alues of b and Opening problem BH contains 1 square Things to think abo F2 Hoy 1 coop contains 14.4 one 2x 2 four 1x1 ‘many squares are contained in each di Number sequences [£2.12 Formulae for sequences [2.12] Geometric sequences 12.12] The difference method for sequences _[E2.12] contains 14.449 = one 3x3 four 2x 2 nine 1x 1 14 squares iagram? oe 10 B Can you find a © How m g Jormula forthe total number of squares in ann xn grid? lany squares are contained in a 100 x 100 grid?| 458 NUMBER SEQUENCES ‘A number sequence is an ordered list 6f'n The Sequences (Chapter 24) (E2.12])| numbers defined by a rule, humbers inthe sequence are called the terms of the sequence, The nth term or general ter ni Willen a5 un, $0 the sequence is us, wa, us, ug, We ofien use words to describe @ number sequence, giving a starting term and term with the next 4 rule which connects ong For example: Consider the sequence 15, 1, 7, L ‘The sequence can be described by the rule The next two terms are ug = 145 ang uy "quence, and hence find its next two terms: 15, 19, b 2,6, 18,54, @ Start with 3, then add 4 each time 10 get ue = 23. and tthe next term, i St with 2 en malty 3 each ime he nent es us = 54x 3 = 162 and Ue = 162 x 3 = 486. a 6 EXERCISE 27A Caries he seen 8, 52-1, Th ee tt is © Find the values of ws and tu, 2 Write a rute to describe the sequence, and hence @ 2,6, 10, 14,18, find its next wo terms, b 2,9, 16, 23, 30, © 8, 19, 30, 41, 52, 03,~2,— f 10, 4 20, 16, 12,8, 4, 1, 3 Write a rule to describe the sequence, and hen a 12,48, 16, b find its next to terms. 1, 2,4, ~8, 16, © 36, 18, 9, 43, 4 Write a rule to describe the 15, 135, 45, 15, € 1,11,1.21, 183108 ce find its next wo terms » 1,8, 27, 64, © 23,58, 12, f 2, h 11,2, 6,24, sequence, and @ 1,49, 16,25, 4 2,3,5,9,17, # 01,1235,Sequences (Chapter 27) Example 2 0 Self Tutor Draw the next two used 000,c hstick fi igures in the sequence, and w 8 a number sequence: eee | two terms, ¥ to describe a sequi Berane: a an 42, tanta, ut SPS blict formuta for the general term uy allows us to g B= Wo can substituc any value of negt tuickly calculate the value of any term in the460 Example 3 Find the first a tn =5n—3 4 Find the first four terms of the sequenc 8 List the first five @ wm =5 x2" bu @ ty 4x grt © ty = 24 x (—2)" hy, 4 The triangular numbers are numbers wi 1 dot a Find the first S dots 6 Verify this rule for the first HW Use the rule to find the 10th tria Example 4 A sequence has nth term 5n— 3, a Show that 42 is a term of the sequence @ Suppose the nth term is 42, 5n—3=42 5n = 45 n=9 So, 42 is the 9th term of the sequence. terms of the sequence with the rule: terms of the sequence with nth term: © un = ive numbers in the sequi The general term formula for the sequence Sequences __*0 Self Tutor b tin =n(n 42) © tn = 3x9" | it @ um =5(1)-3=2 b m= 1(3)=3 © uy =3(2)'=6 i u; = 5(2) —3 = = 24) =8 2 = 3(2)? = 12 i uy = 5(8) 3 =12 ta = 3(5) = 15 3(2)° = 24 } % =5(4)—3=17 uy = 4(6) = 94 ty = 3(2) < 4g us = 5(5) ~ 3 = 22 us = 5(7) = 35 us = 3(2)° = 96 | EXERCISE 278 with math term: | @ i= 4+3 bm =3n45 © in =—2n 41 i @ i= 243 © um =17—4n u,=76—7m 2 Find the first four terms ofthe sequence with nth term @ n=? 1 Bosnian © ty =n? dun =n(n 4a) © wm =n8—1 fin = n3 420? in =5 x Qr-t 4 x (3)"? in = B(—1)"—1 © ty =5 x grt f tn = 36x (2)"™1 aCe 4 triangular arrangement of dots, hich can be represented by of triangular numbers. Of tras ular numbers is tu, = triangular numbers. ingular number. 3n(n+1), 4) Self Tutor Is 63 a term of the sequence? 4 Suppose the nth term is 63, 5n~3=63 5n = 66 n= 13} But 1 must be an integer, so 63 is not @ term of the sequence. (Chapter 27) ReSequences (Chapter 27) 5 A sequence has nth erm 88 — 7, © 15-82, term ofthe sequencer z 6 A sequence has mth term n? + 5, '=6 a Find the 4th term of the sequence b Is 41 a term of the sequence? fae © Is 80a term of the sequence? =24 = 48 Example 5 0) Self Tutor = oS @ Write a formula for the general term tin Of the sequence 3, 6,9, 12, 15, . b Hence find a formula for the general term Un of; 1 4,7, 10, 13, 16,... 