‫ﺗﮭﯾﮫ ﺷده در دﭘﺎرﺗﻣﺎن زﺑﺎن دﮐﺗر ﺑرزآﺑﺎدی‬

Unit 1
The IELTS Listening Format
The IELTS Listening test is the same for both the Academic and General Training modules.
Candidates will listen to a tape/CD and answer a series of questions. The tape will be played
ONCE only. The Listening test is in four sections with 10 questions in each (i.e. a total of 40
questions), in order of increasing difficulty. The Listening test will last for about 30 minutes with an
extra 10 minutes at the end to transfer answers to the answer sheet.

1. Speech styles
Survival English occurs in Part One and Part Two of the Listening test whereas academic
English is used in Parts Three and Four.
Each of the four sections' of the IELTS Listening test focuses on a different type of speech, as shown
below:
• Section 1: A social or transactional dialogue (2 speakers)

rg
• Section 2: A talk or short speech on a general topic (I speaker)
• Section 3: A conversation in an academic context (2- 4 speakers)
• Section 4: An academic lecture (1 speaker)

2. Question types
The Listening test measures how well candidates can listen for main ideas, specific information,
.o
supporting information, facts and opinions. A variety of question types are found:

• Multiple choice
• Form/Gap filling
• Short answer
• Sentence completion
til
• True/False/Not given
• Notes/Diagram/Summary/Flow chart completion
• Finding the location (on a map)
ib

Skills Practice
A common task in the IELTS Listening module is to write down a name as it is spelt out letter by
letter. For this you will need to recognise the letters of the alphabet in English quickly and
confidently.

1. Listen and choose the name that you hear spelt out.

1. A Basker B Beckar C Backer

2. A Jagger B Gadget C Geiger
3. A Chervil B Schiver C Shrivel
4. A Hindani B Henbane C Hempian

2. Listen and write down the name that you hear spelt out.

1 …................................... 2 ................................... 3 .................................

1
 ‫ﺗﮭﯾﮫ ﺷده در دﭘﺎرﺗﻣﺎن زﺑﺎن دﮐﺗر ﺑرزآﺑﺎدی‬

When you listen for gist, you want a general idea of the topic. You don't need to know the details or
understand every word. This is like the reading skill of skimming.

3. Listen to five short extracts and decide which type of listening each one is.
Choose a letter from the list a- i below for each answer.

a) directions d) news bulletin g) instruct ions

b) job interview e) lecture h) traffic report
c) film or play f) conversation between friends i) public announcement

1 .................................. 2 .................................. 3 ..................................

4 .................................. 5 ..................................

When you listen for specific facts, you want particular information like a person's name, a price or a
telephone number. Again, other details aren't important and you don't need to understand every word.
This is like the reading skill of scanning.

rg
4. Listen to five short extracts and write down the names of the places that you hear.

1 .................................. 2 .................................. 3 ..................................

4 .................................. 5 ..................................
.o
5. Listen to five short extracts and write down the numbers that you hear.

1 .................................. 2 .................................. 3 ..................................

4 .................................. 5 ..................................
til
6. Listen to five short conversations and decide what the context of each one is. Circle a
letter A-C for each conversation.

1.
ib

A. booking a hotel B. discussing hobbies with a friend C. joining a sports club

2.
A. taking part in a market survey B. buying clothes C. registering for a course

3.
A. seeing a doctor B. buying new shoes C. explaining absence from work

4.
A. booking a cycling holiday B. enquiring about a second-hand bicycle
C. admiring a friend's new bicycle

5.
A. buying a new car B. reporting an accident to the police
C. asking a car repair company for help

2
 ‫ﺗﮭﯾﮫ ﺷده در دﭘﺎرﺗﻣﺎن زﺑﺎن دﮐﺗر ﺑرزآﺑﺎدی‬

Exam Practice
In the first section of the IELTS test you hear the beginning of the conversation twice. This is the
only part of the test where this happens. It helps you by giving you the opportunity to get used to the
voices.

A. Look at questions 1-5 and think about the type of word/number you might need to write.

B. Listen to the first part of a conversation and complete questions 1-5 on the following
form.

C) Look at questions 6-10 and think about the type of word/number you might need to write.

D) Listen to the second part of the conversation and complete the form.

Questions 1-10
Complete the form below.

rg
Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer

KINGSBURY
Adult Education College
________________________________________________________
.o
Student Enrolment Form

Example Answer
Enquiry about: an evening course
________________________________________________________
til
PERSONAL DETAILS

Name: Peter 1 ..........................

