MUTHIAH POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE

ANNAMALAINAGAR
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

VI Semester - Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Power Electronics Practical Manual

(N-SCHEME)
Prepared By
F.ARUMAINATHAN
&
S.MOHANDOSS
EEE Dept

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General Instructions to students for EEE Lab courses

 Be punctual to the lab class.

 Attend the laboratory classes wearing the prescribed uniform and shoes.
 Avoid wearing any metallic rings, straps or bangles as they are likely to prove
dangerous at times.
 Girls should put their plait inside their overcoat
 Boy’s students should tuck in their uniform to avoid the loose cloth getting into contact
with rotating machines.
 Acquire a good knowledge of the surrounding of your worktable. Know where the
various live points are situated in your table.
 In case of any unwanted things happening, immediately switch off the mains in the
worktable.
 This must be done when there is a power break during the experiment being carried out.
 Before entering into the lab class, you must be well prepared for the experiment that
you are going to do on that day.
 You must bring the related text book which may deal with the relevant experiment.
 Get the circuit diagram approved.
 Prepare the list of equipments and components required for the experiment and get the
indent approved.
 Plan well the disposition of the various equipments on the worktable so that the
experiment can be carried out.
 Make connections as per the approved circuit diagram and get the same verified.
After getting the approval only supply must be switched on.
 For the purpose of speed measurement in rotating machines, keep the tachometer in the
extended shaft. Avoid using the brake drum side.
 Get the reading verified. Then inform the technician so that supply to the worktable can
be switched off.
 You must get the observation note corrected within two days from the date of
completion of experiment. Write the answer for all the discussion questions in the
observation note. If not, marks for concerned observation will be proportionately
reduced.
 Submit the record note book for the experiment completed in the next class.

 If you miss any practical class due to unavoidable reasons, intimate the staff in charge
and do the missed experiment in the repetition class.
 Such of those students who fail to put in a minimum of 75% attendance in the
laboratory class will run the risk of not being allowed for the Board Practical
Examination. They will have to repeat the lab course in subsequent semester after
paying prescribed fee.
 Use isolated supply for the measuring instruments like CRO in Power Electronics
Laboratory experiments.

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33084 POWER ELECTRONICS PRACTICAL

AIM
To impart practical skills to the students in using some important power electronic devices
and circuits.

List of experiments with objectives and exercises

1 Construct the Line synchronized Ramp trigger circuit using UJT with AC load to
measure firing angles.

2. Construct Lamp control circuit using DIAC-TRIAC to measure various output voltage for firing
angles.

3. Construct and test the SCR commutation circuits(Class B & Class D).

4. Construct and test the single phase semi controlled bridge with R-Load.

5. Construct and test the single phase fully controlled bridge with RL-Load.

6. Construct and test the Half wave controlled rectifier with R-Load.

7. Construct and test the DC chopper control circuit using thyristor(any class).

8. Construct and test the step up chopper.

9. Design the PWM based step down DC chopper using MOSFET/IGBT.

10. Construct and test the Single phase Single pulse/Sinusoidal PWM inverter using
MOSFET/IGBT.

11. Construct and test the SMPS using MOSFET/IGBT.

12. Construct and test the open loop speed control circuit for DC shunt motor.

13. Construct and test the control circuit using TRIAC for Universal motor.

14. Construct and test the closed loop speed control of single phase AC motor.

15. Construct and test the Single phase parallel inverter using MOSFET/IGBT

16. Construct and test the single phase to single phase cyclo converter.

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Ex. No. 1
LINE SYNCHRONIZED RAMP TRIGGER CIRCUIT USING UJT

AIM:
To construct the Line synchronized Ramp trigger circuit using UJT with AC load to
measure firing angles and plot its output waveforms.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No. APPARATUS RANGE TYPE QUANTITY
1 CRO 20 MHz 1
2 Transformer 230/24V 1
3 Load 100,2A 1

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

S.No. ITEM RANGE TYPE QUANTITY

1 SCR 2P4M 1
2 Capacitor 104F 2
3 Resistor 1K,2.2K,0.1K 1
10K,22K 1
4 Diode IN4007 2
5 UJT 2N2646 1

PROCEDURE: (UJT-TRIGGERING)
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Switch on the power supply.
3. Note down the waveform of voltages (Vc and Vo) using a CRO.
4. Repeat the procedure for various resistor values of potentiometer.
5. Switch off the power supply and remove the connections.

