Solved Anna University Problems

(NOV/DEC 2010 - NOV/DEC 2019)

EC8651-Transmission Lines and RF

Systems
UNIT 1 - TRANSMISSION LINE THEORY
 UNIT 1 - TRANSMISSION LINE THEORY
PROBLEMS

1. Find the characteristic impedance of a line at 1600Hz if Z OC = 750∠-30° Ω

and Z SC = 600∠-20° Ω. [EC6503-NOV/DEC 2019](2 Marks), [EC6503-
NOV/DEC 2016](2 Marks), [EC6503-APR/MAY 2019](2 Marks)
Solution:
Given: f= 1600 Hz, Z OC = 750∠-30° Ω, Z SC = 600∠-20° Ω
Z O = Z OC × Z SC

Z O = 750 ∠ − 30  × 600 ∠ − 20 

Z O = 670.82 ∠-25° Ω
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2. The following measurement are made on a 25km line at a frequency of 796
Hz. Z SC = 3220∠-79.29° Ω, Z OC = 1301∠76.67° Ω. Determine the primary
constants of the line. [EC2305-NOV/DEC 2014](10 Marks)
Solution:
Given: l=25Km, f=796Km, Z SC = 3220∠-79.29° Ω, Z OC = 1301∠76.67° Ω
Z O = Z OC × Z SC

Z o = 1301 ∠76.67  × 3220 ∠ − 79.29 

Z O = 2046.76 ∠-1.31°
Z SC
tanh γ =
Z OC

3220∠ − 79.29 
tanh γ =
1301∠76.67 
e 2γ − 1
tanh γ = = 1.5732 ∠ − 77.98 
2γ
e +1
e 2γ − 1
= 0.3276 − j1.5387
e 2γ + 1

(
e 2γ − 1 = (0.3276 − j1.5387 ) e 2γ + 1 )
e 2γ − 1 = 0.3276 × e 2γ + 0.3276 − j1.5387 × e 2γ − j1.5387

e 2γ [1 − 0.3276 + j1.5387] = 1 + 0.3276 − j1.5387

e 2γ [0.6724 + j1.5387] = 1.3276 − j1.5387

 1.3276 − j1.5387
e 2γ =
0.6724 + j1.5387
e 2γ = − 0.5231 − j1.0914 = 1.2103∠ − 115.61
[ ]
2γ = ln 1.2103∠ − 115.61

γ = ln[1.2103∠ − 115.61 ]
1 
2
Mathematically, ln[a∠b] = ln a+j b

γ=
1
2
[
ln(1.2103) + j − 115.61 ]
1  − 115.61 
α + jβ = ln 1.2103 + j 
2  2 
 
1
α= ln 1.2103 = 0.0954 Nepers / Km
2
α = 0.0954 Np/Km
 − 115.61 
β=   = −57.81 / Km = 1.009 rad / Km
 2 
 
β = 1.009 rad/Km
γ=α+jβ = 0.0954+j1.009 = 1.0135∠84.599°

To find Primary Constants:

R+jωL = Z o P = 2046.76 ∠-1.31°x 1.0135∠84.599°
= 242.42+j2060.18
Comparing real and imaginary terms,
R = 242.42 ohms/Km
ωL = 2060.18
2060.18
L= = 0.41213 H / Km
4998.88
L=0.41213 H/Km
Similarly,
P 1.0135∠84.599 
G + jωC = =
Z o 2046.76∠ − 1.31

G + jωC = 3.533 × 10 −5 + j4.939 × 10 −4

Comparing real and imaginary terms,
G = 3.533x10-5 mho/Km
ωC = 2.3365x10-5
 4.939 × 10 −4
C= = 98.8 nF / Km
4998.88
C = 98.8 nF/Km
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. A transmission line has Z o = 745∠-12° Ω and is terminated in Z R =100Ω.
Calculate reflection factor. [EC6503-APR/MAY 2017](2 Marks)
Solution:
Given: Z o = 745∠-12° Ω, Z R =100Ω
2 ZR ZO 
Reflection Factor, k =  
 Z R + Z O 
 2 100 × 745∠ − 12  
Reflection Factor, k =  
 100 + 745∠ − 12



 545.894 ∠ − 6  
Reflection Factor, k =   
 843.07∠ − 10.587 
Reflection Factor = 0.6475∠4.587°
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4. A transmission line has Z o = 745∠-12° Ω and is terminated in Z R =100Ω.
Calculate reflection loss in dB. [EC2305-APR/MAY 2011](2 Marks)
Solution:
Given: Z o = 745∠-12° Ω, Z R =100Ω
 1 
Reflection loss in dB = 20 log   dB
| k |
2 ZR ZO 
Reflection Factor, k =  
 Z R + Z O 
 2 100 × 745∠ − 12  
Reflection Factor, k =  
 100 + 745∠ − 12