Age: 2 ……….... years
ib

Occupation: 3 ..........................
Address: 4 ..........................
Kingsbury
Phone number: 5 ...........................
________________________________________________________

COURSE DETAILS
Title: 6 ...........................
Start date: 7 ...........................
Method of payment: 8 ...........................
Reference: 9 ...........................
________________________________________________________

SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS (if any)

Needs access for a 10 ......................... .

3
 ‫ﺗﮭﯾﮫ ﺷده در دﭘﺎرﺗﻣﺎن زﺑﺎن دﮐﺗر ﺑرزآﺑﺎدی‬

Homework

Listen and complete the information in the following exercise. Write NO MORE THAN
THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.

FOXHILL HOUSE
COLLEGE

COURSES AVAILABLE Intercultural 3. …………………..…….

Introduction to international law Length: 12 weeks
Time: 7 p.m.-9 p.m. Time: 4. …………….-8 p.m.
Length: 1. ……………. Cost: £5. …………….

rg
Cost: £500 Content: Month one: Language and culture
Content: International law and how it works Month two: Cultural training
Nearest location: Nottingham methods
Next course date: 2. ……………. Month three: 6. ………………….
Nearest location: Derby
Next course date: 25th April or 2nd September
.o
Caller’s details
Name: 7. ……………………………
Address: 20 8. ……………….…….. Oxford, OX1 5NP
Email: 9. …………………………….
til
ib

4
 ‫ﺗﮭﯾﮫ ﺷده در دﭘﺎرﺗﻣﺎن زﺑﺎن دﮐﺗر ﺑرزآﺑﺎدی‬

Unit 2
Exam Practice 1: Prediction
You will hear a student telephoning a university friendship club which helps promote understanding
between students of different nationalities and cultures. The conversation is in two parts.

Part 1:
1. Study questions 1-5.
a) What kind of answer is needed for question 1?
b) What sort of things could be 'packed with useful information' in question 2?
c) What kind of word, e.g. noun, verb or adjective, is needed in question 3?
d) Which figure will be higher: the answer to question 4 or 5?

Now listen and complete the advertisement below. Write no more than two words or a

rg
number for each answer.

International Friendship Club

Do you want to meet students from all over the world and make new friends?
Come and join our friendly club!
.o
Membership benefits:
Weekly club meetings on 1 ............................ evenings
Regular 2 ............................ packed with useful information
Full social programme
til
Special certificates for 3 ............................ participation
Membership Fee:
Only 4 £ ............................ per term or 5 £............................ per year
ib

Call Daisy or Simon now on 2466

Part 2:
2. Study questions 6-10.
a) Which answer(s) will be a number?
b) Which answers might be difficult to spell?
c) What kind of answer is needed for question 10?

5
 ‫ﺗﮭﯾﮫ ﺷده در دﭘﺎرﺗﻣﺎن زﺑﺎن دﮐﺗر ﺑرزآﺑﺎدی‬

3. Now listen to the second part of the conversation and complete the notes below. Write no
more than two words or a number for each answer.

International Friendship Club

TELEPHONE ENQUIRY

Date: 12th May

Name: Metria 6 .................................... .
Nationality: 7 .................................... .
Address: 47 8 ..................................... St, Southville
Age: 9 .................................... .
Studying: MA in 10 ....................................

Exam Practice 2: Sentence completion task

rg
One of the tasks you might meet in any section of the IELTS Listening paper is completing
sentences. You have to write one, two, or three words (the instructions will tell you what the
maximum number is).
.o
a) Look at these five incomplete sentences. Think about grammar. What kind of word or
phrase is missing from each sentence (e.g. noun, verb, number)?

1. The speaker is familiar with Woodham because his ...................... used to live there.
til
2. After about ten minutes the audience can ...................... if they want to.
3. First of all, researchers should write down things they ...................... about their family.
4. The next thing researchers should do is contact their ...................... .
5. Researchers should prepare a ...................... .
ib

b) Listen to the introduction to a talk about family history and fill in the gaps in the above
exercise. Write no more than three words for each answer.

a) Look at the instructions for the listening task below. What is the maximum number of words you
should write for each gap?
b) What kind of word(s) (e.g. verb, noun) do you think you will need for each gap?
c) Follow the instructions on the recording, listen to the rest of the talk about family history and
complete the sentences.