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM (UJT-TRIGGERING):

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THEORY
Initially the capacitor charges through R whose voltage is applied to the emitter
of UJT. When the capacitor voltage reaches peak point voltage of UJT. The UJT will
switch to on condition. Now the capacitor discharges through the output
resistance. Thus the pulse is generated in the circuit.

RESULT:
Thus the UJT triggering circuit for SCR was constructed and its output waveforms were
plotted.

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Ex. No. 2
LAMP CONTROL CIRCUIT USING DIAC-TRIAC
AIM: -

To study the AC voltage control by using TRIAC-DIAC combination

APPARATUS REQUIRED: -

TRIAC, DIAC, supply voltage, wattage resistors, Ammeter, Voltmeter, etc,.

PROCEDURE: -

1. Connections are mode as shown in the circuit diagram (a)

2. By varying the variable resistance R1 in step by step, observe the

variation of intensity of light.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: -

WORKING:
In this circuit a lamp acts as load, a potentiometer (P) is used for varying the firing
angle of the TRIAC and a fixed resistor (R) at which the potentiometer is at zero
resistance value. The resistance value by the potentiometer decides the charging time
constant which required by the capacitor. If the resistance is low, the firing angle as well
as the charging time of the capacitor is low and if the resistance is high, then it will take
more time to charge. The TRIAC is a unidirectional device it consist of three pins namely
1st-MT1, 2nd-MT2 and 3rd-Gate (G).The Gate terminal i.e. 3rd pin is directly short with
the diode. As the TRIAC requires a triggering pulse to perform its operation here a DIAC
provides triggering pulse to the TRIAC when the voltage on DIAC reaches the breakdown
voltage. As soon the TRIAC is turned ON the voltage across the capacitor decreases
rapidly to zero value. The TRIAC is now turned ON with the firing angle. During the
positive half cycle of AC signal the capacitor charges with upper plate positive(+) and
lower plate negative(-).Hence the firing angle is (π-α).The intensity of lamp will depend
upon the value of firing angle of the TRIAC. Less the value of the firing angle (α) of the

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TRAIC, more will be the voltage across the lamp and hence more will be its intensity of
illumination and vice-versa.

Triac-BT136

RESULT
The lamp control circuit was constructed using DIAC-TRIAC and the output waveforms
are traced for various firing angles.
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Ex. No. 3
SCR COMMUTATION CIRCUITS (CLASS B & CLASS D)
AIM:
To study commutation circuit- class B & Class d.

APPARATUS:
Commutation Circuit, Patch cords, Wires, CRO.

PROCEDURE:
1) Measure voltage across SCR.
2) Now apply triggering pulse on gate.
3) Observe the voltage across SCR until it once again gets off by commutation circuit.

CLASS B COMMUTATION
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Class B commutation circuit

Wave form

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THEORY:
In this method, LC resonating circuit is across the SCR and not in series with the load.
The commutating circuit and the associated waveform are shown in figure
Initially, as soon as the supply voltage +12 v is applied, the capacitor starts getting
charged with its plates, and it charges up to the supply voltage.
When thyristor T triggered, the circuit current flows in two directions:
1) Load current flows through the path +12v dc-ST-RL-+12v dc,
2) Commutating current

The moment thyristor T is turned ON, capacitor C starts discharging through the
path C-L-T-C-. When the capacitor C becomes completely discharged, it starts getting
charged with reverse polarity. Due to the reverse voltage, a commutating current start
flowing which opposes the load current. When the commutating current is greater than
the load current, thyristor T becomes turned OFF. When the thyristor T is turned OFF,
capacitor C again starts getting charged to its original polarity through inductor and the
load.

