Python interpreter:

Interpreter: To execute a program in a high-level language by translating it one line ata time.
Compiler: To translate a program written in a high-level language into a low-level language all at once, in
preparation for later execution.

Compiler Interpreter

Compiler Takes Entire program as input Interpreter Takes Single instruction as input

No Intermediate is Object Code

Intermediate Object Code is Generated
Generated
Conditional Control Statements are Conditional Control Statements are
Executes faster Executes slower
Memory Requirement is More(Since Object Memory Requirement is Less
Code is Generated)
Program need not be compiled every time Every time higher level program is
converted into lower level program
Errors are displayed after entire program is checked Errors are displayed for every instruction
interpreted (if any)
Example : C Compiler Example : PYTHON

Modes of python interpreter:

Python Interpreter is a program that reads and executes Python code. It uses 2 modes of Execution.
1. Interactive mode
2. Script mode
Interactive mode:
❖ Interactive Mode, as the name suggests, allows us to interact with OS.
❖ When we type Python statement, interpreter displays the result(s) immediately.
Advantages:
❖ Python, in interactive mode, is good enough to learn, experiment or explore.
❖ Working in interactive mode is convenient for beginners and for testing small pieces of code.
Drawback:
❖ We cannot save the statements and have to retype all the statements once again to re-run them.
In interactive mode, you type Python programs and the interpreter displays the result:
>>> 1 + 1
2
The chevron, >>>, is the prompt the interpreter uses to indicate that it is ready for you to enter code. If you
type 1 + 1, the interpreter replies 2.
>>> print ('Hello, World!')
Hello, World!

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This is an example of a print statement. It displays a result on the screen. In this case, the result is the words.

Script mode:
In script mode, we type python program in a file and then use interpreter to execute the content of the
file.
Scripts can be saved to disk for future use. Python scripts have the
extension .py, meaning that the filename ends with.py
Save the code with filename.py and run the interpreter in script mode to execute the script.

Interactive mode Script mode

A way of using the Python interpreter by A way of using the Python interpreter to read and
typing commands and expressions at the prompt. execute statements in a script.

Can’t save and edit the code Can save and edit the code
If we want to experiment with the code, If we are very clear about the code, we can
we can use interactive mode. use script mode.
we cannot save the statements for further use and we we can save the statements for further use and we no
have to retype all the statements to re-run them. need to retype all the statements to re-run them.

We can see the results immediately. We can’t see the code immediately.

Integrated Development Learning Environment(IDLE):

Is a graphical user interface which is completely written in Python.
It is bundled with the default implementation of the python language and also comes with optional
part of the Python packaging.
Features of IDLE:
Multi-window text editor with syntax highlighting.
 Auto completion with smart indentation.
Python shell to display output with syntax highlighting.

2. VALUES AND DATATYPES

Value:
Value can be any letter, number or string.
Eg, Values are 2, 42.0, and 'Hello, World!'. (These values belong to different datatypes.)
Data type:
Every value in Python has a data type.
It is a set of values, and the allowable operations on those values.
Python has four standard data types:

Numbers:
❖ Number data type stores Numerical Values.
❖ This data type is immutable [i.e. values/items cannot be changed].
❖ Python supports integers, floating point numbers and complex numbers. They are defined as,

Sequence:
❖ A sequence is an ordered collection of items, indexed by positive integers.
❖ It is a combination of mutable (value can be changed) and immutable (values cannot be changed)
datatypes.

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 ❖ There are three types of sequence data type available in Python, they are
1. Strings
2. Lists
3. Tuples
Strings:
➢ A String in Python consists of a series or sequence of characters - letters, numbers, and special
characters.
➢ Strings are marked by quotes:
• Single quotes(' ') E.g., 'This a string in single quotes'
• double quotes(" ") E.g., "'This a string in double quotes'"
• triple quotes(""" """)E.g., """This is a paragraph. It is made up of multiple
lines and sentences."""
➢ Individual character in a string is accessed using a subscript(index).
➢ Characters can be accessed using indexing and slicing operations .Strings are
Immutable i.e the contents of the string cannot be changed after it is created.
Indexing:

• Positive indexing helps in accessing the string from the beginning

• Negative subscript helps in accessing the string from the end.
• Subscript 0 or –ven(where n is length of the string) displays the first element.
Example: A[0] or A[-5] will display “H”
• Subscript 1 or –ve (n-1) displays the second element.
Example: A[1] or A[-4] will display “E”
Operations on string:
i. Indexing
ii. Slicing
iii. Concatenation
iv. Repetitions
v. Membership
Creating a string >>> s="good morning" Creating the list with elements of different
data types.
Indexing >>>print(s[2]) ❖ Accessing the item in the
o position0
>>>print(s[6]) ❖ Accessing the item in the
o position2
Slicing( Ending >>>print(s[2:]) - Displaying items from 2ndtill
position -1) od morning last.

