Facaley Of Engineering at Shobra 2° Upase Cunt - 2016 Chapter 7 FLOW THROUGH PIPES 7-1 Friction Losses of Head in Pipes 7-2 Secondary Losses of Head in Pipes 48 7-3 Flow through Pipe Systems 7-1 Friction Losses of Head in Pipes: There are many types of losses of head for flowing liquids such as friction, inlet and outlet losses. The major loss is that due to frictional resistance of the pipe, which depends on the inside roughness of the pipe. The common formula for calculating the loss of head due to friction is Darcy's one. Da formula jon loss of head: For a flowing liquid, water in general, through a pipe, the horizontal forces on water between two sections (1) and (2) are: P}A=P2A+FR arene 1 Direction P= Pressure intensity at (1). offing A= Cross sectional area of pipe. ————<¥— P= Pressure intensity at (2). FR= Frictional Resistance at (2). Friction along Wall Fluid Flow ———"+ Fr/yA=(P1/y)-(P2/ 7) =he Friction along Wall Where, he = Loss of pressure head due to friction. += Specific gravity of water. It is found experimentally thai Filald Machantes, COE 244 Dy. Alan Et-HasekFacaley Of Engineering at Shobra 2° Upase Cunt - 2016 FR = Factor x Wetted Area x Velocity” FR=(yf/2g)x(adL)xv Where, _ f= Friction coefficient. d= Diameter of pipe. L = Length of pipe. 49 he= (y f/2g)x (nd L)xv2= 4f£*L* v y(n d2 /4) d*2g he= 4fLv2 2ed It may be substituted for [v = Q / (n d2 /4)] in the last equation to get the head loss for a known discharge. ‘Thus, b= 32 fLQ2 mgd Note: In American practice and references, 4 =f american = 4 f Example A pipe 1 m diameter and 15 km long transmits water of velocity of 1 m/sec. The friction coefficient of pipe is 0.005. Calculate the head loss due to friction? Solution hp= 4fL v2 2gd ht= — 4x0.005x15000x 12. = 15.29 m “2x98Ixl | Filald Machantes, COE 244 Dy. Alan Et-HasekFacaley Of Engineering at Shobra 2° Upase Cunt - 2016 The Darcy — Weisbach equation relates the head loss (or pressure loss) due to friction along a given length of a pipe to the average velocity of the fluid flow for an incompressible fluid. The friction coefficient f(or 4 = 4 f) is not a constant and depends on the parameters of the pipe and the velocity of the fluid flow, but it is known to high accuracy within certain flow regimes. For given conditions, it may be evaluated using various empirical or theoretical relations, or it may be obtained from published charts. R, (Reynolds Number) is a dimensionless number. R.=pvd H For pipes, Laminar flow, R, < 2000 Transitional flow, 2000 < R. < 4000 Turbulent flow, R. > 4000 For laminar flow, Poiseuille law, (f = 64/Re) where Re is the Reynolds number . For turbulent flow, Methods for finding the friction coefficient f include using a diagram such as the Moody chart, or solving equations such as the Colebrook—White equation. Also, a variety of empirical equations valid only for certain flow regimes such as the Hazen — Williams equation, which is significantly easier to use in calculations. However, the generality of Darcy — Weisbach equation has made it the preferred one. The only difference of (hg) between laminar and turbulent flows is the empirical value of (1) Filald Machantes, COE 244 Dy. Alan Et-Hasek 50Facaley Of Engineering at Shobra 2° Upase Cunt - 2016 Introducing the concept of smooth and rough pipes, as shown in Moody chart, 1) For laminar flow, f= 16 / Re 51 2) For transitional flow, pipes' flow lies outside this region. 3) For smooth turbulent (a limiting line of turbulent flow), all values of relative roughness (k,/d) tend toward this line as R decreases. Blasius o2s equation: f= 0.079 / Re 4 For transitional turbulent, it is the region where (f) varies with both (k/d) & (R.). Most pipes lie in this region. 