Mind map : learning made simple Chapter - 4

Minor of an element aij in a determinant of matrix (i) if A = [a11]1×1, then |A|= a11
A is the determinant obtained by deleting ith row
(ii)if A = then A a a –a a
and jth column and is denoted by Mij. If Mij is the minor
of aij and cofactor of aij is Aij given by Aij = (–1)i+j Mij.
(iii)if A = , then|A | a11 ( a22 . a33 – a23. a32 )
If A3×3 is a matrix, then |A|=a11. A11 +a12. A12 +a13. A13. – a12  a21. a33 – a23.a31 
If elements of one row (or column) are multiplied  a13  a21 a32 – a 22 a 31 
with cofactors of elements of any other row (or column), For eg. if A ,then |A|=2 × 4 – 3 × 2 =2
then their sum is zero. For e.g., a11 A21 +a12 A22+a13 A33=0.

e.g., if A , then M11=4 and A11=(–1)1+1 4=4.

– (i)|A| remains unchanged, if the rows and columns of
|
of |A A are interchanged ie., |A| = |A'|
a a a A A A rties
e (ii)if any two rows (or columns) of A are interchanged,
a A op
if A
a
a
a
a
a
,then adj. A A A Pr then the sign of |A| changes.
A A A atrix
,where Aij is the cofactor of aij. am (iii)if any two rows (or columns) of A are identical,
of Determinants
 A(adj.A)=(adj.A).A=|A|=I, A – square matrix then |A|=0
of order 'n' (iv)if each element of a row (or a column) of A is
 if |A|=0, then A is singular. Otherwise, A is
multiplied by B (const.), then |A|gets multiplied by B.
non-singular.
 if AB = BA = I , where B is a square matrix, (v) if A aij then k A k A
–1 –1
then B is called the inverse of A, A =B or B =A , (vi) if elements of a row or a column in a determinant
(A ) =A.
–1 –1 |A| can be expressed as sum of two or more elements,
Inverse of a square matrix exists if then |A| can be expressed as |B|+|C|.
A is non-singular i.e.|A| , and is given by (vii) if k or k in |A|, then the
A
–1
(adj.A) value of |A| remains same
A

 if a1x+b1y+c1z=d1, a2x+b2y+c2z=d2, a3 x  b3 y  c3 z  d3 then we can write AX=B,

x y
a b c xd
a c y if (x1, y1), (x2, y2 ) and (x3, y3) x y
where A X b B d
a b c zd x y
 Unique solution of AX=B is X A B A For eg: if (1, 2) , (3, 4) and (–2, 5) are the vertices, then area of the triangle is
 AX=B is consistent or inconsistent according as the solution exists or not.
 For a square matrix A in AX=B, if – –
(i) A then there exists unique solution.
–
(ii) A = and (adj. A) B ,then no solution.
(iii) if A = and (adj.A).B=0 then system may or may not be consistent. we take positive value of the determinant.