35
 st
Slice operator is used >>>print(s[:4]) - Displaying items from 1
to extract part of a Good
position till 3rd.
data
type

Concatenation >>>print(s+"friends") -Adding and printing the

good morning friends characters of two strings.

Repetition >>>print(s*2) Creates new strings,

good morning concatenating multiple copies of
the same string
good morning
in, not in (membership >>> s="good morning" Using membership operators to check a
operator) >>>"m" in s True particular character is in string or not.
>>> "a" not in s Returns true if present.
True

Lists
❖ List is an ordered sequence of items. Values in the list are called elements /items.
❖ It can be written as a list of comma-separated items (values) between square brackets[].
❖ Items in the lists can be of different datatypes.

Operations on list:
Indexing
Slicing
Concatenation
Repetitions
Updation, Insertion, Deletion

Creating a list >>>list1=["python", 7.79, 101, Creating the list with

"hello”] elements of different data
>>>list2=["god",6.78,9] types.
Indexing >>>print(list1[0]) python ❖ Accessing the item in the
>>>list1[2] position0
101 ❖ Accessing the item in the
position2

Slicing( ending >>>print(list1[1:3]) - Displaying items from 1st

position -1) [7.79, 101] till2nd.
Slice operator is used >>>print(list1[1:]) [7.79, 101, - Displaying items from 1st
to extract part of a 'hello'] position till last.
string, or some part of a
list
Python

Concatenation >>>print( list1+list2) -Adding and printing the

['python', 7.79, 101, 'hello', 'god', items of two lists.

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 6.78, 9]
Repetition >>>list2*3 Creates new strings, concatenating
['god', 6.78, 9, 'god', 6.78, 9, 'god', multiple
6.78, 9] copies of the same string
Updating the list >>>list1[2]=45 Updating the list using index value
>>>print( list1)
[‘python’, 7.79, 45, ‘hello’]
Inserting an element >>>list1.insert(2,"program") Inserting an element in 2ndposition
>>> print(list1)
['python', 7.79, 'program', 45,
'hello']
Removing an element >>>list1.remove(45) Removing an element by
>>> print(list1) giving the element directly
['python', 7.79, 'program', 'hello']

Tuple:
❖ A tuple is same as list, except that the set of elements is enclosed in parentheses
instead of square brackets.
❖ A tuple is an immutable list.i.e. once a tuple has been created, you can't add elements to a tuple or
remove elements from the tuple.
❖ Benefit of Tuple:
❖ Tuples are faster than lists.
❖ If the user wants to protect the data from accidental changes, tuple can be used.
❖ Tuples can be used as keys in dictionaries, while lists can't.

Basic Operations:
Creating a tuple >>>t=("python", 7.79, 101, Creating the tuple with elements
"hello”) of different data types.
Indexing >>>print(t[0]) python ❖ Accessing the item in the
>>>t[2] position0
101 ❖ Accessing the item in the
position2

Slicing( ending >>>print(t[1:3]) ❖ Displaying items from1st

position -1) (7.79, 101) till2nd.

Concatenation >>>t+("ram", 67) ❖ Adding tuple elements at

('python', 7.79, 101, 'hello', 'ram', the end of another tuple elements
67)

Repetition >>>print(t*2) ❖ Creates new strings,

('python', 7.79, 101, 'hello', concatenating multiple copies of the
'python', 7.79, 101, 'hello')
same string

Altering the tuple data type leads to error. Following error occurs when user tries to do.

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 >>>t[0]="a"
Trace back (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in < module>
Type Error: 'tuple' object does not support item assignment

Mapping
-This data type is unordered and mutable.
-Dictionaries fall under Mappings.
Dictionaries:
❖ Lists are ordered sets of objects, whereas dictionaries are unorderedsets.
❖ Dictionary is created by using curly brackets. i,e.{}
❖ Dictionaries are accessed via keys and not via their position.
❖ A dictionary is an associative array (also known as hashes). Any key of the dictionary is associated
(or mapped) to a value.
❖ The values of a dictionary can be any Python data type. So dictionaries are unordered key-value-
pairs(The association of a key and a value is called a key- value pair)
Dictionaries don't support the sequence operation of the sequence data types like strings, tuples and lists.