The circuit has the advantage of longer oscillation period and therefore of more
assurance of commutation. In this class B commutation method, the commutating
component does not carry the load current. Both class A and class B turn-off circuits are
self-commutating types, that is in both this circuits the SCR turns-off automatically after it
has been turned ON.

CLASS D COMMUTATION
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Class D commutation circuit

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 THEORY:
In this commutation method, an auxiliary thyristor T2 is required to commutate the main
thyristor T1, Assuming ideal thyristors and the lossless components, and then the
waveforms are as in figure. Here, inductor L is necessary to ensure the correct polarity on
capacitor C.
Thyristor T1 and load resistance RL form the power circuit, whereas L, D and T2 form the
commutation circuit. .
Circuit operations:
(a) Mode 0: (Initial operation) When the battery Edc is
connected, no current flows as both thyristors are OFF.
Hence, initially, the state of the circuit components
becomes
T1→OFF
T2→OFF
EC = 0
(b) Mode 1: Initially, SCR T2 must be triggered first in order
to charge the capacitor C with the polarity shown. This
capacitor C has the charging path Edc+→C+→C-
→T2→RL→Edc-. As soon as capacitor C is fully
charged , SCR T2 turns – off. This is due to the fact
that, as the voltage across the capacitor increases, the
current through the thyristor T2 decreases since
capacitor C and thyristor T2 form the series circuit.
Hence the state of circuit component at the end of mode
1 becomes,
T1→ON
T2→OFF
EC = Edc

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 (c) Mode 2: When thyristor T1 is triggered , the current
flows in two paths :
a. Load current IL flows through Edc+ →
T1→RL→kL→Edc-
b. Commutation current (capacitor-discharges
through) flows through C+→T1→L→D→C-
After the capacitor C has completely discharged, its polarity will
be reversed, i.e., its upper plate will acquire negative Charge
and the lower plate will acquire positive charge. Reverse
discharge of capacitor C will not be possible due to the
blocking diode D.
Therefore, at the end of Mode 2, the state of the circuit
components becomes,
T1→ON
T2→OFF
EC = - Edc
(d) Mode 3: When the thyristor T2 is triggered, capacitor C
starts discharging through the path C+→T2 (A-K) →T1
(K-A) →C-. When this discharging current (commutating
current Ic) becomes more than the load current IL,
thyristor T1 gets OFF.
Therefore, at the end of Mode 3, the state of circuit
component becomes,
T1→OFF
T2→ON
Again capacitor C will charge to the supply voltage with
the polarity shown and hence SCR T2 gets OFF. Therefore,
thyristors T1 and T2 both get OFF, which is equivalent to Mode
0 operation.
This type of commutation circuit is very versatile as both
time ratio and pulse width regulation is readily incorporated.
The commutation energy may readily be transferred to the load
and so high efficiency is possible.

RESULT
The SCR commutation circuit (Class B & Class D) was constructed and the output was
tested.

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Ex. No. 4
SINGLE PHASE SEMI CONTROLLED BRIDGE WITH R-LOAD
AIM:
To construct a single phase semi controlled bridge with R-load and plot its
response.

Apparatus required:
1. Power thyristors 2. Rheostat 3. CRO 4. Transformer (1-phase) 230V/24V 5.
Connection wires
Single Phase Half Controlled Bridge Rectifier:
Circuit diagram;

