS0935/13
3. Menyahel Getahun ETS0/13
4. Mesgana Molla ETS0/13
5. Mubarek Mustefa ETS0/13
6. Natenael Tefera ETS0/13
7. Mikeas Genene ETS0/13

SECTION C Submitted To: Mr.Mengistu A.

Submission Date: 01-11-2023

Lab 2: Single-Phase Transformer Open and Short

Circuit Tests
Objectives
• To conduct standard open and short circuit tests in order to find the parameters of the
equivalent circuit of a transformer.
• Check the excitation characteristics of the transformer.
• To calculate the transformer’s equivalent circuit.

Theory and Background Information

A single-phase transformer is a crucial component for converting electrical power between
different voltage levels at a fixed frequency. When it transforms power from high voltage to low
voltage, it's termed a step-down transformer, while the reverse process is known as a step-up
transformer. The behavior of the transformer is often represented by an equivalent circuit. This
circuit model includes parameters corresponding to the primary and secondary sides, such as
series resistances (R1, R2) representing copper losses, and series reactances (X1, X2) accounting
for leakage inductances due to incomplete flux coupling between windings. The shunt resistance
(Rp) and shunt inductance (Xp) connected in parallel compensate for core losses caused by
hysteresis and eddy currents, playing a crucial role in maintaining transformer efficiency by
mitigating energy dissipation as heat.

Efficiency and voltage regulation are key performance metrics for transformers, and their
calculation relies on the equivalent circuit parameters. Although experimental data is essential
for determining these parameters, the series and parallel impedances in the equivalent circuit
may have significant differences in magnitude. This allows for the creation of a simplified
equivalent circuit, facilitating a more straightforward determination of circuit parameter values
through separate measurements for the series and parallel branches. Despite the simplification,
the resulting calculations were found to be accurate, with negligible errors introduced by using
this streamlined circuit model.

Open Circuit Test

The open-circuit test is used to determine the values of the shunt branch of the equivalent circuit
Rp and Xp . We can see from figure 2.4 that with the secondary winding left open, the only part
of the equivalent circuit that affects our measurement is the parallel branch. The impedance of
the parallel branch is usually very high but appears lower when referred to the low voltage side.
This test is therefore performed on the low voltage side of the transformer terminals 1 − 1' in
figure 3) to increase the current drawn by the parallel branch to a readily measurable level.
Besides, the rated voltage on the low voltage side is lower and therefore more manageable.
Figure 3: Measuring open circuit parameters of transformer.

Short Circuit Test

The short circuit test is used to determine the values R s and Xs of the series branch of the
equivalent circuit. These impedances are usually very low, but appear higher in value when
referred to the high voltage side. This test is consequently performed on high voltage side of the
transformer (terminals 2 − 2ʹ in figure 4) in order to keep the current drawn by these impedances
at a manageable level.

Figure 4: Measuring short circuit parameters of transformer.

Equipment
➢Variable AC source (DL10100TABE)
➢ Connectors
➢ Two Digital Multi meters
➢ Wattmeter.
➢ Single-phase transformer (DL10103ET)
Technical specification
The DL10103ET single-phase transformer will be investigated in this lab.
✓ Rated power: 50VA/100VA/1000VA
✓ Rated frequency: 50Hz
✓ Primary: 48V/1.1A with center taps 42V/1.1A,24V/1.1A
✓ Secondary: 12V/2.2A
✓ Tertiary: 12V/2.2V

✓ Number of turns:N1=170 or 73, N2=N3=51

Procedure for Open circuit Test
Step one:
From the transformer nameplate, the rated values of apparent power(S1),Primary voltage (V1),
and Secondary voltage(V2) were noted. Then the rated maximum currents for both sides of the
transformer was calculated.
Step two:
A DC ohmmeter was connected across the primary terminals and the primary resistance was
recorded.
Step three:
The transformer's no load test is used to calculate the iron losses resulting from hysteresis, eddy
currents, and magnetization current. The transformer's secondary winding was configured as
open-circuit and Primary winding connected to a full-rated line voltage.
Step four:
Typically, the primary current when there is no load is less than 5% of the total load. Therefore,
copper loss can be disregarded because it is much smaller than primary loss (Io2R) or full load.
Therefore, the wattmeter readings provide the transformer's core loss Po.
Step five:
once the circuit is operational The DL10100TABE module is turned on, and various voltage
levels are supplied into the transformer. After that, the transformer's input voltage (Uoc), input
current (Ioc), and input power (Poc) are all measured.