Creating a >>> food = {"ham":"yes", "egg" : Creating the dictionary with

dictionary "yes", "rate":450 } elements of different data
>>>print(food) types.
{'rate': 450, 'egg': 'yes', 'ham':
'yes'}
Indexing >>>>print(food["rate"]) Accessing the item with keys.
450
Slicing( ending >>>print(t[1:3]) Displaying items from 1st till 2nd.
position -1) (7.79, 101)

If you try to access a key which doesn't exist, you will get an error message:
>>>words = {"house" : "Haus", "cat":"Katze"}
>>>words["car"]
Traceback (most recent call last): File
"<stdin>", line 1, in <module>KeyError: 'car'

Data type Compile time Run time

int a=10 a=int(input(“enter a”))
float a=10.5 a=float(input(“enter a”))
string a=”panimalar” a=input(“enter a string”)
list a=[20,30,40,50] a=list(input(“enter a list”))
tuple a=(20,30,40,50) a=tuple(input(“enter a tuple”))

38
3.Variables,Keywords Expressions, Statements, Comments, Docstring ,Lines And Indentation,
Quotation In Python, Tuple Assignment:

VARIABLES:
❖ A variable allows us to store a value by assigning it to a name, which can be used later.
❖ Named memory locations to store values.
❖ Programmers generally choose names for their variables that are meaningful.
❖ It can be of any length. No space is allowed.
❖ We don't need to declare a variable before using it. In Python, we simply assign a value to a variable
and it will exist.

Assigning value to variable:

Value should be given on the right side of assignment operator(=) and variable on left side.
>>>counter =45
print (counter)

Assigning a single value to several variables simultaneously:

>>> a=b=c=100
Assigning multiple values to multiple variables:

>>>a,b,c=2,4,"ram"

KEYWORDS:
❖ Keywords are the reserved words in Python.
❖ We cannot use a keyword as name, function name or any other identifier.
❖ They are used to define the syntax and structure of the Python language.
❖ Keywords are case sensitive.

IDENTIFIERS:
Identifier is the name given to entities like class, functions, variables etc. in Python.
❖ Identifiers can be a combination of letters in lowercase (a to z) or uppercase (A to
Z) or digits (0 to 9) or an underscore (_).
 ❖ all are valid example.
❖ An identifier cannot start with a digit.
❖ Keywords cannot be used as identifiers.
❖ Cannot use special symbols like!, @, #, $, % etc. in our identifier.
❖ Identifier can be of any length.
Example:
Names like myClass, var_1, and this_is_a_long_variable

Valid declarations Invalid declarations

Num Number 1
Num num1
Num1 addition of program
_NUM 1Num
NUM_temp2 Num.no
IF if
Else else

STATEMENTS AND EXPRESSIONS:

Statements:
-Instructions that a Python interpreter can executes are called statements.
-A statement is a unit of code like creating a variable or displaying avalue.
>>> n = 17
>>>print (n)

Here, The first line is an assignment statement that gives a value to n. The second line is
a print statement that displays the value of n.
Expressions:
-An expression is a combination of values, variables, and operators.
- A value all by itself is considered an expression, and also a variable.
- So the following are all legal expressions:
>>> 42
42
>>> a=2
>>>a+3+2 7
>>> z=("hi"+"friend")
>>>print(z) hifriend

INPUT AND OUTPUT

INPUT: Input is data entered by user (end user) in the program. In python, input
() function is available for input.
Syntax for input() is:
variable = input (“data”)

40
Example:
>>> x=input("enter the name:")
enter the name:george
>>>y=int(input("enter the number"))
enter the number 3
#python accepts string as default data type. Conversion is required for type.

OUTPUT: Output can be displayed to the user using Print statement .

Syntax:
print (expression/ constant/ variable)
Example:
>>> print ("Hello")
Hello

COMMENTS:
A hash sign (#) is the beginning of a comment.
Anything written after # in a line is ignored by interpreter.
Eg: percentage = (minute * 100)/60 # calculating percentage of an hour
Python does not have multiple-line commenting feature. You have to comment each line
individually as follows:
Example:
# This is a comment.
# This is a comment, too.
# I said that already.

DOCSTRING:
Docstring is short for documentation string.
It is a string that occurs as the first statement in a module, function, class, or method definition. We
must write what a function/class does in the docstring.
Triple quotes are used while writing docstrings.
Syntax:
functionname doc. Example:
def double(num):
"""Function to double thevalue"""
return2*num
>>>print (double. doc ) Function to
double the value

LINES AND INDENTATION:

Most of the programming languages like C, C++, Java use braces { } to define a block of code. But,
python uses indentation.
Blocks of code are denoted by line indentation.
It is a space given to the block of codes for class and function definitions or flow control.

41
Example:
a=3 b=1
if a>b:
print("a is greater") else:
print("b is greater")

QUOTATION INPYTHON:
Python accepts single ('), double (") and triple (''' or """) quotes to denote string literals. Anything that is
represented using quotations are considered as string.