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Procedure:
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Connect CRO and voltmeter across the load.
3. Keep the potentiometer at the minimum position.
4. Switch on the step down ac source.
5. Check the gate pulses at G1-K1 & G2-K2, respectively.
6. Observe the wave form on CRO and note the triggering angle ‘α’ and
7. Note the corresponding reading of the voltmeter. Also note the value of Maximum
amplitude Vm from the waveform.
8. Set the potentiometer at different positions and follow the step given in (6) for every
position.
9. Tabulate the readings in the observation column.
Theory:
A semi converter uses two diodes and two thyristors and there is a limited control over the
level of dc output voltage. A semi converter is one quadrant converter. A one-quadrant
converter has same polarity of dc output voltage and current at its output terminals and it
is always positive. It is also known as two-pulse converter. Figure shows half controlled
rectifier with R load. This circuit consists of two SCRs T1 and T2, two diodes D1 and D2.
During the positive half cycle of the ac supply, SCR T1 and diode D2 are forward biased
when the SCR T1 is triggered at a firing angle ωt = α, the SCR T1 and diode D2 comes to
the on state. Now the load current flows through the path L - T1- R load –D2 - N. During
this period, the output voltage and current are positive. At ωt = π, the load voltage and
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load current reaches to zero, then SCR T1 and diode D2 comes to off state since supply
voltage has been reversed. During the negative half cycle of the ac supply, SCR T2 and
diode D1 are forward biased. When SCR T2 is triggered at a firing angle ωt = π + α, the
SCR T2 and diode D1 comes to on state. Now the load current flows through the path N -
T2- R load – D1 -L. During this period, output voltage and output current will be positive.
At ωt = 2π, the load voltage and load current reaches to zero then SCR T2 and diode D1
comes to off state since the voltage has been reversed. During the period (π + α to 2π)
SCR T2 and diode D1 are conducting.
Vout= (√2Vs)(1+Cosα)/π
Result:
Thus the operation of single phase half controlled converter using R and RL load has
studied and the output waveforms has been observed.

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Ex. No. 5
SINGLE PHASE FULLY CONTROLLED BRIDGE WITH RL-LOAD
Aim:
To study the operation of single phase fully controlled converter using RL load and to
observe the output waveforms.

Apparatus Required:
1. Power thyristors
2. Rheostat
3. CRO
4. Transformer (1-phase) 230V/24V
5. Connection wires

Procedure:
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Connect CRO across the load.
Keep the potentiometer (Ramp control) at the minimum position (maximum resistance).
3. Switch on the step down ac source.
4. Check the gate pulses at G1-K1, G2-K2, G3-K3, & G4-K4 respectively.
5. Observe the waveform on CRO
6. Set the potentiometer at different positions and follow the step given in (4) for every
position.

Single Phase full Controlled Bridge Rectifier:

CIRCUITDIAGRAM :

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Model Graph

Output Load Voltage and Current

Theory:
A fully controlled converter or full converter uses thyristors only and there is a wider
control over the level of dc output voltage. With pure resistive load, it is single quadrant
converter. Here, both the output voltage and output current are positive. With RL- load it
becomes a two-quadrant converter. Here, output voltage is either positive or negative but
output current is always positive. Figure shows the quadrant operation of fully controlled
bridge rectifier with R-load. Fig shows single phase fully controlled rectifier with resistive
load. This type of full wave rectifier circuit consists of four SCRs. During the positive half
cycle, SCRs T1 and T2 are forward biased. At ωt = α, SCRs T1 and T2 are triggered, and
then the current flows through the L – T1- R load – T2 – N. At ωt = π, supply voltage falls
to zero and the current also goes to zero. Hence SCRs T1 and T2 turned off.
During negative half cycle (π to 2π). SCRs T3 and T4 forward biased. At ωt = π + α,
SCRs T3 and T4 are triggered, then current flows through the path N – T3 – R load- T4 –
L. At ωt = 2π, supply voltage and current goes to zero, SCRs T3 and T4 are turned off.
The Fig, shows the current and voltage waveforms for this circuit.
Vout= (2Vs)(Cos α) /π & Iavg=Vavg /R

RESULT:
Thus a single-phase fully controlled converter with RL-load was constructed and
the output waveforms are traced.

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Ex. No. 6
SINGLE PHASE HALF WAVE CONTROLLED RECTIFIER WITH R-LOAD

AIM:
To study the operation of single phase fully controlled converter using R load and to
observe the output waveforms.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Power thyristors
2. Rheostat
3. CRO
4. Transformer (1-phase) 230V/24V
5. Connection wires

Procedure:
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Connect CRO across the load.
Keep the potentiometer (Ramp control) at the minimum position (maximum resistance).
3. Switch on the step down ac source.
4. Check the gate pulses at G1-K1, G2-K2, G3-K3, & G4-K4 respectively.
5. Observe the waveform on CRO
6. Set the potentiometer at different positions and follow the step given in (4) for every
position.