 545.894 ∠ − 6  
Reflection Factor, k =   
 843.07∠ − 10.587 
Reflection Factor = 0.6475∠4.587°
 1 
Reflection loss in dB = 20 log   dB
 0.6475 
Reflection loss in dB = 3.7752 dB
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5. A transmission line has a characteristic impedance of 400 Ω and is
terminated by a load impedance of (650-j475) Ω. Determine the reflection
coefficient. [EC2305-NOV/DEC 2013](2 Marks)
Solution:
Given: Z O = 400 Ω, Z R = (650-j475) Ω
Z − Z O (650 − j 475 ) − 400 250 − j475
K= R = =
Z R + Z O (650 − j 475 ) + 400 1050 − j475
K = 0.3675 − j0.2861 = 0.4658∠ − 37.9 
K = 0.4658∠-37.9°
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6. A transmission line has a characteristic impedance of 600 Ω. Determine
magnitude of reflection coefficient if the receiving end impedance is (650-j475)
Ω. [EC2305-NOV/DEC 2013](2 Marks)
Solution:
Given: Z O = 600 Ω, Z R = (650-j475) Ω
Z − Z O (650 − j 475 ) − 600 50 − j475
K= R = =
Z R + Z O (650 − j 475 ) + 600 1250 − j475
K = 0.1611 − j0.3188 = 0.3571∠ − 63.18 
K = 0.3571∠-63.18°
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7. A transmission line has a characteristic impedance of 300 Ω and is
terminated in a load impedance of (150-j150) Ω. Determine the reflection
coefficient. [EC2305-APR/MAY 2014](2 Marks)
Solution:
Given: Z O = 300 Ω, Z R = (150-j150) Ω
Z − Z O (150 − j150 ) − 300 − 150 − j150
K= R = =
Z R + Z O (150 − j150 ) + 300 450 − j150
K = −0.2 − j0.4 = 0.4472∠ − 116.57 
K = 0.4472∠-116.57°
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
8. Find the reflection coefficient of a 50 ohm line when it is terminated by a
load impedance of 60+j 40 ohm. [EC6503-NOV/DEC 2015](2 Marks),
[EC2305-NOV/DEC 2015](2 Marks)[EC2305-APR/MAY 2013](2 Marks)
Solution:
Given: Z O = 50 Ω, Z R = (60+j40) Ω
 Z R − Z O (60 + j 40) − 50 10 + j40
K= = =
Z R + Z O (60 + j 40) + 50 110 + j40
K = 0.197 + j0.29197 = 0.3523∠55.98 
K = 0.3523∠55.98°
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
9. The constant of a transmission line are R=6Ω/Km, L=2.2mH/Km,
C=0.005µF/Km and G=0.25x10-3 mho/Km, Calculate the characteristic
impedance, attenuation constant and phase constant at 1000 Hz.
[EC6503-NOV/DEC 2019](6 Marks) [EC6503-APR/MAY 2019](6 Marks),
[EC2305-APR/MAY 2014](8 Marks)
Solution:
Given: R=6Ω/Km, L=2.2mH/Km, C=0.005µF/Km and G=0.25x10-3 mho/Km,
f=1000 Hz
ω = 2πf = 2x3.14x1000 = 6280
The characteristic impedance is given by,
R + jωL
Zo =
G + jωC

6 + j(6280 )(2.2 × 10 −3 )
Zo =
0.25 × 10 −3 + j(6280 )(0.005 × 10 −6 )

6 + j13.816 15.063∠66.526 
Zo = =
0.25 × 10 −3 + j3.14 × 10 −5 2.52 × 10 −4 ∠7.159 
3.881
Zo = ∠(66.526  − 7.159  ) / 2
0.0159
Z o = 244.088 ∠29.68°
The propagation constant is given by,
P=γ= (R + jωL )(G + jωC )
P=γ= (6 + j(6280)(2.2 × 10 )) × (0.25 × 10 + j(6280)(0.005 × 10 ))
−3 −3 −6

P=γ= (6 + j13.816) × (0.25 × 10 + j3.14 × 10 )

−3 −5

P = γ = 15.063∠66.526  × 2.52 × 10 −4 ∠7.159 

P = γ = 15.063 × 2.52 × 10 −4 ∠(7.159  + 66.526  )

P=γ = α+jβ = 0.0616 ∠36.843° (Or) 0.0493+j0.0369

attenuation constant, α = 0.0493
and phase constant, β = 0.0369
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
10. A transmission line has a characteristic impedance of (683-j138) ohm. the
propagation constant is (0.0074+j0.0356) per Km. Determine the values of R
and L of this line if the frequency is 1000Hz.
[EC2305-APR/MAY 2014](6 Marks)
Solution:
Given: Z o = 683-j138Ω, γ=P= 0.0074+j0.0356, f=1000Hz
ω = 2πf = 2 x 3.14 x 1000 = 6280
R+jωL = Z o P = (683-j138) x ( 0.0074+j0.0356)
= 9.967+j23.2936
Comparing real and imaginary terms,
R = 9.967 ohms/Km
ωL = 23.2936
23.2936
L= = 3.7092m H / Km
6280
L=3.7092 mH/Km
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
11. A Communication line has L=3.67 mH/Km, G=0.08x10-6 mho/Km,
C=0.0083 µF/Km and R=10.4 Ω/Km. Determine the characteristic impedance,
propagation constant, phase constant, velocity of propagation, sending end
current and receiving end current for a given frequency f=1000 Hz. sending
end voltage is 1V and transmission line length is 100Kms.
[EC6503-NOV/DEC 2016] (16 Marks) [EC6503-APR/MAY 2018](13 Marks)
Solution:
Given: E s = 1V, f=1000 Hz, l=100 Km, R=10.4 Ω/Km, L = 0.00367H/Km, G
=0.08x10-6 mho/Km, C = 0.0083 µF/Km
ω = 2πf = 2x3.14x1000 = 6280
The characteristic impedance is given by,
Z R + jωL
Zo = =
Y G + jωC