6
 ‫ﺗﮭﯾﮫ ﺷده در دﭘﺎرﺗﻣﺎن زﺑﺎن دﮐﺗر ﺑرزآﺑﺎدی‬

Questions 1-8
Complete the sentences below.
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.

Advice about researching family history

1 It is better to use .................... for recording what people say.

2 At the beginning of each recording, say the date, ………………… , and person's name.
3 Apart from people's memories, you can get information from various .................... .
4 Obituaries appear in newspapers, and they announce a person's
5 Ancestor Charts are like......................... .
6 Ancestor Charts can be obtained from .................... .
7 It is best to use .................... to fill in the Ancestor Charts.
8 A nickname is a .................... name that your friends and family call you.

rg
.o
til
ib

7
 ‫ﺗﮭﯾﮫ ﺷده در دﭘﺎرﺗﻣﺎن زﺑﺎن دﮐﺗر ﺑرزآﺑﺎدی‬

Homework

Look at the table below. What type of word or number is required in each space?
Write question numbers next to the following items.

Gerund (e.g. running) ………………….

Plural I uncountable noun (e.g. joints I exercise). ………………….
Singular noun (e.g. dog) ………………….
Third-person verb ………………….
Number ………………….

rg
Listen to part of a radio programme about healthy activities. Complete the table below.
Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.

Activity Benefits Calories per hour

(Based on energy burnt by a 70kg person)
Running Strengthens joints 1,267
.o
(at 1. ………………………. kph)
Chopping 2. Builds 3. ………..………. 1,196
………………………..
Swimming (on your front) Provides low impact 4. ……………
exercise
til
Martial arts Builds leg strength 704
5. ………………………. Reduces stress 844
Playing the drums 6. …………. tension 281
Walking the dog or playing with Exposes you to fresh air 8. ……..…
7. …………………………
ib

Riding a 9. ………………… Strengthens 10. …………. 176

and thighs

8
 ‫ﺗﮭﯾﮫ ﺷده در دﭘﺎرﺗﻣﺎن زﺑﺎن دﮐﺗر ﺑرزآﺑﺎدی‬

Unit 3
Exam Practice 1: Section 2- Prediction

a) You will hear part of a radio programme giving information about a festival of wildlife
films. Before you listen, study the task and answer these questions.

a) Which answers require numbers?

b) Which answers require the names of countries?
c) Try and think of possible answers for questions 2, 5 and 9.

b. Listen and complete the notes below. Write one word and/or a number for each answer.

rg
Wildlife Film Festival
Day/ Time Title and notes Country of film-maker
My Life as an Ant
Sat.
Hero is only 1 cm long!
1. ….……………... 3. ……................
Learn about his world as he travels
.o
around in search of 2. ……………....
4 ……………..... Oasis
Sat. Experience the life and colour of coral
7.00 p.m. reefs off Mexican coast. USA
Watch 5 ……………..... swimming
with giant mantas and whales.
til
The Mystery of Yunnan Snub-nosed
Monkey
Sun.
Film took 6 ……………..... to make.
11.00 a.m. China
Highly-endangered animals (less than 7
……………..... remaining).
ib

Winner of TVE award.

Riverhorse
Sun. Film follows family of hippos over
3.30 p.m. two-year period. 8. ………………....
Winner of Animal 9……………...
category of film award.
For information call the Box Office on Tel: 10 ................................. .

9
 ‫ﺗﮭﯾﮫ ﺷده در دﭘﺎرﺗﻣﺎن زﺑﺎن دﮐﺗر ﺑرزآﺑﺎدی‬

Exam Practice 2: Mobile phone safety

You will hear a talk about mobile phone safety. Look through questions 1-10 and try to predict
the correct answers.

Questions 1-3
Listen to the .first part of the talk and choose the correct letters A-C.
1 The first commercial mobile phone network opened in 1979. In which country?
A Japan B the USA C Norway

2 Which diagram shows the percentage of people in the EU who own a mobile phone?

3 How do mobile phones transmit messages?

A by infrared

Questions 4-10
B by radio waves

rg
Complete the notes below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.
C by microwaves
.o
DO'S DONT'S
Only use phone when necessary. Don't buy phone with a 7 ……………................
'SAR' value.
Keep calls 4 ........................... .
Don't buy phone with an 8 ................................
til
Carry phone away from 5 ……………….. aerial.
when it's on standby.
Don't use phone when reception is 9
Buy phone with long ' talk time'. It gives out .............................. .
emissions which are 6 ……………... .
ib

Don't buy protective gadgets that haven't been

independently 10 .............................. .