Single Phase Half wave Controlled Rectifier:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :

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Model Graph

Theory:
SCRs are very useful in ac circuits where they may serve as rectifiers whose output
current can be controlled by controlling the gate current. An example of this type of
application is the use of SCRs to operate and control dc motors or dc load from an ac
supply. The circuit using an SCR as an half-wave rectifier is shown in figure. The ac
supply to be rectified is applied to the primary of the transformer ensuring that the
negative voltage appearing at the secondary of the transformer is less than reverse
breakdown voltage of the SCR. The load resistance RL is connected in series with anode.
A variable resistance r is inserted in the gate circuit for control of gate current.
If the angle at which the SCR starts conducting (i.e. firing angle) is a, the conduction will
take place for (∏ – α) radians.
The average output from such a half-wave rectifier connected to a secondary voltage of

v= Vmax sin θ is given by an expression

Average output voltage, Vav = VMAX/2∏ (1 + cos α)

Average current, Iav = VMAX/2∏RL (1 + cos α)

Thus the desired value of average current, Iav can be obtained by varying firing angle α.

Iav = VMAX/∏RL when α = 0

Iav = VMAX/2∏RL when α = ∏/2

That is average current decreases with the increase in value of firing angle α.

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The worth noting point is that in an ordinary half-wave rectifier using a P-N diode,
conduction current flows during the whole of the positive cycle whereas in SCR half-wave
rectifier the current can be made to flow during the part or full of the positive half cycle by
adjustment of gate current. Hence SCR operates as a controlled rectifier and hence the
name silicon controlled rectifier.

During the negative half cycles of ac voltage appearing across the secondary, the SCR
does not conduct regardless of the gate voltage, because anode is negative with respect
to cathode and also peak inverse voltage is less than the reverse breakdown voltage. The
SCR will conduct during the positive half cycles provided appropriate gate current is made
to flow. The gate current can be varied with the help of variable resistance r inserted in
the gate circuit for this purpose. The greater the gate current, the lesser will be the supply
voltage at which SCR will start conducting.

Assume that gate current is such that SCR starts conducting at a positive voltage V,
being less than peak value of ac voltage, Vmax. From fig, it is clear that SCR will start
conducting, as soon as the secondary ac voltage becomes V in the positive half cycle,
and will continue conducting till ac voltage becomes zero when it will turn-off. Again in
next positive half cycle, SCR will start conducting when ac secondary voltage becomes V
volts.

RESULT:
Thus a single-phase half wave controlled converter with R-load was constructed
and the output waveform are traced.

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Ex. No. 7
DC CHOPPER CONTROL CIRCUIT USING THYRISTOR

AIM:
To construct DC chopper control circuit using Thyristor and to draw its output
response.
APPARATUS:
Commutation Circuit, Patch cords, Wires, CRO.

PROCEDURE:
1) Measure voltage across SCR.
2) Now apply triggering pulse on gate.
3) Observe the voltage across SCR until it once again gets off by commutation circuit.
Circuit diagram

