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    11 Biology Notes ch19 Excretory Products and Their Elimination 1

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    Sumanth SY 1119
    The excretory system eliminates waste from the body through various organs. In humans, the kidneys filter blood to produce urine, which is transported through the ureters to the bladder and expelled through the urethra. The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron, which filters blood and reabsorbs necessary nutrients while excreting waste. Various mechanisms such as countercurrent exchange allow concentration of urine. Hormones regulate kidney function and fluid balance. When the excretory system is damaged, diseases like kidney failure or stones can occur.

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    11 Biology Notes ch19 Excretory Products and Their Elimination 1

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    Sumanth SY 1119
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    The excretory system eliminates waste from the body through various organs. In humans, the kidneys filter blood to produce urine, which is transported through the ureters to the bladder and expelled through the urethra. The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron, which filters blood and reabsorbs necessary nutrients while excreting waste. Various mechanisms such as countercurrent exchange allow concentration of urine. Hormones regulate kidney function and fluid balance. When the excretory system is damaged, diseases like kidney failure or stones can occur.

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    The excretory system eliminates waste from the body through various organs. In humans, the kidneys filter blood to produce urine, which is transported through the ureters to the bladder and expelled through the urethra. The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron, which filters blood and reabsorbs necessary nutrients while excreting waste. Various mechanisms such as countercurrent exchange allow concentration of urine. Hormones regulate kidney function and fluid balance. When the excretory system is damaged, diseases like kidney failure or stones can occur.

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    25 views4 pages

    11 Biology Notes ch19 Excretory Products and Their Elimination 1

    Uploaded by

    Sumanth SY 1119
    The excretory system eliminates waste from the body through various organs. In humans, the kidneys filter blood to produce urine, which is transported through the ureters to the bladder and expelled through the urethra. The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron, which filters blood and reabsorbs necessary nutrients while excreting waste. Various mechanisms such as countercurrent exchange allow concentration of urine. Hormones regulate kidney function and fluid balance. When the excretory system is damaged, diseases like kidney failure or stones can occur.

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    myCBSEguide

    CBSE Quick Revision Notes


    CBSE Class-11 Biology
    CHAPTER-19
    EXCRETORY PRODUCTS AND THEIR ELIMINATION

    Elimination of metabolic waste products from the animal body to regulate the composition of body fluids and tissues is
    called excretion. These waste products include ammonia, uric acid, urea, carbon dioxide and ions like N a , K , Cl-
    + +

    and phosphates and sulphate.


    Ammonia is the most toxic and uric acid is the least toxic. The process of removing ammonia is called ammonotelism
    and organisms that excrete ammonia are called ammonotelic (bony fishes, aquatic amphibians and insects).
    The organism that release urea as nitrogenous wastes are called ureotelic (mammals, terrestrial amphibians). The
    organism that excretes uric acids is called uricotelic (reptiles, birds and land snails).

    Animals Excretory organs


    Flat worms, some annelids and cephalochordates. Protonephridia or flame cells.
    Earthworms and annelids Nephridia
    Insects including cockroaches Malpighian tubules
    Mammals Kidney

    Human Excretory System

    Human excretory system consists of:

    1. A pair of kidneys
    2. A pair of ureters
    3. A urinary bladder
    4. A urethra

    Kidneys are reddish brown bean shaped structure situated between last thoracic and lumber vertebra. Each kidney has a
    notch on its inner side called hilum through which ureter, blood vessels and nerves enter.

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    Inside the hilum has broad funnel shaped space called renal pelvis with projection called calyces.

    Inside the kidney are two zone- outer cortex and inner medulla. Medulla is divided into medullary pyramids projecting
    into calyx.
    Cortex extends between medullary pyramids as renal column called Columns of Bertini.

    The functional unit of kidney is nephron. Each kidney contains about one million nephrons.
    Each nephron has two parts- the glomerulus and renal tubules. Glomerulus is the tuft of capillaries formed by afferent
    arteriole. Blood from glomerulus is carried away by efferent arteriole.
    Renal tubules starts with Bowman’s capsule continue with tubular parts divided into Proximal Convoluted tubules,
    Henle’s loop and Distal Convoluted tubule.

    The malpighian tubules, PCT and DCT of nephron are situated in cortical region where as loops of Henle’s into medulla.

    Cortical Nephrons Juxta medullary Nephrons


    a. Loop of Henle’s is short and extend only a little into a. Loop of Henle’s are very long and extend deep into
    medulla. medulla.
    b. The glomeruli lie close to the inner margin of the cortex. b. The glomeruli lie in the outer cortex.

    Urine formation

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    Glomerular capillaries blood pressure cause filtration of blood through 3 layers (endothelium of glomerular blood
    vessels, epithelium of Bowman’s capsule and basement layer between two membranes as ultra-filtration.
    The amount of filtrate formed by kidneys per minute is called glomerular filtration rate (GFR) which is 125
    ml/minute.
    Glomerular Filtration rate is controlled by Juxta glomerular apparatus (JGA).
    99% of filtrate has to be reabsorbed by renal tubules called reabsorption.

    Function of Tubules

    1. Proximal Convoluted Tubules (PCT) - all the important nutrients, 70-80% electrolytes and water are reabsorbed.
    2. Henle’s Loop- maintains high osmolarity of medullary interstitial fluid.
    3. Distal Convoluted Tubules (DCT) – conditional reabsorption of Na+ and water. Maintains pH and sodium- potassium
    balance.
    4. Collecting Duct- large amount of water is reabsorbed to produce concentrated urine.

    Mechanism of concentration of urine- The flow of filtrate in two limbs of Henle’s loop is in opposite direction to form
    counter current. The flow of blood in two limbs of vasa recta increase the osmolarity towards the inner medullary interstitium in
    the inner medulla.

    The transport of substance facilitated by special arrangement of Henle’s loop and vasa recta is called counter current
    mechanism.

    Regulation of kidney function-

    Functioning of kidney is monitored by hormonal feedback mechanism of hypothalamus and JGA. Change in blood
    volume, body fluid and ion concentration activates the osmoreceptors in the body that stimulate the hypothalamus to
    release ADH or vasopressin hormones. The ADH facilitates water absorption in tubules.
    Decrease in glomerular blood pressure activate JG cells to release renin which converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
    and II that increase the glomerular blood pressure and release of aldosterone that increase absorption of Na+ ions and
    water.

    Micturition – The process of expulsion of urine from the urinary bladder is called micturition. The neural mechanism that
    causes it is called micturition reflex. Urine formed in nephron is stored in urinary bladder till a voluntary signal is given by
    CNS. This initiates the contraction of smooth muscles of the bladder and simultaneous relaxation of the urethral sphincter
    causing the release of urine.

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    Lungs, liver and skin also play important role in process of excretion. Lungs remove C O and water, liver eliminates
    2

    bile containing substances like bilirubin, biliverdin. Sweat glands remove NaCl, small amount of urea and lactic acid.
    Sebaceous glands excrete sterol, hydrocarbons and waxes.

    Disorders of Excretory System

    Uremia- there is high concentration of non-protein nitrogen (urea, uric acid, creatinine). Urea can be removed by
    hemodialysis.
    Renal failure- also known as kidney failure where glomerular filtration is ceased and both kidney stops working.
    Kidney transplant is the ultimate method in correction of acute kidney failure.
    Renal Calculi- formation of stone or insoluble mass of crystallized salts formed within the kidney.
    Glomerulonephritis (Bright’s Disease)-inflammation of glomeruli of kidney due to entry of protein or red blood
    corpuscles in to filtrate due to injury.

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