4 1,4,7,10, 13,... WEE ag, n+1 B21 =3%1, w= 3x2, a= X38 We =3x 4, us =3x5 Be a2 wm 02. wen941, wens, ageing: 7 ' Bach term is 1 more than in the sequence in a j | t= Bn tt ui! f Ma=6-2, u=9-9, t4=12-2, us = 15-2 a | tne On? wn ! 3) agement of das By comparison with the sequence in te formula for the ge neral term u b Hence find in Of the sequence: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, @ formula for the general term ty of 1 4,6,8,10, 12, H 1,3,5,7,9, wha + © ® Write a formula forthe general term Mn OF the sequence: 5, 10, 16, 20, 25, B Hence find « formula forthe general tory ty 08 "6,11, 16, 21, 26, W 3,8, 13, 18, 23, ..6n 2, B® Write a formuta f br the general term uy of the sequence: 24, 8 16,99, ind a formula for the general term uw, of 1 6,12, 24,48, 9, i ET Formula forthe gene 2 1,2,3,4 b Hence fi ral term wy Of the sequence 56.0 fh term uy of: b 01,49, 16,42 See ___Sequences (Chapter 29) Se 42 Waite a formula forthe general term up of BP 1,827, 64, 125, 0,7, 26, 63, 124, { 38 ‘An arithmetic sequence isa sequence in which each i irs fom the previous tem by the sa ‘ed number. The diference between succesive ean is called the common difference d. | Lind the fist five tens ofa sequence with the Ine eneral erm tin = an +b w xplain why the sequence generated isan athena Sequence, and how we ean find the comma 4 difference directly from the formula © White a formula forthe genera rm of the arthmetie sequence: 137,11, 15 W 5,11, 17, 23, fen M13, 6, -1, 3, 7) gi a In & geometric sequence, each term 4s found by multiplying the previous ‘one by the same non-zero) constant e | 4s oe called the common r | Discovery 1 Geometric sequences What to ao: 4 Consider the sequence: “Start with 2, then ‘multiply by 3 each time to get the next term.” Find the frst ive terms of the sequence » Copy and complete; 4, = =2x3 =2x3 =2x3 Wehay ty =2x3x3 =2x3 by thes M=2X3x3x3 Hang Inthe s M5 =2X3x3x3x3 953 enera uy =2x3 7 find © Copy and complete: The common ratio» = “2 4 2 Consider the sequence with general term y, = Ax pnt ‘Find the first term wy Find the (n+ 1)th term tiny, ‘© Find the common ratio “2: Hence explain why this sequence is geometro, From the Discovery you should have found that For a geomettic series * the ratio "=! is a constant the general term can be written in the form Uy = ty x pdsences_(Chapter 27) ‘sequences (Chap EXERCISE 27C 4 For the sequence 3, 6, 12, 24, 4, fous term by the sane 4 Show that the ratio of consecutive terms is a constant ference d bb Hnce writ a formula for the general tem of the sequence nb. 2 For each sequence below can find the comm 4 1 Find the next two terms, N Write @ formula for the nth term of the sequence. i a) @ 1-11-11 & -1,1,-11,-1, © 24,8, 16, 32, 4 2,-4.8, -16, 32, © 6,18, 54, 162, # 6, ~18, 54, —162, [E2.12] § Write «formula forthe general term ofthe sequence a 4,12, 36, 108, b 2, 14, 98, ~686, © 3, ~6, 12-24, te same non2690 @ 16,8, ~4,2 © 12,6, 12, 4 Show that the seques with general term ty =5 x 2" is geometric by ratio r, listing the first four terms and showing the 1 b atio of consecutive terms is constant ig the exponent laws to write 1, in the form uy xr” tric sequences E DIFFERENCE METHOD next term,” Webave seen that a f ttle sequence is one in which each term differs from the previous term Plies constant. The general term has the linear form wn an Where «@ and b are constants, Bis same way, a quadratic sequence has general term. ty = an? 4 bn Fe, and a eubie sequence has Hen term 2, = an? + bn? +n +d | ! Pilind the formota for one of these sequences, we use a technique called the difference method. The difference method where ui =5, a= 8, tis = 11, ty =14, and ug —17. Heer Tene® table o display the sequence. We include a row forthe frst afer nee Al if ifference between successive terms of the sequence ©. Notice that this difference is constant.2 Copy and complete: For the linear sequence ty = an +b, thy 3 Copy and complete the di 2 erence table for the general linear s 2a+b Sequences _(Chapter-29 ——ee values of A1 are . HR Kaa Bee 4 The circled entries of the difference table above ean be used to find 1, For example, in the original example on th: Un = 8n-+2, Use the difference method to find the gene @ 4, 11, 18, 25, 32, 39, Part Quadratic sequences Now consider the quadratic s Us terms are: uy = 4, up = We again construct a difference table, A2. This is the difference between consecutive What to do: 4 Construct a difference table for the quadtrai 8 =n? 44g 2 Copy and complete For the quadratic sequence tin = 3 Copy and complete the difference table for ‘4 Describe how the circled entries in the differ 5 Use the difference method to find the general ter Un a 2,0,0,2, © previous page, a=3 and a+b—5, ral fem tu, = an-+0 for the sequence: b 41, 37, 33, 29, 25, 21, nd this time we include an extra row for the second difference. ferms of the first difference row. ie sequence defined by: © t= nbn 4d nm? +bn +e, the values of A2 are the general quadratic sequence um = an? + bn 46 fence table above can be used to find the formula fOr Ua an? +bn+e for the sequence! b ~5, 4,19, 40, 67,(Chapter 27) es_(Chapter 27) ‘Sequences Part 3: Cuble sequences What to do: 4 Consider the gencral cubic sequence tun = an® + bn? + on-+d. Construct a difference table for n = 1, 2,3, 4,5 Include rows for Al, A2, and A3, Record your observations 2. Describe how your diffrence table can be used to find the formula forty. Use the difference method to find the general term tun = an? 4 bn? 16, 27, 35, 33, 15, You should have discovered that ¢ For the linear sequence x, —an+b, the first differences are constant tnd equal to @, The general difference table is: i 2 3 7 5 tf .) tin |@ +0, a+b 3a4b dat. Sa+b \\¥/ Ay we + For the qu: The general difference table is (az) fatre 9 ten td for the sequence We use the reled ms to find the unknowns in up. atic Sequence tn = an? +bn-be, the second differences are constant and equal 10 2a, eed * For the eubie sequence uy = an®+bn?4en +d, The general difference table is 1 Ue[@ree+D Satib+terd Ma44 aera al Gat ab oy a+b be7 Neel Nea. 097 to ao ogg (a quickly generate them when. {aos} seu 4 the third differences are constant and equal to 6a 64a + 100+ 4e+d Ba 7+466 ee eae es _(Chapter 27) Example 6 4) Self Tutor Consider the sequence of triangular numbers : @ How many dots are in the next aw figures? 1 Use the difference method to find a formula for up, the numberof dots in the nth figure, +, 15 dots 21 dots The difference table is: ty |O Al ow The A2 values are constant, so the sequence is quadkatic with general ferm tip, =an* tinge Using the general difference table: 24=1, 50 Ba+b=2, so b=} atbte=1, so} exo the general term is. tu, +h Example 7 +) Self Tutor Use the difference method to find a formula for the general term tun of the sequence: 6, ~4, 10, 42, 98, 184, The difference table is ‘The AS values are constant, othe sequence i cubic wth general tem tn, — a+ br Using the general difference table: 6a=6, so a=1 1a+2b=12, so 124+26=12 and Ta+3b+e=2, 50 te=2 and atbbetd=-6, so 1-54d=-6 and the general term is ty, = n° — 5mences (Chapter 27) Sequences _(Chapter 27) 467 To sive remembering or writing out the gencral difference tables, it is often more practical to only use the the form of the sequence. S +t) Self Tutor difference table to ident You can then use the quadh calculator to find the coefficients, or cubic regression functions on your graphies nn na EXERCISE 27D 4 Use the difference method to find the general term uy of each sequence: 8 1,5,9,13,17,21, b 17,14, 11,85, © 2,6, 12, 20, 30, 42, 0,6, 14, 24, 36, 50, © 6, 13, 32, 69, 130, 221, 348, # 2,7, 18, 38, 70, 117, 182, 2 Consider the sequence: 2, 12, 30, 56, 90, 132, thod to find the g a Use the difference n eneral term uy, b Suggest an alternative formula for tin by considering uy —1% 2, up nif us Xsseeg ad $0 On. Consider the dot pattern eer Let un be the number of dots in the nth figure of the pattern. 220 a Find uy for n= 1,2, 3,4, 5, 6, and 7, bb Find a forma forthe general term un {© How many dots are needed to make up the 30th figure inthe pattern? 