DC Chopper using SCR

In a voltage commutated thyristor circuit a voltage source is impressed across the SCR to
be turned off, mostly by an auxiliary SCR. This voltage is comparable in magnitude to the
operating voltages. The current in the conducting SCR is immediately quenched; however
the reverse-biasing voltage must be maintained for a period greater than that required for
the device to turn-off. With a large reverse voltage turning it off, the device offers the
fastest turn-off time obtainable from that particular device. It is an exposition of ‘hard’ turn-
off where the reverse biasing stress is maximum. T1 is the main SCR and T2 is the
Auxiliary. As a consequence of the previous cycle, Capacitor C is charged with the dot as
positive. When the Main SCR is triggered, it carries the load current, which is held
practically level by the large filter inductance, L and the Free-wheeling diode. Additionally,
the charged Capacitor swings half a cycle through T1, L and D ending with a negative at
the dot. The reverse voltage may be less than its positive value as some energy is lost in
the various components in the path. The half cycle capacitor current adds to the load
current and is taken by the Main SCR. With the negative at the dot C-T2 is enabled to
commutate T1. When T2 is triggered the negative charge of the capacitor is impressed
onto T1 and it immediately turns off. The SCR does take the reverse recovery current in
the process. Thereafter, the level load current charges the capacitor linearly to the supply
voltage with the dot again as positive. The Load voltage peaks by the addition of the
capacitor voltage to the supply when T2 is triggered. The voltage falls as the capacitor
discharges both changes being linear because of the level load current. When the
Capacitor voltage returns to zero, the load voltage equals supply voltage. The turn-off
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time offered by the commutation circuit to the SCR lasts till this stage starting from the
triggering of T2. Now the capacitor is progressively positively charged and the load
voltage is equally diminished from the supply voltage. T2 is naturally commutated when
the capacitor is fully charged and a small excess voltage switches on the freewheeling
diode. With the positive at the dot the capacitor is again ready for the next cycle. Here T2
must be switched before T1 to charge C to desired polarity. Voltage commutation may be
chosen for comparatively fast switching and it can be identified from the steep fall of
the SCR current. There is no overlapping operation between the incoming and the
outgoing devices and both currents fall and rise sharply. Stresses on all the three
semiconductors can be expected to be high here.
In a voltage commutated thyristor circuit a voltage source is impressed across the SCR to
be turned off, mostly by an auxiliary SCR . This voltage is comparable in magnitude to the
operating voltages. The current in the conducting SCR is immediately quenched, however
the reverse-biasing voltage must be maintained for a period greater than that required for
the device to turn-off. With a large reverse voltage turning it off, the device offers the
fastest turn-off time obtainable from that particular device. It is an exposition of ‘hard’ turn-
off where the reverse biasing stress is maximum.

Load Connected a resistive load 50 ohms/2A or 100ohms/2A rheostat at load terminals A

& B.
Working Principle
For convenience the chopper operation is divided into five modes.
☞Mode-1
☞Mode-2
☞Mode-3
☞Mode-4
☞Mode-5
Mode-1 Operation

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 ☞Thyristor T1 is fired at t = 0.
☞The supply voltage comes across the load.
☞Load current IL flows through T1 and load.
☞At the same time capacitor discharges through T1, D1, L1, & ‘C’ and the capacitor
reverses its voltage.
☞This reverse voltage on capacitor is held constant by diode D1.

Mode-2 Operation

☞Thyristor T2 is now fired to commutate thyristor T1.

☞When T2 is ON capacitor voltage reverse biases T1 and turns if off.
☞The capacitor discharges through the load from –V to 0.
☞Discharge time is known as circuit turn-off time.
☞Capacitor recharges back to the supply voltage (with plate ‘a’ positive).
☞This time is called the recharging time and is given by The total time required for the
capacitor to discharge and recharge is called the commutation time and it is given by

☞At the end of Mode-2 capacitor has recharged to VS and the freewheeling diode
starts conducting.

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Mode-3 Operation

☞FWD starts conducting and the load current decays.

☞Hence capacitor charges to a voltage higher than supply voltage, T2 naturally turns
off.

Mode-4 Operation

☞Capacitor has been overcharged i.e. its voltage is above supply voltage.
☞Capacitor starts discharging in reverse direction.
☞Hence capacitor current becomes negative.
☞The capacitor discharges through VS, FWD, D1 and L.
☞When this current reduces to zero D1 will stop conducting and the capacitor voltage
will be same as the supply voltage

Mode-5 Operation

☞Both thyristors are off and the load current flows through the FWD. This mode will
end once thyristor T1 is fired.

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RESULT:
Thus a DC chopper control circuit using thyristor was constructed and the output
waveform are traced.

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Ex. No. 8
STEP UP CHOPPER
AIM:
To construct Step up choppers and to draw its output response.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

FORMULA USED:
For step up chopper
3. Average dc output voltage Vdc is

Where

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR STEP UP OPERATION

Model graph for step up operation

RESULT:
Thus the output response of Step up MOSFET based choppers was drawn.