Single quotes(' ') Eg, 'This a string in single quotes'

double quotes(" ") Eg, "'This a string in double quotes'"
triple quotes(""" """) Eg, This is a paragraph. It is made up of multiple lines and
sentences."""

TUPLE ASSIGNMENT

An assignment to all of the elements in a tuple using a single assignment statement.

Python has a very powerful tuple assignment feature that allows a tuple of variables on the left of an
assignment to be assigned values from a tuple on the right of the assignment.
The left side is a tuple of variables; the right side is a tuple of values.
Each value is assigned to its respective variable.
All the expressions on the right side are evaluated before any of the assignments. This feature makes
tuple assignment quite versatile.
Naturally, the number of variables on the left and the number of values on the right have to be the
same.
>>>(a, b, c, d) = (1, 2, 3)
ValueError: need more than 3 values to unpack

Example:
-It is useful to swap the values of two variables. With conventional assignment statements, we have to use a
temporary variable. For example, to swap a and b:

Swap two numbers Output:

a=2;b=3
print(a,b) (2, 3)
temp = a (3, 2)
a=b >>>
b = temp
print(a,b)

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-Tuple assignment solves this problem neatly:

(a, b) = (b, a)

-One way to think of tuple assignment is as tuple packing/unpacking.

In tuple packing, the values on the left are ‘packed’ together in a tuple:

>>>b = ("George", 25,"20000") # tuplepacking

-In tuple unpacking, the values in a tuple on the right are ‘unpacked ‘into the variables/names on the
right:

>>>b = ("George", 25, "20000") # tuple packing

>>>(name, age, salary) =b # tupleunpacking
>>>name
'George'
>>>age
25
>>>salary
'20000'

-The right side can be any kind of sequence (string, list,tuple)

Example:
-To split an email address in to user name and a domain
>>>mailid='[email protected]'
>>>name,domain=mailid.split('@')
>>>print name god
>>> print (domain) abc.org

4.OPERATORS:
Operators are the constructs which can manipulate the value of operands.
Consider the expression 4 + 5 = 9. Here, 4 and 5 are called operands and + is called operator
Types of Operators:
-Python language supports the following types of operators
• Arithmetic Operators
• Comparison (Relational)Operators
• Assignment Operators
• Logical Operators
• Bitwise Operators
• Membership Operators
• Identity Operators

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Arithmetic operators:
They are used to perform mathematical operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication etc.
Assume, a=10 and b=5

Operator Description Example

+ Addition Adds values on either side of the operator. a + b = 30

- Subtraction Subtracts right hand operand from left hand a – b = -10

operand.

* Multiplication Multiplies values on either side of the operator a * b = 200

/ Division Divides left hand operand by right hand operand b/a=2

% Modulus Divides left hand operand by right hand operand and returns b%a=0
remainder

** Exponent Performs exponential (power) calculation on a**b =10 to the

operators power 20

// Floor Division - The division of operands where the result is the 5//2=2
quotient in which the digits after the decimal point are removed

Examples Output:
a=10 a+b=15
b=5 a-b= 5
print("a+b=",a+b) a*b= 50
print("a-b=",a-b)
a/b= 2.0
print("a*b=",a*b)
print("a/b=",a/b) a%b=0
print("a%b=",a%b) a//b=2
print("a//b=",a//b) a**b= 100000
print("a**b=",a**b)

Comparison (Relational)Operators:
• Comparison operators are used to compare values.
• It either returns True or False according to the condition. Assume, a=10 and b=5

Operator Description Example

== If the values of two operands are equal, then the condition (a == b) is

44
 becomes true. not true.

!= If values of two operands are not equal, then condition becomes true. (a!=b) is
true

> If the value of left operand is greater than the value of right operand, then (a > b) is not
condition becomes true. true.

< If the value of left operand is less than the value of right operand, then (a < b) is true.
condition becomes true.

>= If the value of left operand is greater than or equal to the value of right (a >= b) is not
operand, then condition becomes true. true.

<= If the value of left operand is less than or equal to the value of right (a <= b) is
operand, then condition becomes true. true.