4 These diagrams represent the handshakes between two people (A and B), three people (A, B, and C), four people (A, B,C, and D), and so on +4) Self Tutor pe » i oe i a—e i Lnndshake ——Shandskes handshakes 10 handshakes Draw diagrams showing handshakes for 6 and 7 people When you are sure that you have counted them correctly, find the formula forthe ofthe sequence 1, 3, 6,10, © Suppose 179 delegates atend a conference. every person shakes hands with every other person how many handshakes take place? | ® Consider the sequence uy where: uy = 1x3 ty =1x342%5 | us =1X842x543x ty =1XS42K54+3X744x9 and soon, A Find the values of us, ua, ts, ti ts, and ty b Use the difference method to find a formula for Uy © Henc find the value of uso,468, 1 6 Consider the Oper ii Sequences (Cha ——Sraenees_ (Chanter a) Problem on page 457 ty = 1? 4 22 uy = 1? 4.27 4 it uy = 1? 422 & Find u, for n= 1,2, 3, 4,5, 6, and 7, b Use the difference © How many squares method (0 find a formula for up are contained in a 100 x 100 grid? | 7 Consider the pattern: a FA Be FEE Suppose un is the number of squares cont Find the val tained in the nth figure, sou 2 and w=642-8 Find a formuta for tu, ues of a, U4, ts, and up, © How many squares are contained in the 15th fig Activity The Fibonacci sequence Click on the icon to obtain tis Activity Review set 274 4 Write down a rute for the sequence, an 4 6, 10, 14, 18, 22, b 810, 270, 90, 30, 2 Draw the next two matchstick figures in the Patter, and write down the number of matehst used as a number sequence; id find its next two terms: ind the fist four terms of the sequence with nth tenn @ t= 6n—1 b =n? + 5n—2 4 a Write a formula forthe general term tg Hence find the general term uy forthe sequence 1 1,5,9,13, u be ib the © Find the 20th term for each of the sequences in b Of the sequence: 4, 8, 12, 16Sequences (Chapter 27) _ 5 Lis the first four terms ofthe geomet sequence defined by tin = 27x (3)" buy =5x (21 6 Write a formula for the general tem tin ofthe sequence: a 3, 12, 48, 192, b 88, -44, 22, 11, 7 Use the difference method to find the general term up of: 5, 12, 19, 26, 33, b -1, 6, 15, 26, 39, 54, 8 Consider the sequence of figures; Suppose tn is the number of triangles in the nth figure Pa Find u, for n=3, 4,5, bb Use the difference method to find a formula for uy | © How many triangles are in the 50th figure? so ur=1 snd uy 9 Consider the sequence 6, 24, 60, 120, 210, 336, B® Use the difference method to find a formula for the general term tin sequelen BP Seegest an atemative formula for un by considering tu = 1% 2x3, uy < vonex roel i Be ek niche leanalenta sete “ Sah hs baked a cake and wise 0 dive tino pss wing saih ne eu % P 2 | 1 @ CS Teut 2euts Bouts Suppose un is the maximum number of pieces which ean be made from nuts, s0 um = 2, up / and us = dd @ Find uy and us, ——- B Use the difference method to find a formula for ty © What isthe maximum number of pieces Sarah can make from 10 cuts? set 27B Mite down a rule forthe sequence, and find its next two terms ® 17, 12,7,2, b -2,4,-8,16, PAW the next two figures, and write down the numberof das used ss @ number sequence:& Find the first four terms ofthe sequence with nth term: @ in = ~dn 4-5 b n=(n42)(n—1) 4 & Wit a formula forthe genera tem ug fthe sequence: 16, 22, 28, 34, 1 Hence fn he genera term ty fo the soquens, 1 10, 16, 22,26, Find the 15h tern for each ofthe sequen & Write « formule for the genera term wy of the Sequence @ 2,5, 10, 17, 26, Baa a / Oe MEE A tre otc grata tien (ech by: Bt =5 x 30-1 B tin = 48 x (—1)” 7 Find formula for the mth term of the sequence: 4 4-12, 36, ~108, b 224,56, 14,53, i 8 Use the difference ‘method to find the general term u, of j | a 43, 34, 25, 7, b 4,12, 29, 34, 48, 9 Consider the sequence of figures -—— ro el alee @ Find uy for n= 3, 4,5, 6 | Use the difference method to find a formula for ty, © How many matches are in the 10th figure? 40 Consider the sequence of figures: N waif? tI the munber of resale present athe a figure, 50, = 0, wy = 1) a @ Show that wu = 15, ug and ug = 70, Use the difference method to show thet the number of rectangles forms « quart sequence} the form tn Sant +n + en? + cin 4.0 © Use technology to find the quartic rodel that Mts the data. Give the quartic in the form Ip GUST ORICE Gra inane GbodecQ