Z = R+jωL = 10.4 + j(6280)(.00367) = 25.285∠65.71°

Y = G+jωC = 0.08x10-6 +j(6280)(0.0083x10-6) = 5.212x10-5∠89.91°

25.285∠65.71
Zo =
5.212 × 10 − 5 ∠89.91
5.028
Zo = ∠(65.71 − 89.91 ) / 2
−3
7.2194 × 10
Z o = 696.46 ∠-12.1° Ω
The propagation constant is given by,
P = γ = ZY = (R + jωL )(G + jωC )
P = γ = 25.285∠65.71 × 5.212 × 10 − 5 ∠89.91

P = γ = 1.319 × 10 − 3 ∠(65.71 + 89.91 )

P=γ = α+jβ = 0.0363 ∠77.81° (Or) 7.6649x10-3+j0.0355

attenuation constant, α = 7.6649x10-3 Np/Km
and phase constant, β = 0.0355 rad/Km
The velocity of propagation is given by,
ω
vp =
β
6280
vp = = 1.769 × 105 Km / sec
0.0355
2π 2π
λ= = = 176.99 m
β 0.0355
NOTE: Z R value is not given in the question. so, assume the line is perfectly
matched line to proceed further. i.e., Z R =Z O , Z S =Z O
Eg Eg
IS = =
Z g + Z in Z g + Z S
1
IS = = 1.4358 × 10 − 3 ∠12.1 A

0 + 696.46∠ − 12.1

I S = 1.4358x10-3 ∠12.1°
We know that,

I=
IR  ZR + Zo


 e ZYs
−
(Z R − Z o ) e − ZYs 

2  Z0  (Z R + Z o ) 
At sending end, s=l, and put K=0, because Z R = Z O .
ZY l
IS = IR e
IR = IS e − ZY l

( -3
)
e − ZYl = e − γl = e - 7.6649×10 + j0.0355 ×100 = e − 0.76649 ∠203.4

e − ZYl = 0.4646 ∠203.4

∴ IR = 1.4358 × 10 −3 ∠12.1 × 0.4646∠203.4
I R = 6.671x10-4∠-144.5° A
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
12. A Parallel wire transmission line is having the following line parameters at
5 KHz. Series resistance (R = 2.59x10-3 Ω /m), Series inductance (L = 2µH/m),
shunt conductance (G = 0 Ω /m) and capacitance between conductors (C =
5.56 pF/m). Find the characteristic impedance, attenuation constant (α
Np/m), Phase shift constant (β rad/m), velocity of propagation and wavelength.
[EC6503-NOV/DEC 2015](10 Marks), [EC2305-NOV/DEC 2015](10 Marks)
Solution:
Given: f=5KHz, R = 2.59x10-3 Ω/m, L = 2µH/m, G = 0 mho/m, C = 5.56 pF/m
ω = 2πf = 2x3.14x5000 = 31400
The characteristic impedance is given by,
Z R + jωL
Zo = =
Y G + jωC

Z = R+jωL = 2.59x10-3 + j(31400)(2x10-6) = 0.0629∠87.64°

Y = G+jωC = j(31400)(5.56x10-12) = 1.746x10-7∠90°

0.0629∠87.64 
Zo =
1.746 × 10 − 7 ∠90 
0.2508
Zo = ∠(87.64  − 90  ) / 2
−4
4.1785 × 10
Z o = 600.21 ∠-1.18° Ω
The propagation constant is given by,
P = γ = ZY = (R + jωL )(G + jωC )
P = γ = 0.0629∠87.64  × 1.746 × 10 − 7 ∠90 

P = γ = 1.09823 × 10 − 8 ∠(87.64  + 90  )

P=γ = α+jβ = 1.048x10-4 ∠88.82° (Or) 2.1582x10-6+j1.04778x10-4

attenuation constant, α = 2.158x10-6 Np/m
and phase constant, β = 104.778x10-6 rad/m
The velocity of propagation is given by,
ω
vp =
β
31400
vp = = 2.997 × 10 8 m / sec
−6
104.778 x10
2π 2π
λ= = = 59.94 × 10 3 m
β 104.778 × 10 − 6
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
13. A 2 meter long transmission line with characteristics impedance of 60+j 40
ohm is operating at ω = 106 rad / sec has attenuation constant of 0.921 Np/m
and phase shift constant of 0 rad /m. If the line is terminated by a load of
20+j50 ohm, determine the input impedance of this line.
[EC6503-NOV/DEC 2015](6 Marks), [EC6503-APR/MAY 2017](8 Marks),
[EC2305-NOV/DEC 2015](6 Marks), [EC2305-APR/MAY 2019](8 Marks)
Solution:
Given: l = 2m, Z O = 60+j 40Ω, ω = 106 rad/sec, α= 0.921 Np/m, β= 0 rad /m,
Z R = 20+j50 Ω
Reflection Coefficient, K
ZR − ZO
K=
ZR + ZO
(20 + j50) − (60 + j40)
K= = − 0.1586 + j0.30345 = 0.3424 ∠117.6 
(20 + j50) + (60 + j40)
K=0.3424∠117.6°
e γl = e(α + jβ)l = e αl ∠βl = e(0.921)(2)∠(0)(2)

e γl = e1.842
eγl = 6.3091 ∠0°
e − γl = e −(α + jβ)l = e −αl ∠ − βl = e −(0.921)(2)∠ − (0)(2)

e − γl = e −1.842
e-γl = 0.1585 ∠0°
 e γl + Ke − γl 
Z s = Z o  γl − γl 
 e − Ke 
 6.3091 + (0.3424 ∠ 117.6  )(0.1585 ) 
Z s = 72.11 ∠33.69   
 6.3091 − (0.3424 ∠ 117.6  )(0.1585 ) 
 