5 For rough turbulent, (£) is constant for given (k,/d) and is independent of Ro). Doing a large number of experiments for the turbulent region for commercial pipes, Colebrook-White established the equation: 1 J 1.26 = =—4+logy)} —— + = Vf 3.7ld Ref This equation is easily solved employing Moody chart. Filald Machantes, COE 244 Dy. Alan Et-HasekFaculty Of Engineering at Shebra vas [are tow FT | a ta tee ee ton tater F Drown ting” 8.0018 ae 2? Gear Cloth - 2046 cere tes Gh on 52 Relate rughowss Kiet Soa pe TiS tt omens "et Moody Chart 4=4 f & values of k, are provided by pipe manufactures. Pipe Material K, mm Brass, Copper, Glass 0.003 Asbestos Cement 0.03, Iron 0.06 Galvanised Iron 0.15 Plastic 0.03 Bitumen-tined Ductile Iron 0.03 Concrete-lined Ductile Iron 0.03, Filald Machantes, COE 244Facaley Of Engineering at Shobra 2° Upase Cunt - 2016 Example 2: Water flows in a steel pipe (d = 40 mm, k = 0.045x10° m, 1 = 0.001 k/ms) with a rate of 1 lit/s. 53 Determine the friction coefficient and the head loss due to friction per meter length of the pipe using: 1- Moody chart? 2- Smooth pipe formula? Solution v=Q/A=0.001 / (1 (0.04)*/4) = 0.796 m/s R.= p vd/H= (1000x0.796x0.04) / 0.001 = 31840 > 4000 -. Turbulent flow. 1. Moody chart: k/d = 0.045x10" / 0.04 = 0.0011 & Re=31840 from the chart, £= 0.0065 he= 4 fLy? = 4x0.0065x1x(0.796)2 = 0.0209 m/m of pipe 2ed 2x9.81x0.04 2. Smooth pipe (Blasius equation): f= 0.079 / R.°?5 = 0.079 / (31840) = 0.0059 he= 4 fLy? = 4x0.0059x1x(0.796)2 = 0.02 m/ m of pipe 2ed 2x9.81x0.04 Filald Machantes, COE 244 Dy. Alan Et-HasekFacaley Of Engineering at Shobra 2° Upase Cunt - 2016 Another Solution: ‘Moody ston fetr caution is mobile device rendy as of January 29,2014 Select Calculation: | Click to Calculate © Circular Dust: Enter D and Q Kinematic viscosity, v (L2T):L0E-6 ) Circular Duct: Enter D and V Surface Roughness, ¢ (L): ) Circular Dust: Enter D and Re Duct Diameter, D (L): 0. ‘Non-circular Duet: Enter A. P, and Q Duet area, A (12): (.0012566371 circular Duct: Enter A, P, and V Dut Pesimeter.P (L): (12566371 Nonecircular Duct: Enter A. P.andRe Velocity, V (LT) joresrrar2 © 2014 LMNO Engineering Discharge. Q (4): 0.001 Research, and Software, Ltd Reynolds Nome: a ntp://wwweLMNOeng.com eD: pone {Initial Vatues | Moody Frietion Factor, f foosiies A ¥D 64 oo = — fork fay for Ree 210%damina flow) Re = — fate f= — 22 ter sooneree totale tow) and 10% Sei0"? f 1 ai ee 574 eles 37D pel 37D D=Dinmneter of a circular duct If duct is non-circular, then D is computed as the hydraulic diameter of a rectangular duct, where D=4A /P per our non-circular duct page. Re = Reynolds Number. The symbol Re is not the product (RY). ‘Kinematic viscosity (1) depends on the fuid (water air ete) Click for table, ‘Surface soushness depends on the duct material Geel plastic son. cic). Click for ible, ‘The equations used in this program represent the Moody dineram which is the old-fashioned way of finding £ You'iny eater niger any ui 0 longa you ae consetent (1) sas tha the waa ha ats oF length (e.g. meters). (13/7) means that the variable has units of cubic length per time (e.g. m3/s). The Moody friction factor (#) is used in the Daccs-Weishach maior loss equation, Note that for Inminar flow, fis, independent of e However, you must still enter an e for the program to nun even though « is not ised to compute f. Equations can be found in Discussion and References for Closed Conduit Flow, A more complicated equation which represents a slightly larzer range of Reynolds qumabers and e/D's is used ‘in Design of Circular Tiquid or Gas Pipes © 1999-2014 LMNO Engineering, Research, and Software, Ltd. All rights reserved. IMINO Engincering, Research, and Software. Ltd. 7860 Angel Ridge Rd. Athens, Ohio 45701 USA. Phone and fax. (740) 592-1890 LMNO@EMNO=ug.com bitp// www LMNOens com August 25, 2015: Made text fields show 8 significent figures rather than 16. Calculation still wses double ‘precision internally. Filald Machantes, COE 244 Dy. Alan Et-Hasek 54Facaley Of Engineering at Shobra 2° Upase Cunt - 2016 Example ‘The pipe of a syphon has 75 mm diameter and discharges water to the atmosphere, as shown in figure. Neglect all possible losses. a. Determine the velocity of flow? b. Find the discharge? c. What is the absolute pressure at the point 2? 