10
 ‫ﺗﮭﯾﮫ ﺷده در دﭘﺎرﺗﻣﺎن زﺑﺎن دﮐﺗر ﺑرزآﺑﺎدی‬

Homework

Section 3: The right to roam

You will hear part of a seminar in which a student called Lisa discusses the problems of keeping
animals in captivity.
Preparation Before you listen, study the task carefully. Make sure you know how the table is
organised. Identify questions which need numbers for answers and think about possible answers.

Questions 1-3.
Complete the sentences below.
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.

1 The institution which carried out the research was ………………… .

rg
2 A journal called …………………. published the results of the research.
3 Large animals often don't breed well in captivity because of ………………… .

Questions 4-10.
Complete the table below.
.o
Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.

ANIMALS THAT DO BADLY ANIMALS THAT DO WELL

IN CAPTIVITY IN CAPTIVITY
Polar bear 4 ……………. Animal Grizzly bear Snow leopard
5 ……… sq km 148 sq km Average territory 182 sq km 38.9 sq km
til
1,200 sq km 19.7 sq km 6…….. territory 7 ............ sq km
Average distance
8.8 km 11 km travelled 9 ………… km 1.3 km
8 ……………..
Infant mortality
ib

65 per cent 42 per cent 0 per cent 10 ....... per cent

rate

11
 ‫ﺗﮭﯾﮫ ﺷده در دﭘﺎرﺗﻣﺎن زﺑﺎن دﮐﺗر ﺑرزآﺑﺎدی‬

Unit 4
Exam Practice 1: Multiple choice: one choice option

Questions 1-4
Choose the correct letters A, B, C.

rg
.o
3 The peak period for text messaging is between
A 10.30 a.m. and 11.00 a.m.
til
B 7.30 p.m. and 8.00 p.m.
C 10.30 p.m. and 11.00 p.m.

4 Most British teenagers would never carry their mobile phones

A on their belt B in their bag C in their pocket
ib

Questions 5- 7
Choose THREE functions A- F. Which THREE mobile phone functions will Mary talk about in the
presentation?

A taking photos C text messaging E playing games

B sending photos D voicemail F video recording

12
 ‫ﺗﮭﯾﮫ ﺷده در دﭘﺎرﺗﻣﺎن زﺑﺎن دﮐﺗر ﺑرزآﺑﺎدی‬

Questions 8- 10
What information is true about the following people?
Write the correct letter, A, B or C, next to each question.

Write A if it is true about Cindy

B if it is true about Michael
C if it is true about Linda

Example Answer
He/she always has the latest mobile phone. B

8 He/she uses a mobile phone to remember appointments. ………………..

9 He/she sleeps with their mobile phone very close to them. ………………..
10 He/she has a limit on their mobile phone bill each month. ………………..

rg
Exam Practice 2: Multiple choice; two correct options k57

1 Look at the task sheet below.

.o
1 For questions 1-4, how many answers do you choose from each list?
2 For questions 5-7, how many words can you write in each space?

2 Listen to the introduction and answer the following questions.

1 Who is speaking? Is she a student or a teacher?
til
2 What is the subject of her project?
3 Listen to the recording and answer questions 1-7.
ib

13
 ‫ﺗﮭﯾﮫ ﺷده در دﭘﺎرﺗﻣﺎن زﺑﺎن دﮐﺗر ﺑرزآﺑﺎدی‬

Questions 1-4
Choose TWO Letters A-E.

Questions 1-2
What TWO reasons does Sadie give for choosing the focus for her project?

A She was failing as an athlete herself.

B She was asked by a fellow student to investigate the topic.
C She was advised to do so by her tutor.
D She saw links with her essay topic.
E She could use the results to help female athletes.

Questions 3-4
What TWO things surprised Sadie before starting her own research?