  6.3091 + 0.0543 ∠ 117.6

Z s = 72.11 ∠33.69  

 6.3091 − 0.0543 ∠ 117.6 
 6.284 ∠ 0.4387  
Z s = 72.11 ∠33.69   
 6.3344 ∠ − 0.4353  

{
Z s = 72.11 ∠33.69  0.9920∠0.8740  }
Z S = 71.54∠34.56° Ω
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
14. A generator of 1V, 1000 Hz, supplies power to a 100 Km open wire line
terminated in Z O and having following parameters R = 10.4 ohm per Km, L =
0.00367 Henry per Km, G = 0.8 × 10 −6 mho per Km, C = 0.00835 µF per Km.
Calculate Z o , α, β, λ, v. also find the received power.
[EC6503-MAY/JUN 2016](16 Marks), [EC6503-APR/MAY 2016](16 Marks),
[EC6503-APR/MAY 2015](16 Marks)
Solution:
Given: E g = 1V, f=1000 Hz, l=100 Km, when Z R = Z O then Z S = Z O , R=10.4
Ω/Km, L = 0.00367H/Km, G =0.8x10-6 mho/Km, C = 0.00835 µF/Km
ω = 2πf = 2x3.14x1000 = 6280
The characteristic impedance is given by,
Z R + jωL
Zo = =
Y G + jωC

Z = R+jωL = 10.4 + j(6280)(.00367) = 25.285∠65.71°

Y = G+jωC = 0.8x10-6 +j(6280)(0.00835x10-6) = 5.244x10-5∠89.13°

25.285∠65.71
Zo =
5.244 × 10 − 5 ∠89.13
5.028
Zo = ∠(65.71 − 89.13 )/ 2
−3
7.24 × 10
Z o = 694.48 ∠-11.71° Ω
The propagation constant is given by,
P = γ = ZY = (R + jωL )(G + jωC )
P = γ = 25.285∠65.71 × 5.244 × 10 − 5 ∠89.13

P = γ = 1.326 × 10 − 3 ∠(65.71 + 89.13 )

P=γ = α+jβ = 0.0364 ∠77.42° (Or) 7.928x10-3+j0.0355

attenuation constant, α = 7.928x10-3 Np/Km
and phase constant, β = 0.0355 rad/Km
The velocity of propagation is given by,
ω
vp =
β
6280
vp = = 1.769 × 105 Km / sec
0.0355
2π 2π
λ= = = 176.99 m
β 0.0355
 Eg Eg
IS = =
Z g + Z in Zg + ZS
1
IS = = 1.4399 × 10 − 3 ∠11.71 A

0 + 694.48∠ − 11.71

I S = 1.4399x10-3 ∠11.71°
ES = IS x ZS
E S = 1.4399x10-3 ∠11.71° x (694.48∠-11.71°)
ES = 1 V
We know that,

I=
IR  ZR + Zo


 e ZYs
−
(Z R − Z o ) e − ZYs 

2  Z0  (Z R + Z o ) 
At sending end, s=l, and put K=0, because Z R = Z O .
ZY l
IS = IR e
IR = IS e − ZY l

-3
( )
e − ZYl = e − γl = e- 7.928×10 + j0.0355 ×100 = e − 0.7928 ∠203.4

e − ZYl = 0.4526 ∠203.4

∴ I R = 1.4399 × 10 −3 ∠11.71 × 0.4526∠203.4 
I R = 6.517x10-4∠-144.89°
E R = I R x Z R = 6.517x10-4∠-144.89° x (694.48∠-11.71°)
E R = 0.4526∠-156.6° V
P S = |E S |. |I S |.cos (E S ^ I S )
P S = 1 x 1.4399x 10-3 x cos (11.71)
P S = 1.4099x10-3 W
and P R = |E R |. |I R |.cos (E R ^ I R )
P R = 0.4526 x 6.517x10-4 cos(-11.71)
P R = 0.28882x10-3 W
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
15. A generator of 1V, 1000 cycles, supplies power to a 100 mile open wire line
terminated in Z O and having following parameters: Series resistance R = 10.4
ohm/ mile, Series inductance L = 0.00367 H/mile, Shunt conductance G = 0.8
x 10-6 mho/ mile, and capacitance between conductors C = 0.00835 µF/mile.
Find the characteristic impedance, Propagation constant, attenuation
constant, phase shift constant, velocity of propagation and wavelength.
[EC6503-APR/MAY 2017](6 Marks)
Solution:
Given: E g = 1V, f=1000 cycles = 1000 Hz, l=100 mile, when Z R = Z O then Z S =
Z O , R=10.4 Ω/ mile, L = 0.00367H/ mile, G =0.8x10-6 mho/ mile, C = 0.00835
µF/ mile
ω = 2πf = 2x3.14x1000 = 6280
The characteristic impedance is given by,
Z R + jωL
Zo = =
Y G + jωC