Example
Output: a>b=>
a=10 True a>b=>
b=5 False a==b=>
print("a>b=>",a>b) False a!=b=>
print("a>b=>",a<b) True a>=b=>
print("a==b=>",a==b) False a>=b=>
print("a!=b=>",a!=b) True
print("a>=b=>",a<=b)
print("a>=b=>",a>=b)

Assignment Operators:
-Assignment operators are used in Python to assign values to variables.
Operator Description Example

= Assigns values from right side operands to left side operand c=a+b
assigns value
of a + b into c

+= Add AND It adds right operand to the left operand and assign the result to c += a is
leftoperand equivalent to c
=c+a

-= Subtract It subtracts right operand from the left operand and assign the result c -= a is
AND to left operand equivalent to c
= c -a

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*= Multiply It multiplies right operand with the left operand and assign the c *= a is
AND result to left operand equivalent to c
= c *a

/= Divide It divides left operand with the right operand and assign the result c /= a is
AND to left operand equivalent to c
= c /ac
/= a is
equivalent to c
= c /a

%= Modulus It takes modulus using two operands and assign the result to left c %= a is
AND operand equivalent to c
=c%a

**= Exponent Performs exponential (power) calculation on c **= a is

AND operators and assign value to the left operand equivalent to c
= c ** a

//= Floor It performs floor division on operators and assign value to the left c //= a is
Division operand equivalent to c
= c // a

Example Output
a =21 Line 1 - Value of c is 31
b =10 Line 2 - Value of c is 52
Line 3 - Value of c is 1092
c=0
Line 4 - Value of c is 52.0
c=a+b Line 5 - Value of c is2
print("Line 1 - Value of c is ",c) Line 6 - Value of c is 2097152
c += a Line 7 - Value of c is99864
print("Line 2 - Value of c is ", c)
c *= a
print("Line 3 - Value of c is ",c)
c /= a
print("Line 4 - Value of c is ", c)
c=2
c %=a
print("Line 5 - Value of c is ",c)
c **= a
print("Line 6 - Value of c is ",c)
c //= a
print ("Line 7 - Value of c is ", c)

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Logical Operators:
-Logical operators are the and, or, not operators.

Example Output
a = True x and y is False
b = False x or y is True
print('a and b is', a and b) not x is False
print('a or b is' ,a or b)
print('not a is', not a)

Bitwise Operators:
• A bitwise operation operates on one or more bit patterns at the level of individual bits
Example: Let x = 10 (0000 1010 in binary)and
y = 4 (0000 0100 in binary)

Example Output
a = 60 # 60 = 0011 1100 Line 1 - Value of c is 12
b = 13 # 13 = 0000 1101 Line 2 - Value of c is 61
c=0 Line 3 - Value of c is 49
c = a & b; # 12 = 0000 1100 Line 4 - Value of c is-61
print "Line 1 - Value of c is ", c Line 5 - Value of c is 240
c = a|b; # 61 = 00111101 Line 6 - Value of c is 15
print "Line 2 - Value of c is ", c
c = a^b; # 49 = 00110001
print "Line 3 - Value of c is ", c
c =~a; # -61 = 11000011

47
print "Line 4 - Value of c is ", c
c = a<<2; # 240 = 11110000
print "Line 5 - Value of c is ", c
c = a>>2; # 15 = 00001111
print "Line 6 - Value of c is ", c

Membership Operators:

❖ Evaluates to find a value or a variable is in the specified sequence of string, list, tuple, dictionary or
not.
❖ Let, x=[5,3,6,4,1]. To check particular item in list or not, in and not in operators areused.

Example:
x=[5,3,6,4,1]
>>>5 in x
True
>>>5 not in x
False

Identity Operators:
i) They are used to check if two values (or variables) are located on the same partof the
memory.

Example
Output
x =5
False
y =5 True
x2 = 'Hello'
y2= 'Hello'
print(x1 is not y1)
print(x2 is y2)

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5.OPERATOR PRECEDENCE:
When an expression contains more than one operator, the order of evaluation
depends on the order of operations.

Operator Description

** Exponentiation (raise to the power)

~+- Complement, unary plus and minus (method names for the
last two are +@ and -@)

* / % // Multiply, divide, modulo and floor division

+- Addition and subtraction

>><< Right and left bitwise shift

& Bitwise 'AND'

^| Bitwise exclusive `OR' and regular `OR'

<= <>>= Comparison operators

<> == != Equality operators

= %= /= //= -= += *= **= Assignment operators

is is not Identity operators

in not in Membership operators

not or and Logical operators

-For mathematical operators, Python follows mathematical convention.

-The acronym PEMDAS (Parentheses, Exponentiation, Multiplication, Division, Addition, Subtraction) is a
useful way to remember the rules:
ii) Parentheses have the highest precedence and can be used to force an expression to evaluate in the
order you want. Since expressions in parentheses are evaluated first, 2 * (3-1)is 4, and (1+1)**(5-2)
is8.
• You can also use parentheses to make an expression easier to read,asin(minute
* 100) / 60, even if it doesn’t change the result.
• Exponentiation has the next highest precedence, so 1 + 2**3 is 9, not 27, and2
*3**2 is 18, not 36.
• Multiplication and Division have higher precedence than Addition and Subtraction. So 2*3-1 is 5,
not 4, and 6+4/2 is 8, not5.
• Operators with the same precedence are evaluated from left to right (except exponentiation).