Measurement and Calculation TableFor Open Circuit Test

No Uoc(V1) Ioc(A) Poc(W) Cos(Фo)

 1 5 0.01 0 0

2 10 0.02 0.150 0.75

3 15 0.03 0.375 0.8333

4 20 0.04 0.675 0.84375

5 25 0.05 0.901 0.7208

Open circuit Calculation

Cos(Фo)=Poc(W)/Uoc(V)*Ioc(A)=0/0.01*5=0
Cos(Фo)=Poc(W)/Uoc(V)*Ioc(A)=0.150/0.02*10=0.75
Cos(Фo)=Poc(W)/Uoc(V)*Ioc(A)=0.375/0.03*15=0.8333
Cos(Фo)=Poc(W)/Uoc(V)*Ioc(A)=0.675/0.04*20=0.84375
Cos(Фo)=Poc(W)/Uoc(V)*Ioc(A)=0.901/0.05*25=0.7208

This test is sufficient to calculate the parameters of transformers (core résistance,

magnetizing reactance and the conductance of the core loss resistor.
Gc =1/Rc, Bm =1/Xm -----------------------------------1
➢ Since these two elements are parallel, their admittance add and the total excitation
admittance is
Y E=GC –jBM=1/RC –j 1/XM---------------------------------2
➢ The magnitude of the excitation admittance can be determined by
|YE| =Ioc/Uoc-------------------------------------------------3
➢ The open circuit power factor (PF)=CosФ=Po/UocIoc.---------4
➢ The power factor angle(Ф)= cos -1 (Po/Uoc Ioc)-------------------5

Procedure For short circuit Test

Step one:
The rated maximum currents for both sides of the transformer was Calculated.
Step two:
The transformer’s secondary winding was configured as short circuit (Figure 3) and the Primary
winding connected to a fairly low-voltage source. it’s input voltage was continuously adjusted
until the current in the short-circuited windings is equal to its rated value. Excitation current is
negligible, since the input voltage is very low. Thus, the voltage drop in the excitation branch has
been ignored. All the voltage drop can be attributed to the series elements in the circuit.
Step three:
Once the circuit is operational The DL10100TABE module is turned on, and the transformer is
supplied with decreasing current values, starting from a value slightly greater than the rated
current.
Step four:
Input voltage or the primary voltage (Vsc), input current or the primary current (Isc), and input
power (Psc) to the transformer have been measured.

Measurement and Calculation Table For Short Circuit Test

N Isc(A) Vsc(V) Psc(W) CosФ

o

1 2.15 3.8 7.509 0.9190

2 2.0 3.5 6.458 0.92257

3 1.75 3.1 4.956 0.91354

4 1.5 2.6 3.679 0.94333

5 1.25 2.2 2.553 0.92836

6 1.0 1.7 1.652 0.9717

7 0.75 0.3 0.972 4.32

Step five:
We had used the following equations to calculate the elements in both branches.

➢ The magnitude of the series impedances referred to the primary side of the transformer is
Zsc=Vsc/Isc.

➢ The short circuit power factor(PF) is given by

PF=CosФ= Psc/VscIsc

➢ The power factor angle(Ф) =Cos-1(Psc/VscIsc

➢ Therefore Zsc=Vsc<0o=Vsc<Фo

Isc<-Ф Isc

➢ The series impedance Zsc is equal to Zsc=Req+jXeq

Q. What do you understand from short circuit testing?

The transformer short-circuit test is performed with the secondary terminals short-circuited, Note
that the primary voltage (Ep) is measured right at the transformer primary terminals to avoid
error due to the voltage drops across the ammeter and wattmeter. The input voltage is increased
from zero until the ammeter in the primary circuit indicates normal full-load primary current.
When this occurs, the normal full-load secondary current is circulating in the secondary winding.
Because the secondary terminals are short-circuited, the input voltage required to produce full-
load primary and secondary currents is around 3% of the normal input voltage level. With such a
low input voltage level, the core losses are so small that they can be neglected.

Conclusion
Equivalent circuit, open circuit, and short circuit have all been observed. A short circuit is
an electrical circuit that permits electricity to flow along an undesired channel with no or
very little electrical impedance (sometimes abbreviated as short or s/c). As a result, the
circuit receives an excessive amount of current. An open circuit, which is characterized
by an infinite resistance (or extremely high impedance) between two nodes, is the
opposite of a short circuit. We were aware of the losses along the way and had computed
the parameters.

Reference
 Laboratory writing and safety information