Z = R+jωL = 10.4 + j(6280)(0.00367) = 25.285∠65.71°

Y = G+jωC = 0.8x10-6 +j(6280)(0.00835x10-6) = 5.244x10-5∠89.13°

25.285∠65.71
Zo =
5.244 × 10 − 5 ∠89.13
5.028
Zo = ∠(65.71 − 89.13 )/ 2
−3
7.24 × 10
Z o = 694.48 ∠-11.71° Ω
The propagation constant is given by,
P = γ = ZY = (R + jωL )(G + jωC )
P = γ = 25.285∠65.71 × 5.244 × 10 − 5 ∠89.13

P = γ = 1.326 × 10 − 3 ∠(65.71 + 89.13 )

P=γ = α+jβ = 0.0364 ∠77.42° (Or) 7.928x10-3+j0.0355

attenuation constant, α = 7.928x10-3 Np/Km
and phase constant, β = 0.0355 rad/Km
The velocity of propagation is given by,
ω
vp =
β
6280
vp = = 1.769 × 105 Km / sec
0.0355
2π 2π
λ= = = 176.99 m
β 0.0355
16. A generator of 1V, 1KHz, supplies power to a 100 Km open wire line
terminated in 200 Ω resistance. The line parameters are R = 10 Ω/Km, L =
3.8mH/Km, G =1x10-6 mho/Km, C = 0.0085 µF/Km. Calculate Z o , α, β, λ, v.
also find the received power. [EC2305-NOV/DEC 2018](16 Marks)
Solution:
Given: E g = 1V, f=1000 Hz, l=100 Km, Z R =200 Ω, R=10 Ω/Km, L =
3.8mH/Km, G =1x10-6 mho/Km, C = 0.0085 µF/Km
ω = 2πf = 2x3.14x1000 = 6280
The characteristic impedance is given by,
Z R + jωL
Zo = =
Y G + jωC

Z = R+jωL = 10 + j(6280)(3.8x10-3) = 25.87∠67.26°

Y = G+jωC = 1x10-6 +j(6280)(0.0085x10-6) = 5.339x10-5∠88.93°

25.87∠67.26
Zo =
5.339 × 10 −5 ∠88.93
5.086
Zo = ∠(67.26 − 88.93 ) / 2
7.307 × 10 − 3

Z o = 696.06 ∠-10.84° Ω
The propagation constant is given by,
P = γ = ZY = (R + jωL )(G + jωC )
P = γ = 25.87∠67.26 × 5.339 × 10 −5 ∠88.93

P = γ = 1.3812 × 10 − 3 ∠(67.26 + 88.93 )

P=γ = α+jβ = 0.03716 ∠78.095° (Or) 7.6657x10-3+j0.03636

attenuation constant, α = 7.6657x10-3 Np/Km
and phase constant, β = 0.03636 rad/Km
The velocity of propagation is given by,
ω
vp =
β
6280
vp = = 1.727 × 105 Km / sec
0.03636
2π 2π
λ= = = 172.72 m
β 0.03636
Reflection Coefficient, K
ZR − ZO
K=
ZR + ZO
 200 − 696.06∠ − 10.84
K= = − 0.557 + j0.0656 = 0.5609 ∠173.28 
200 + 696.06∠ − 10.84 

K=0.5609∠173.28°
−3
e γl = e(α + jβ)l = e αl ∠βl = e(7.6657 ×10 )(100 )
∠(0.03636)(100 )
−3
e γl = e(7.6657 ×10 )(100 )
∠(0.03636)(100 ) rad
eγl = e0.76657 ∠208.3°
eγl = 2.1524 ∠208.3°
−3
e − γl = e − (α + jβ)l = e − αl ∠ − βl = e − (7.6657 ×10 )(100 )
∠ − (0.03636)(100 )
−3
e − γl = e − (7.6657 ×10 )(100 )
∠ − (0.03636)(100 ) rad
e-γl = e-0.76657 ∠-208.3°
e-γl = 0.4646 ∠-208.3°
 e γl + Ke − γl 
Z s = Z o  γl − γl 
 e − Ke 
 
+ (0.5609 ∠173.28 )(0.4646 ∠ − 208.3 )
  2.1524∠208.3
Z s = 696.06 ∠ − 10.84  
 2.1524∠208.3 − (0.5609 ∠173.28  )(0.4646 ∠ − 208.3 ) 
 2.1524∠208.3 + 0.2606 ∠ − 35.02 
Z s = 696.06∠ − 10.84  
 2.1524∠208.3 − 0.2606 ∠ − 35.02 
 2.0487∠ − 145.17  
Z s = 696.06 ∠ − 10.84  
 2.2813∠ − 157.56 

Z S = 696.06 ∠-10.84° x 0.8980∠12.39°

Z S = 625.08∠1.548°
Eg Eg
IS = =
Z g + Z in Z g + Z S
1
IS = = 1.5992 × 10 − 3 ∠ − 1.548  A

0 + 625.08∠1.548

I S = 1.5992x10-3 ∠-1.548°
ES = IS x ZS
E S = 1.5992x10-3 ∠-1.548° x 625.08 ∠1.548°
E S = 1∠-3.4484x10-4 V
We know that,

I=
IR  ZR + Zo


 e ZYs
−
(Z R − Z o ) e − ZYs 

2  Z0  (Z R + Z o ) 
At sending end, s=l, as s is measured from the receiving end.
IS =
IR
2
 ZR + Zo


[
 e ZYl
− K e− ZYl
]
 Z0 
Z R + Z O = 893.28∠-8.427°
Ke√ZYl = 0.5609∠173.28° x 2.1524 ∠208.3°
Ke√ZYl = 1.2073∠21.58°
I
1.5992x10 -3 ∠ - 1.548  = R
2
 893.28 ∠ - 8.427 