49
Examples:

a=9-12/3+3*2-1 A=2*3+4%5-3/2+6
a=? A=6+4%5-3/2+6 find m=?
a=9-4+3*2-1 A=6+4-3/2+6 m=-43||8&&0||-2
a=9-4+6-1 A=6+4- 1+6 m=- 43||0||-2
a=5+6-1 A=10-1+6 m=1||-2
a=11-1 A=9+6 A=15 m=1
a=10

6.Functions, Function Definition And Use, Function call, Flow Of Execution, Function Prototypes,
Parameters And Arguments, Return statement, Arguments types, Modules

FUNCTIONS:
➢ Function is a sub program which consists of set of instructions used to perform a specific task.
A large program is divided into basic building blocks called function.

Need For Function:

• When the program is too complex and large they are divided into parts. Each part is separately
coded and combined into single program. Each subprogram is called as function.
• Debugging, Testing and maintenance becomes easy when the program is divided into
subprograms.
• Functions are used to avoid rewriting same code again and again in a program.
• Function provides code re-usability
• The length of the program is reduced.

Types of function:
Functions can be classified into two categories:
iii) user defined function
iv) Built in function
i) Built in functions
• Built in functions are the functions that are already created and stored inpython.
• These built in functions are always available for usage and accessed by a programmer. It cannot be
modified.

50
Built in function Description

>>>max(3,4) 4 # returns largest element

>>>min(3,4) 3 # returns smallest element

>>>len("hello") 5 #returns length of an object

>>>range(2,8,1) [2, #returns range of given values

3, 4, 5, 6, 7]
>>>round(7.8) 8.0 #returns rounded integer of the given number

>>>chr(5) #returns a character (a string) from an integer

\x05'
>>>float(5) #returns float number from string or integer
5.0
>>>int(5.0) 5 # returns integer from string or float

>>>pow(3,5) 243 #returns power of given number

>>>type( 5.6) #returns data type of object to which it belongs

<type 'float'>
>>>t=tuple([4,6.0,7]) # to create tuple of items from list
(4, 6.0, 7)
>>>print("good morning") # displays the given object
Good morning
>>>input("enter name:") # reads and returns the given string
enter name : George

ii) User Defined Functions:

• User defined functions are the functions that programmers create for their requirement anduse.
• These functions can then be combined to form module which can be used in other programs by
importing them.
• Advantages of user defined functions:
• Programmers working on large project can divide the workload by making different functions.
• If repeated code occurs in a program, function can be used to include those codes and execute
when needed by calling that function.

Function definition: (Sub program)

• def keyword is used to define a function.
• Give the function name after def keyword followed by parentheses in which arguments are given.
• End with colon (:)
• Inside the function add the program statements to be executed
• End with or without return statement

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Syntax:
def fun_name(Parameter1,Parameter2…Parameter n): statement1
statement2…
statement n return[expression]

Example:
def my_add(a,b):
c=a+b
return c

Function Calling: (Main Function)

➢ Once we have defined a function, we can call it from another function, program or even the
Pythonprompt.
➢ To call a function we simply type the function name with appropriate arguments.
Example:
x=5
y=4
my_add(x,y)

Flow of Execution:

•
The order in which statements are executed is called the flow of execution
•
Execution always begins at the first statement of the program.
•
Statements are executed one at a time, in order, from top to bottom.
• Function definitions do not alter the flow of execution of the program, but remember that statements
inside the function are not executed until the function is called.
• Function calls are like a bypass in the flow of execution. Instead of going to the next statement, the
flow jumps to the first line of the called function, executes all the statements there, and then comes
back to pick up where it left off.
Note: When you read a program, don’t read from top to bottom. Instead, follow the flow of execution. This
means that you will read the def statements as you are scanning from top to bottom, but you should skip the
statements of the function definition until you reach a point where that function is called.