55 Solution (a) Applying Bernoulli's equation between (1) and (3, 2+0+0=0+0+(v's/2g) V3 = 6.26 m/s (b) Q=v3 x A= 6.26 x (a (0.075)/4) = 0.028 m*/s (c) | Applying Bernoulli's equation between (1) and (2, 2+0+0=3.4 + Pripg + (6.26/28) P, = - 3.397 x (1000 x 9.81) = - 33327.8 Nim? = - 33.33 kPa Paaps = 64.77 kPa where, (Pais, = 98.1 KN/m?) 7-2 Secondary Losses of Head in Pipes: Any change in a pipe (in direction, in diameter, having a valve or other fitting) will cause a loss of energy due to the disturbance in the flow. h, = K (v?/ 2g) The velocity v is the velocity at the entry to the fitting. When the velocity changes upstream and downstream the section, the larger velocity is generally used. Filald Machantes, COE 244 Dy. Alan Et-HasekFaculty Of Engineering at Shobra 2 fear Ctull - 2016 Obstruction K Tank Exit 05 Tank Entry 1.0 Smooth Bend 03 90° Elbow 09 45° Elbow 04 Standard T 18 Strainer 2.0 Angle Valve, wide open 5.0 Gate Valve: 02 Wide Open 3/4 open 12 1/2 open 3.6 1/4 open 24.0 Sudden Enlargement Ol ‘Sudden Contraction: Area Ratio (Ay/A,) = 0.2 04 Area Ratio (Ax/Ai) = 0.4 03 ‘Area Ratio (Ay/Ay) = 0.6 02 ‘Area Ratio (Ay/A,) = 0.7 0.1 Flatd Machantes, COE 246 56Fraenliry OF Engineering at Shebra Example A pipe transmits water from a tank A to point C that is lower than water level in the tank by 4 m. The pipe is 100 mm diameter and 15 m long. 57 The highest point on the pipe B is 1.5 m above water level in the tank and 5m long from the tank. The friction factor (4 f) is 0.08, with sharp inlet and outlet to the pipe. a. Determine the velocity of water leaving the pipe at C? b. Calculate the pressure in the pipe at the point B? ution (a) Applying Bernoulli's equation between A and C, Head loss due to entry (tank exit, from table) = 0.5 (v’o/2g) Head loss due to exit into air without contraction = 0 Zx+0+0=Ze +0 + (v'e/2g) + 0.5 (v'c/2g) + 0 + 4fL vc 2ed 4= (vol2g) x {1 +.0.5 + (4x0.08x15)/0.1} Je = 1.26 m/s (b) Applying Bernoulli's equation between A and B, Za +0+0=Zy + Palpg + (v'v/2g) + 0.5 (v'y/2g) + = 1.5 = Pp/(1000x9.81) + (1.267/2x9.81) * =~ 28.61 KN/m? Filald Machantes, COE 244 4fL v5 2ed {1 +0.5 + (4x0.08x5)/0.1}Facaley Of Engineering at Shobra 2° Upase Cunt - 2016 7-3 Flow through Pipe Systems: Pipes in Series: Pipes in series are pipes with different diameters and lengths connected together forming a pipe line. Consider pipes in series discharging water from a tank with higher water level to another with lower water level, as shown in the figure it is obvious that the total Neglecting secondary losses, |—=—| head loss Hy, between the lL two tanks is the sum of the friction losses through the pipe line. Friction losses through the pipe line are the sum of friction loss of each pipe. Hy = hey +he2+he3 +... HL= 4fLyvj2 + 4%Lov2?2 + 4f3L3v32 2ed) 2gd2 2ed3 HL= 32fjL1Q2 + 32fL2Q2_ + 32L3Q2 mgd) 5 m2 gd25 m2 gd35 Pipes in Parallel: Pipes in parallel are pipes with different diameters and same lengths, where each pipe is connected separately to increase the discharge. Consider pipes in parallel discharging water from a tank with higher water level to another with lower water level, as shown in the figure. Neglecting minor losses, it is obvious that the total head loss Hy between the two tanks is the same as the friction losses through each pipe. Filald Machantes, COE 244 58Facaley Of Engineering at Shobra 2° Upase Cunt - 2016 The friction losses through all pipes are the same, and all pipes discharge water independently. Hy = he1=h2 59 Lj =L2=L AL= 4fjLyj2 = 4fLv22 2eq1 2¢d2 HL= 32f,LQi2 = 32fLQ22 = ngdy5 mgd25 Q=Q1+Q2 Example A pipe, 40 m long, is connected to a water tank at one end and flows freely in atmosphere at the other end. The diameter of pipe is 15 cm for first 25 m from the tank, and then the diameter is suddenly enlarged to 30 cm. Height of water in the tank is 8 m above the centre of pipe. Darcy’s coefficient is 0.01. Determine the discharge neglecting minor losses? Solution 4f=0.04 Loss due to friction, hy he= 32fLQ2 f=0.01 nmed5 hr=Q ( 32fL), + 32fL,) ned: gd> 8=Q ((32x0.01) x (25) + (32x0.01) (15)) x 9 (0.15) x g(0.3)° pp Lp? vp? Pm Lin? gm Pp Lp? gp vm p> 3 Um &m Up 8p vm = \p im em!/2 Lp gp) !2 That is to say that Fy = Fp, where F is Froud number. vm (Lp ep2 = 1 Yp (Lm gm) 1/2 Vm 1 = 1 Yp Lm/Lp)!/2 (em /ep)!/2 vr = 1 (Ly gr) V2 Which is Froud’s law. If gr=1, then vr = (Ly V2 2- Viscous force is present: E.g. flow through pipes, hydraulic measuring devices (flow meters), and hydraulic machines (pumps and turbines) Fim = Fym Fip Fyp Fim Fip Fvm Fvp Filald Machantes, COE 244 Dy. Alan Et-HasekFacaley Of Engineering at Shobra 2° Upase Cunt - 2016 Fim Pm Lin2 v2 PmLm¥m = PmLm vm = bm¥m Fym Hm Lm Ym Hm Pm Ym Om Lm¥m = Yp bm vp That is to say that Rm =Rp_, where R is Reynold’s number. Lmvmvp = 1 Lp vp &m Ly vr = 1 vr Which is Reynolds's law. Then, vr =vr/ Ly 9-3 Classification of Models: A- Undistorted Models: Geometric similarity is the same for both horizontal and vertical linear dimensions. B- Distorted Models: Geometric similarity is different for both horizontal and vertical linear dimensions, Scale ratios will be Ly and Lry . For example, studying a river basin. Filald Machantes, COE 244 Dy. Alan Et-Hasek 74Facaley Of Engineering at Shobra 2° Upase Cunt - 2016 Example: ‘A model for a spillway has to be built in a laboratory where the maximum capacity of the pump is 9 cfs. The prototype has 300 cfs maximum discharge and 5 ft head on the crest. 1, Determine the scale ratio for the model? 2. Calculate the head on the crest of the model? 3. Find the time in model corresponding to 36 hours in prototype? 4, Determine the loss of power in prototype corresponding to observed 0.05 HP in model? wi} Solution GQ) Q Qm/ Qp 9/300=3/100 Qr= Am Vn! Ap vp = Lim? Vm/ Lp? vp = Lr? vr The case is a spillway, i.e. flow through open channels, so the gravity force is the present force. Thus, Froud’s law is applied. vr = 1 (Ly gx) 1/2 gr=1, then vyp= (Ly) 1/2 Qr= E52 Ly = (Q)2/5 = 3 / 100)2/5 = 0.25 = 1/4 Q) Ly=hm/hp hm = hp x Ly =5 x 0.25 = 1.25 ft 3) Tra Ly/ v= (Lp) / Lp) t/2 = Lp) l/2 = (0.25)/2 = Tm / Tp Tm= Tp x Tr= 36x (0.25)1/2 = 18 hours (4) Pr=Pm/ Pp = (im Qm hm/ 75)/ (Yp Qp hp / 75) = Gr Qe hy) = (1) Ly)5?2 (Ly) = (Ly)? Pp =Pm/ Pr= 0.05 / (0.25)7/2 = 6.4 HP Filald Machantes, COE 2442” Gear Coil - 2016 * Buddhi N. Hewakandamby, "A First Course in Fluid Mechanics for Engineers", www.bookboon.com © Dawei Han, "Concise Hydraulics", www.bookboon.com 6 « R.K. Bansal, "A Textbook of Fluid Mechanics", Firewall Media, 2005. « R. S. Khurmi, "A Text Book Of Hydraulics, Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines", S. Chand & Company Ltd, Ram Nagar, New Delhi, India, 1980. « T.Al-Shemmeri, "Engineering Fluid Mechanics", www.bookboon.com ¢ T. Al-Shemmeri, "Engineering Fluid Mechanics Solution Manual www.bookboon.com © udel.edu/~inamdar/ 3TE215/Pipeflow.pdf © www.ajdesigner.com/index_fluid_mechanics.php © www.efim leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/CIVE2400/pipe_flow2.pdf © www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darcy's_law © www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazen-Williams © www.engineeringtoolbox.com/mereury-d_1002.html © www.LMNOeng.com Lecture Notes - Fluid Mechanics, 3" edition © 2015 Alaa Nabil El-Hazek ISBN 960-616-14-3554-6 Filald Machantes, COE 244 Dy. Alan Et-Hasek