 696.06 ∠ - 10.84 
[

 2.1524∠208.3 − 1.2073∠21.58 

]
 
I
(
1.5992x10 -3 ∠ - 1.548  = R 1.2833∠2.413 3.354∠ − 154.11
2
)[ ]
1.5992x10 -3 ∠ - 1.548  = IR × 2.1523∠ − 151.70 
I R = 7.43x10-4∠150.15°
E R = I R x Z R = 7.43x10-4∠150.15° x 200 = 0.1486∠150.153°
E R = 0.1486∠150.15° V
P S = |E S |. |I S |.cos (E S ^ I S )
P S = 1 x 1.5992 x 10-3 x cos (-1.5477)
P S = 1.5986 x 10-3 W
and P R = |E R |. |I R |.cos (E R ^ I R )
P R = 0.1486 x 7.43x10-4 cos(0)
P R = 0.1486 x 7.43x10-4 W
P R = 1.1041x10-4 W
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
17. A generator of 1V, 1KHz, supplies power to a 100 Km open wire line
terminated in 200 Ω resistance. The line parameters are R = 10 Ω/Km, L =
3.8mH/Km, G =1x10-6 mho/Km, C = 0.0085 µF/Km. Calculate the
impedance, reflection coefficient, power and transmission efficiency.
[EC2305-APR/MAY 2011](16 Marks)
Solution:
Given: E g = 1V, f=1000 Hz, l=100 Km, Z R =200 Ω, R=10 Ω/Km, L =
3.8mH/Km, G =1x10-6 mho/Km, C = 0.0085 µF/Km
ω = 2πf = 2x3.14x1000 = 6280
The characteristic impedance is given by,
Z R + jωL
Zo = =
Y G + jωC

Z = R+jωL = 10 + j(6280)(3.8x10-3) = 25.87∠67.26°

Y = G+jωC = 1x10-6 +j(6280)(0.0085x10-6) = 5.339x10-5∠88.93°
 25.87∠67.26
Zo =
5.339 × 10 −5 ∠88.93
5.086
Zo = ∠(67.26 − 88.93 ) / 2
7.307 × 10 − 3

Z o = 696.06 ∠-10.84° Ω
The propagation constant is given by,
P = γ = ZY = (R + jωL )(G + jωC )
P = γ = 25.87∠67.26 × 5.339 × 10 −5 ∠88.93

P = γ = 1.3812 × 10 − 3 ∠(67.26 + 88.93 )

P=γ = α+jβ = 0.03716 ∠78.095° (Or) 7.6657x10-3+j0.03636

attenuation constant, α = 7.6657x10-3 Np/Km
and phase constant, β = 0.03636 rad/Km
Reflection Coefficient, K
ZR − ZO
K=
ZR + ZO
200 − 696.06∠ − 10.84
K= = − 0.557 + j0.0656 = 0.5609 ∠173.28 
200 + 696.06∠ − 10.84
K=0.5609∠173.28°
−3
e γl = e(α + jβ)l = e αl ∠βl = e(7.6657 ×10 )(100 )
∠(0.03636)(100 )
−3
e γl = e(7.6657 ×10 )(100 )
∠(0.03636)(100 ) rad
eγl = e0.76657 ∠208.3°
eγl = 2.1524 ∠208.3°
−3
e − γl = e − (α + jβ)l = e − αl ∠ − βl = e − (7.6657 ×10 )(100 )
∠ − (0.03636)(100 )
−3
e − γl = e − (7.6657 ×10 )(100 )
∠ − (0.03636)(100 ) rad
e-γl = e-0.76657 ∠-208.3°
e-γl = 0.4646 ∠-208.3°
 e γl + Ke − γl 
Z s = Z o  γl − γl 
 e − Ke 
 2.1524∠208.3 + (0.5609 ∠173.28 )(0.4646 ∠ − 208.3 )
Z s = 696.06 ∠ − 10.84  
 2.1524∠208.3 − (0.5609 ∠173.28  )(0.4646 ∠ − 208.3 ) 
 2.1524∠208.3 + 0.2606 ∠ − 35.02 
Z s = 696.06∠ − 10.84  
 2.1524∠208.3 − 0.2606 ∠ − 35.02 
  2.0487∠ − 145.17  
Z s = 696.06 ∠ − 10.84  
 2.2813∠ − 157.56 

Z S = 696.06 ∠-10.84° x 0.8980∠12.39°

Z S = 625.08∠1.548°
Eg Eg
IS = =
Z g + Z in Z g + Z S
1
IS = = 1.5992 × 10 − 3 ∠ − 1.548  A

0 + 625.08∠1.548

I S = 1.5992x10-3 ∠-1.548°
ES = IS x ZS
E S = 1.5992x10-3 ∠-1.548° x 625.08 ∠1.548°
E S = 1∠-3.4484x10-4 V
We know that,

I=
IR  ZR + Zo


 e ZYs
−
(Z R − Z o ) e − ZYs 

2  Z0  (Z R + Z o ) 
At sending end, s=l, as s is measured from the receiving end.

IS =
IR
2
 ZR + Zo


[
 e ZYl
− K e− ZYl
]
 Z0 
Z R + Z O = 893.28∠-8.427°
Ke√ZYl = 0.5609∠173.28° x 2.1524 ∠208.3°
Ke√ZYl = 1.2073∠21.58°