Function Prototypes:

i. Function without arguments and without return type

ii. Function with arguments and without return type
iii. Function without arguments and with return type
iv. Function with arguments and with return type

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 i) Function without arguments and without return type
o In this type no argument is passed through the function call and no output is return to main
function
o The sub function will read the input values perform the operation and print the result in the
same block
ii) Function with arguments and without return type
o Arguments are passed through the function call but output is not return to the main function
iii) Function without arguments and with return type
o In this type no argument is passed through the function call but output is return to the main
function.
iv) Function with arguments and with return type
o In this type arguments are passed through the function call and output is return to the main
function
Without Return Type
Without argument With argument

def add(): def add(a,b):

a=int(input("enter a")) c=a+b
b=int(input("enter b")) print(c)
c=a+b a=int(input("enter a"))
print(c) b=int(input("enter b"))
add() add(a,b)

OUTPUT: OUTPUT:
enter a 5 enter a 5
enter b 10 enter b 10
15 15

With return type

Without argument With argument
def add(): def add(a,b):
a=int(input("enter a")) c=a+b
b=int(input("enterb")) return c
a=int(input("enter a"))
c=a+b
b=int(input("enter b"))
return c c=add(a,b)
c=add() print(c)
print(c)

OUTPUT: OUTPUT:
enter a 5 enter a 5
enter b 10 enter b 10
15 15

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 Parameters And Arguments:
Parameters:
• Parameters are the value(s) provided in the parenthesis when we write function header.
• These are the values required by function to work.
• If there is more than one value required, all of them will be listed in parameter list separated by
comma.
• Example: defmy_add(a,b):
Arguments :
• Arguments are the value(s) provided in function call/invoke statement.
• List of arguments should be supplied in same way as parameters are listed.
• Bounding of parameters to arguments is done 1:1, and so there should be same number and type of
arguments as mentioned in parameter list.
• Example:my_add(x,y)
RETURN STATEMENT:
• The return statement is used to exit a function and go back to the place from where it was called.
• If the return statement has no arguments, then it will not return any values. But exits from function.
Syntax:
return[expression]

Example:
def my_add(a,b):
c=a+b
return c
x=5
y=4
print(my_add(x,y))
Output:
9

ARGUMENT TYPES:
1. Required Arguments
2. Keyword Arguments
3. Default Arguments
4. Variable length Arguments

Required Arguments :The number of arguments in the function call should match exactly with
the function definition.

def my_details( name, age ):

print("Name: ", name)
print("Age: ", age)
return
my_details("george",56)

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 Output:
Name: george
Age: 56

Keyword Arguments:
Python interpreter is able to use the keywords provided to match the values with parameters even though
if they are arranged in out of order.

defmy_details( name, age ):

print("Name: ", name)
print("Age: ", age)
return
my_details(age=56,name="george")

Output:
Name: George
Age: 56

DefaultArguments:
Assumes a default value if a value is not provided in the function call for that argument.
defmy_details( name, age=40 ):
print("Name: ", name)
print("Age: ", age)
return
my_details(name="george")

Output:
Name:george
Age: 40

Variable lengthArguments
If we want to specify more arguments than specified while defining the function, variable length
arguments are used. It is denoted by * symbol before parameter.

def my_details(*name ):
print(*name)
my_details("rajan","rahul","micheal", ärjun")

Output:
rajanrahulmichealärjun

7. MODULES:
➢ A module is a file containing Python definitions ,functions, statements and instructions.
➢ Standard library of Python is extended as modules.
➢ To use these modules in a program, programmer needs to import the module.

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 ➢ Once we import a module, we can reference or use to any of its functions or variables in our code.
• There is large number of standard modules also available in python.
• Standard modules can be imported the same way as we import our user- defined
modules.
• Every module contains many functions.
• To access one of the function , you have to specify the name of the module and the name
of the function separated by dot .This format is called dot notation.
Syntax:
import
module_namemodule_name.function_name(variable)
Importing Builtin Module: Importing User Defined Module:
import math x=math.sqrt(25) import calx=cal.add(5,4)
print(x) print(x)

Built-in python modules are,

1.math– mathematical functions:
some of the functions in math module is,
math.ceil(x) - Return the ceiling of x, the smallest integer greater
 than or equal to x
math. floor(x) - Return the floor of x, the largest integer less than or equal to x.
math. factorial(x)-Return x factorial.
math.gcd(x,y)-Return the greatest common divisor of the integers a and b
math.sqrt(x)- Return the square root of x
math.pi - The mathematical constant π = 3.141592
math.e – returns The mathematical constant e = 2.718281

2 .random-Generate pseudo-random numbers

random.randrange(stop) random.randrange(start, stop[,
step]) random.uniform(a, b)
-Return a random floating point number

8.ILLUSTRATIVE PROGRAMS

Program for SWAPPING(Exchanging )of Output

values
a = int(input("Enter a value ")) Enter a value 5
b = int(input("Enter b value")) Enter b value 8
c=a a=8
a=b b=5
b =c
print("a=",a,"b=",b,)

Program to find distance between twopoints Output

import math enter x17

x1=int(input("enter x1")) enter y16
y1=int(input("enter y1"))
enter x25
x2=int(input("enter x2"))
y2=int(input("enter y2")) enter y27
distance =math.sqrt((x2-x1)**2)+((y2- y1)**2) 2.5
print(distance)

Program to circulate n numbers Output:

a=list(input("enter the list")) enter the list '1234'

print(a) ['1', '2', '3', '4']

for i in range(1,len(a),1): ['2', '3', '4', '1']
print(a[i:]+a[:i]) ['3', '4', '1', '2']
['4', '1', '2', '3']
2marks:
1. What is Python?
Python is a general-purpose interpreted, interactive, object-oriented, and high-
level programming language.