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Ex. No. 9
PWM BASED STEP DOWN CHOPPER USING MOSFET/IGBT
AIM:
To obtain the output wave form of pwm based Step down chopper using
IGBT/MOSFET.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR STEP DOWN OPERATION

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Model graph for step down operation

RESULT:
Thus the output response of PWM based Step down chopper using MOSFET were
drawn.

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Ex. No. 10
MOSFET BASED SINGLE PHASE SINGLE PULSE/SINUSOIDAL PWM
INVERTER
AIM:
To study the wave form for single phase single pulse/sinusoidal pwm bridge inverter with
R load using MOSFET/IGBT

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

FORMULA USED:

1. Modulation index (m) is m = Ar / Ac

2. Output voltage V0 = m Vs

Where A
Ar = Amplitude of reference signal
Ac = Amplitude of carrier signal
Vs = Source voltage
THEORY
Single Pulse Width Modulation
In this modulation only one pulse per half cycle exists and the width of the pulse is varied
to control the inverter output voltage. The generation of the gating signals and the output
voltage of single phase full-bridge inverters are shown in Figure.. The gating signals are
generated by comparing a rectangular reference signal of amplitude Ar with a triangular
carrier wave of amplitude Ac. The frequency of the reference signal determines the
fundamental frequency of the output voltage. The frequency of the two signals is
nearly equal. The ratio of Ar to Ac is the control variable and defined as the
amplitude modulation index or modulation index and is given by

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 Single Pulse Width Modulation

The rms ac output voltage

By varying the control signal amplitude Vr from 0 to Vc the pulse width ton can be
modified from 0 secs to T/2 secs and the rms output voltage Vo from 0 to Vs.
The output voltage shown in Figure
Model graph

Currents and voltages in single phase DC-AC inverter for single PWM

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Sinusoidal Pulse width modulation
In this modulation technique are multiple numbers of output pulse per half cycle and
pulses are of different width. The width of each pulse is varying in proportion to the
amplitude of a sine wave evaluated at the centre of the same pulse. The gating
Signals are generated by comparing a sinusoidal reference with a high frequency
triangular signal.

The rms ac output voltage

Where p=number of pulses and δ= pulse width

Model graph

Gating Signal in Sinusoidal PWM

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
vin=24V DC, Vout=220V AC)
(RL=1mΩ, L=152mH,Rc=10Ω,C=3200μF,R=1800Ω)

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Voltage and current waveforms

RESULT:

Thus the output waveform for single phase single pulse/sinusoidal pwm inverter using
IGBT was obtained.

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Ex. No. 11
SMPS USING MOSFET/IGBT
AIM:
To study the performance of the SMPS circuit using MOSFET/IGBT

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

THEORY
Switch Mode Power Supplies, or SMPS, are becoming common place and have
replaced in most cases the traditional linear ac-to-dc power supplies as a way to cut
power consumption, reduce heat dissipation, as well as size and weight. Switch-mode
power supplies can now be found in most PC’s, power amplifiers, TV’s, dc motor drives,
etc., and just about anything that requires a highly efficient supply as switch-mode power
supplies are increasingly becoming a much more mature technology.
By definition, a switch mode power supply (SMPS) is a type of power supply that uses
semiconductor switching techniques, rather than standard linear methods to provide the
required output voltage. The basic switching converter consists of a power switching
stage and a control circuit. The power switching stage performs the power conversion
from the circuits input voltage, VIN to its output voltage, VOUT which includes output
filtering.
The major advantage of the switch mode power supply is its higher efficiency, compared
to standard linear regulators, and this is achieved by internally switching a transistor (or
power MOSFET) between its “ON” state (saturated) and its “OFF” state (cut-off), both of
which produces lower power dissipation. This means that when the switching transistor is
fully “ON” and conducting current, the voltage drop across it is at its minimal value, and
when the transistor is fully “OFF” there is no current flow through it. So the transistor is
acting like an ideal switch.
As a result, unlike linear regulators which only offer step-down voltage regulation, a
switch mode power supply, can offer step-down, step-up and negation of the input voltage
using one or more of the three basic switch mode circuit
topologies: Buck, Boost and Buck-Boost. This refers to how the transistor switch,
inductor, and smoothing capacitor are connected within the basic circuit.