1.5992x10 -3 I
∠ - 1.548 = R
2

 893.28 ∠ - 8.427 

 696.06 ∠ - 10.84 
[

 2.1524∠208.3 − 1.2073∠21.58 

]
 
I
(
1.5992x10 -3 ∠ - 1.548  = R 1.2833∠2.413 3.354∠ − 154.11
2
)[ ]
1.5992x10 -3 ∠ - 1.548  = IR × 2.1523∠ − 151.70 
I R = 7.43x10-4∠150.15°
E R = I R x Z R = 7.43x10-4∠150.15° x 200 = 0.1486∠150.153°
E R = 0.1486∠150.15° V
P S = |E S |. |I S |.cos (E S ^ I S )
P S = 1 x 1.5992 x 10-3 x cos (-1.5477)
P S = 1.5986 x 10-3 W
and P R = |E R |. |I R |.cos (E R ^ I R )
P R = 0.1486 x 7.43x10-4 cos(0)
P R = 0.1486 x 7.43x10-4 W
P R = 1.1041x10-4 W
PR
Transmission Efficiency, η = × 100
PS

1.1041x10 −4
η= ×100
1.5986 × 10 − 3
η = 6.907 %
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
18. A telephone cable 64 km long has a resistance of 13 Ω/km and a
capacitance of 0.008 µf /km. Calculate the attenuation constant, velocity and
wavelength of the line at 1000 Hz.
[EC2305-NOV/DEC 2016](6 Marks), [EC2305-MAY/JUN 2015](6 Marks),
[EC2305-APR/MAY/JUN 2016](4 Marks)
Solution:
Given: l=64Km, R=13 Ω/km, C=0.008 µf /km, f=1000 Hz
ω = 2πf = 2x3.14x1000 = 6280
The characteristic impedance is given by,
R + jωL
Zo =
G + jωC
13
Zo =
j(6280 )(0.008 × 10 − 6 )

13 13∠0 
Zo = =
j5.024 × 10 −5 5.024 × 10 −5 ∠90 
3.61
Zo = −3
∠(0  − 90  ) / 2
7.088 × 10
Z o = 509.31 ∠-45°
The propagation constant is given by,
P=γ= (R + jωL )(G + jωC )
P=γ= (13) × ( j(6280)(0.008 × 10 −6 ))
P = γ = 13 × j5.024 × 10 −5

P = γ = 6.5312 × 10 −4 ∠90 

P=γ = α+jβ = 25.56x10-3 ∠45° (Or) 0.01807+j0.01807

attenuation constant, α = 0.01807 Np/Km
and phase constant, β = 0.01807 rad/Km
The velocity of propagation is given by,
 ω
vp =
β
6280
vp = = 3.48 × 10 5 Km / sec
0.01807
2π 2π
λ= = = 347.54 m
β .01807
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
19. A transmission line has L = 10 mH/m, C = 10 -7 F/m, R = 20 Ω/m and
 5000 
G =10 -5 mho/m. Find the input impedance at a frequency of   Hz, if the
 2π 
line is very long. [EC2305-NOV/DEC 2013] (6 Marks)
Solution:
Given: L = 10 mH/m, C = 10 -7 F/m, R = 20 Ω/m and G =10 -5 mho/m,
 5000 
f= 
 2π 
 5000 
ω = 2πf = 2π x   = 5000
 2π 
The characteristic impedance is given by,
R + jωL
Zo =
G + jωC

20 + j(5000 )(10 × 10 −3 )
Zo =
10 −5 + j(5000 )(10 × 10 −7 )

20 + j50 53.85∠68.199 
Zo = =
10 −5 + j5 × 10 −4 5.0 × 10 −4 ∠88.85 
7.338
Zo = ∠(68.199  − 88.85  ) / 2
0.0224
Z o = 327.59 ∠-10.33° Ω
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
20. The characteristic impedance of a uniform transmission line is 2309.6
ohms at a frequency of 800 Hz. At this frequency, the propagation constant is
0.054(0.0366+j0.99). Determine R and L.
[EC2305-NOV/DEC 2013] (6 Marks), [EC2305-NOV/DEC 2010] (6 Marks)
Solution:
Given: Z o =2309.6 Ω , f=800Hz, P=γ=0.054(0.0366+j0.99) = 0.054∠87.9°
ω = 2πf = 2 x 3.14 x 800 = 5024
R=jωL = Z o P = 2309.6 x 0.054∠87.9°
= 4.57+j124.63
Comparing real and imaginary terms,
R = 4.57 ohms/Km
ωL = 124.63
124.63
L= = 0.0248 H /Km (Or ) 24.8mH /Km
5024
L=24.8 mH/Km
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
21. A transmission line has the following per unit length parameters: L=0.1μ
H, R=5Ω, C=300pF and G= 0.01mhos. Calculate the propagation constant and
characteristic impedance at 500 MHz. [EC2305-NOV/DEC 2010] (8 Marks)
Solution:
Given: f=500MHz, R = 5 Ω, L = 0.1µH, G = 0.01 mho, C = 300 pF
ω = 2πf = 2x3.14x500x106 = 3140x106
The characteristic impedance is given by,
Z R + jωL
Zo = =
Y G + jωC