2. Enlist some features of python.

❖ Easy-to-learn.
❖ Easy-to-maintain.
❖ Portable
❖ Interpreted
❖ Extensible
❖ Free and Open Source
❖ High Level Language

3. What is IDLE?
Integrated Development Learning Environment (IDLE) is a graphical user interface which
is completely written in Python. It is bundled with the default implementation of the python language and
also comes with optional part of the Python packaging.
4. Differentiate between interactive and script mode.

Interactive mode Script mode

A way of using the Python interpreter by A way of using the Python interpreter to read and
typing commands and expressions at the execute statements in a script.
prompt.
Cant save and edit the code Can save and edit the code
we cannot save the statements for further we can save the statements for further use and we
use and we have to retype no need to retype
all the statements to re-run them. all the statements to re-run them.
We can see the results immediately. We cant see the code immediately.

5. What are keywords? Give examples.

❖ Keywords are the reserved words in Python.
❖ We cannot use a keyword as variable name, function name or any other identifier.
❖ They are used to define the syntax and structure of the Python language.
❖ Keywords are case sensitive.

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6. What is a tuple?
❖ A tuple is same as list, except that the set of elements is enclosed in parentheses
instead of square brackets.
❖ A tuple is an immutable list.i.e. once a tuple has been created, you can't add elements to a tuple or
remove elements from the tuple.

7. Outline the logic to swap the contents of two identifiers without using third variable.
Swap two numbers Output:
a=2;b=3
print(a,b) (2, 3)
a = a+b (3, 2)
b= a-b >>>
a= a-b
print(a,b)

8. State about logical operators available in python with example.

Logical operators are “ and, or, not” operators.

Example Output

a = True a and b is False

b = False a or b is True
print('a and b is',a and b) not a is False
print('a or b is',a or b)
print('not a is',not a)

9. What are the needs used for Function?

• When the program is too complex and large they are divided into parts. Each part is
separately coded and combined into single program. Each subprogram is called as function.
• Debugging, Testing and maintenance becomes easy when the program is divided into
subprograms.
• Functions are used to avoid rewriting same code again and again in a program.
• Function provides code re-usability
• The length of the program is reduced.

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10. What is return statement?
The return statement is used to exit a function and go back to the place from
where it was called. If the return statement has no arguments, then it will not return any
values. But exits from function.

Syntax:
return[expression]

11. What are the types of arguments?

• Required Arguments
• Keyword Arguments
• Default Arguments
• Variable length Arguments

12. Define a module.

A module is a file containing Python definitions, functions, statements and
instructions. Standard library of Python is extended as modules. To use these
modules in a program, programmer needs to import the module.

13. What is meant by interpreter?

An interpreter is a computer program that executes instructions written in a programming language. It
can either execute the source code directly or translate the source code in a first step into a more efficient
representation and executes this code.

14. What is a local variable?

A variable defined inside a function. A local variable can only be used inside its function.

15. What is meant by traceback?

A list of the functions that tells us what program file the error occurred in, and what line, and what
functions were executing at the time. It also shows the line of code that caused the error.

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61
 UNIT III
CONTROL FLOW, FUNCTIONS
Conditionals: Boolean values and operators, conditional (if), alternative (if-else),chained conditional (if-elif-
else); Iteration: state, while, for, break, continue, pass; Fruitful functions: return values, parameters, scope:
local and global, composition ,recursion; Strings: string slices, immutability, string functions and methods, string
module; Lists as arrays. Illustrative programs: square root, gcd, exponentiation, sum the array of n\ umbers, linear
search, binary search.

1) Conditional Statements
• Conditional if
• Alternative if… else
• Chained if…elif…else
• Nested if….else

Conditional (if):
conditional (if) is used to test a condition, if the condition is true the statements inside if will be
executed.
syntax:

Flowchart:

Program to provide bonus mark if the category is output

Sports
m=eval(input(“enter ur mark out of 100”)) enter ur mark out of 100
c=input(“enter ur categery G/S”) 85
if(c==”S”): enter ur categery G/S
m=m+5 S
print(“mark is”,m) mark is 90

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