RESULT
The performance of the smps circuit using MOSFET was studied.

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Ex. No. 12
OPEN LOOP SPEED CONTROL CIRCUIT FOR DC SHUNT MOTOR

Aim:
To study the speed control of a dc motor by varying armature applied voltage through
phase controlled converter.

Apparatus Required:
i) DC motor control unit
ii) DC ammeter
iii) DC voltmeter
iv) CRO
v) DC motor

Circuit Diagram

Result:
Thus the speed control of DC motor is performed by varying armature voltage through
phase controlled converter

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Ex. No. 13
Speed Control of Universal Motor
Aim:
To conduct an experiment to control the speed of a Universal Motor using
the AC Voltage controller circuit.
Circuit diagram

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Waveforms:

Result:
Thus the speed control of universal motor was performed by using AC voltage controller
circuit.

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Ex. No. 14
Speed Control of Single Phase AC Motor
Aim: -

To study speed control of Induction motor

Apparatus required: -
Module, TRIAC, Induction Motor, etc
Procedure: -

1. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. Firing angle is varied in steps gradually, note down corresponding
speed of the induction motor using Tachometer and tabulate
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Result: -
Speed control of Induction Motor was studied.

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Ex. No. 15
Single phase parallel inverter
Aim: -
To study a Single-phase parallel inverter and plot its output waveform.
PROCEDURE (PARALLEL INVERTER) :
1. Make the connection as per the circuit diagram.
2. Switch on the 24V DC power supply.
3. Vary the output frequency by proper tuning.
4. Obtain the voltage output across secondary of transformer.
5. Obtain also the voltage across Inductance
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM (PARALLEL INVERTER):

MODEL GRAPH (PARALLEL INVERTER) :

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RESULT:
Thus a single-phase parallel inverter operation was studied and its output
waveform was plotted.

Ex. No. 16
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 SINGLE PHASE CYCLO CONVERTER

AIM:
To construct a single phase cycloconverter circuit and study its performance.

APPARATUS:
230V input 150V-0-15V output AC step down transformer (provided within
the unit), cycloconverter power circuit with firing circuit, loading rheostat 100
Ohms/2A. Digital multimeter, CRO, Path cards etc.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

THEORY:
A cycloconverter converts input power at one frequency to output power at a
different frequency with one stage conversion. Cycloconverter is used in speed
control of high power AC drives, induction heating etc.
The circuit shown is for obtaining single phase frequency divided output
from a single phase AC input. One group of SCR’s produces positive
polarity load voltage and other group produces negative half cycle
of the output. SCR’s T1 and T3 of the positive group are gated together
depending on the polarity of the input, only one of them will conduct, when upper
AC terminal is positive with respect to O, SCR T1will conduct and when upper AC
terminal is negative, SCR T3will conduct thus in both half cycles of input, the load
voltage polarity will be positive by changing firing angle, the duration of conducting
of each SCR (and there by the magnitude of the output voltage) can be varied. For
the sake of simplicity it is assumed that the load is positive. Then each SCR will
have a conduction angle of (π –α) and turn off by natural commutation at the
end of every half cycle of the input. At the end of each half period of the
output, the firing pulses to the SCR’s of the positive group will
be stopped and SCR’s T2 and T4 of the negative group will be fired.
PROCEDURE:
SINGLE PHASE CYCLOCONVERTER
1. The connections are made as shown in the circuit of single phase
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cycloconverter with Motor Load with divided by 2 frequency.
2. The gate cathode terminals of the thyristors are connected to the
respective points on the firing module.
3. Check all the connections and confirm connections made are correct
before switching on the equipments.
4. Switch ON unit.
5. The output wave forms are seen on a CRO.
6. The firing angle is varied and AC output voltage across the load is noted.
7. A graph of Vacverses load voltage is plotted.
8. Repeat the above procedure for divided by four frequencies.
WAVE FORM

RESULT
Thus the single phase to single phase cyclo converter was constructed and its output
wave form was traced.

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