Z = R+jωL = 5 + j(3140x106)(0.1x10-6) = 314.04∠89.09°

Y = G+jωC = 0.01+ j(3140x106)(300x10-12) = 0.9421∠89.39°

314.04∠89.09 
Zo =
0.9421∠89.39 
17.721
Zo = ∠(89.09  − 89.39  ) / 2
0.9706
Z o = 18.258 ∠-0.15° Ω
The propagation constant is given by,
P = γ = ZY = (R + jωL )(G + jωC )
P = γ = 314.04∠89.09  × 0.9421∠89.39 

P = γ = 295.86∠(89.09  + 89.39  )

P=γ = α+jβ = 17.2 ∠89.24° (Or) 0.2281+j17.198

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
22. A transmission line has the following constants R = 10.4 Ω/km, L = 3.666
mH/km, G = 0.08 x 10-6 mho/km and C = 0.00835 µF/km. Calculate its
characteristic impedance, attenuation, phase constant and phase velocity.
[EC2305-MAY/JUN 2012](8 Marks)
Solution:
Given: R = 10.4 Ω/km, L = 3.666 mH/km, G = 0.08 x 10-6 mho/km and C =
0.00835 µF/km
Let f =1000 Hz,
ω = 2πf = 2x3.14x1000 = 6280
The characteristic impedance is given by,
Z R + jωL
Zo = =
Y G + jωC

Z = R+jωL = 10.4 + j(6280)(3.666x10-3) = 25.263∠65.69°

Y = G+jωC = 0.08x10-6+ j(6280)(0.00835x10-6) = 5.244x10-5∠89.91°

25.263∠65.69 
Zo =
5.244 x10 − 5 ∠89.91
5.0262
Zo = ∠(65.69  − 89.91 ) / 2
−3
7.242 × 10
Z o = 694.08 ∠-12.11° Ω
The propagation constant is given by,
P = γ = ZY = (R + jωL )(G + jωC )
P = γ = 25.263∠65.69  × 5.244 × 10 − 5 ∠89.91

P = γ = 1.3248 × 10 − 3 ∠(65.69  + 89.91 )

P=γ = α+jβ = 0.0364 ∠77.8° (Or) 7.6922x10-3+j0.0356

attenuation constant, α = 7.6922x10-3 Np/Km
phase constant, β = 0.0356 rad/Km
ω
Phase Velocity, v p = = 6280 = 1.76 × 105 Km / sec
β 0.0356
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
23. A telephone line has R=6Ω/Km, L=2.2mH/Km, C=0.005µF/Km and
G=0.05x10-6 mho/Km. Determine the characteristic impedance and
propagation constant at 1 KHz. [EC2305-APR/MAY 2016] (6 Marks)
Solution:
Given: R = 6 Ω/km, L = 2.2 mH/km, G = 0.05 x 10-6 mho/km and C = 0.005
µF/km, f =1000 Hz,
ω = 2πf = 2x3.14x1000 = 6280
The characteristic impedance is given by,
Z R + jωL
Zo = =
Y G + jωC

Z = R+jωL = 6 + j(6280)(2.2x10-3) = 15.063∠66.53°

Y = G+jωC = 0.05x10-6+ j(6280)(0.005x10-6) = 3.14x10-5∠89.91°

15.063∠66.53
Zo =
3.14x10 −5 ∠89.91
3.881
Zo = ∠(66.53 − 89.91 ) / 2
5.604 × 10 − 3
Z o = 692.59 ∠-11.69° Ω
The propagation constant is given by,
P = γ = ZY = (R + jωL )(G + jωC )
P = γ = 15.063∠66.53 × 3.14 × 10 −5 ∠89.91

P = γ = 0.473 × 10 − 3 ∠(66.53 + 89.91 )

P=γ = α+jβ = 0.0217 ∠78.22° (Or) 4.43x10-3+j0.0212

attenuation constant, α = 4.43x10-3 Np/Km
phase constant, β = 0.0212 rad/Km
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
24. A cable has the following parameters: R=48.75 ohm/Km, L=1.09mH/Km,
G=38.75µmho/Km, C=0.059 µF/Km. Determine the characteristic impedance,
propagation constant and wavelength for a source of f=1600Hz and E s =1V.
[EC2305-APR/MAY 2013](6 Marks)
Solution:
Given: R=48.75 ohm/Km, L=1.09mH/Km, G=38.75µmho/Km, C=0.059
µF/Km
ω = 2πf = 2x3.14x1600 = 10048
The characteristic impedance is given by,
 Z R + jωL
Zo = =
Y G + jωC

Z = R+jωL = 48.75 + j(10048)(1.09x10-3) = 49.965∠12.66°

Y = G+jωC = 38.75x10-6 +j(10048)(0.059x10-6) = 5.941x10-4∠86.26°

49.965∠12.66 
Zo =
5.941 × 10 − 4 ∠86.26 
7.069
Zo = ∠(12.66  − 86.26  ) / 2
0.0244
Z o = 290.02 ∠-36.8° Ω
The propagation constant is given by,
P = γ = ZY = (R + jωL )(G + jωC )
P = γ = 49.965∠12.66  × 5.941 × 10 − 4 ∠86.26 

P = γ = 0.02968∠(12.66  + 86.26  )

P=γ = α+jβ = 0.1723 ∠49.46° (Or) 0.112+j0.131

attenuation constant, α = 0.112 Np/Km
and phase constant, β = 0.131 rad/Km
Wavelength is given by,
2π 2π
λ= = = 47.96 m
β 0.131

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------