A that women are slower because they have less muscle

B that female hormones make women put on weight

rg
C that men and women bum 'fuel' at the same rate
D that height is a key factor in running speed
E that women use more energy in a race than men

Questions 5-7
Complete the notes.
.o
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer

First experiment
• divided athletes' 5 ................ by their height
Second experiment
til
• made race equally difficult for men and women by putting weights on men's 6 ................
Third experiment
• tested elasticity by measuring how high men and women 7 .................
ib

14
 ‫ﺗﮭﯾﮫ ﺷده در دﭘﺎرﺗﻣﺎن زﺑﺎن دﮐﺗر ﺑرزآﺑﺎدی‬

Homework

1. Listen and complete the table. Write no more than three words and/or a number for each
answer.

MONDAY-FRIDAY SATURDAY SUNDAY

SPINNING 3. …………….... 6. ……………....

7p.m. Deborah Paul Moira

45 mins 45 mins 45 mins
ABS BLAST AEROBICS KARATE FOR BEGINNERS

7.45 p.m. Paul Moira Visiting instructor

30 mins 45 mins 45 mins
CORE BLAST BOXERCISE ZUMBA

rg
8.30 p.m. Paul 4. …………….... Moira
1. …………….... 45 mins 45 mins
AEROBICS 5. …………….... PILATES

2. ………….. Deborah Moira Paul

1 hour 1 hour 1 hour
.o
2. Listen and complete the sentences. Write no more than three words and/or a number for
each answer.
1 You can't come into the main room without your ................................................................... .
til
2 Spray and ................................................................. have been provided to clean the equipment.
3 As well as clean shoes and loose clothing, you should bring ........................................................ .
4 From reception you can buy a ......................................................................................... .
ib

15
 ‫ﺗﮭﯾﮫ ﺷده در دﭘﺎرﺗﻣﺎن زﺑﺎن دﮐﺗر ﺑرزآﺑﺎدی‬

Unit 5
Exam Practice 1: Diagrams

Countdown to a healthier life

1 You will hear a talk about the effects on the body of giving up smoking.
Before you listen read through the notes below and think about possible answers. Discuss your ideas
with another student.

2 Now listen and answer Questions 1-10.

Section 2
Questions 1- 10
Complete the notes. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each
answer.

rg
.o
til
ib

16
 ‫ﺗﮭﯾﮫ ﺷده در دﭘﺎرﺗﻣﺎن زﺑﺎن دﮐﺗر ﺑرزآﺑﺎدی‬

Exam Practice 2: Section 4

Milestones of medicine
1 You will hear a student giving a presentation about some key medical discoveries over the
centuries. Before you listen, look through questions 1-10.

• Think about the kind of information that is needed for each question.
• Study the timeline (Questions 2-6) and notice that there are two pieces of information about
each discovery. What are they?

Question 1
Choose the appropriate letter A-C.

1 What problem did Sara have in preparing the presentation?

A She couldn't find enough books on the subject.
B She didn't have access to the Internet.

rg
C She couldn't decide what subjects to choose.

Questions 2- 6
Complete the time line below using ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.

Milestones in medicine
.o
Invention First Blood Blood 5…………. X-rays
thermometer circulation 4 anaesthetic
……………
place 2 …………… (UK) (UK) (USA) (6 …………)
Year 3
1615 1733 1846 1895
……………
til
1600 1700 1800

Questions 7-10
What information is given about each type of drug?
ib

Write the correct answer, A, B or C, next to Questions 7-10.

A produced from a plant

B had bad side-effects
C tested on animals first

Example Answer
Penicillin A

7 Aspirin …………………
8 Beta blockers …………………
9 Insulin …………………
10 Cortisone …………………

17
 ‫ﺗﮭﯾﮫ ﺷده در دﭘﺎرﺗﻣﺎن زﺑﺎن دﮐﺗر ﺑرزآﺑﺎدی‬

Homework

Table completion
Listen to the recording and answer questions 1- 10.

Questions 1- 10
Complete the table below.
Write NO MORE THAN ONE WORD for each answer.

Appropriate technology inventions

Device How it works Benefits Extra design features
• Powered by winding • Less expensive than • Special cell added,
• Energy stored in a 1 ................. . radios using so you only wind
Clockwork
• Gear box allows it to be released 3 ................. . it up when it is
radio
very 2 .................. (highly • People not dependent 4 ………………..
efficient) on shops

rg
• Uses sun’s light to cook food • Conserves 7 ............. • Reflector added to
• Sunlight enters through • Dung can be used for increase rays
a 5 .................. lid 8 ................ (improves • Base of box
Solar box • Converts light to longer crops) 10 ··················
cooker
wavelength so it is 6 ................. . • Reduces 9 ............... (retains more heat)
diseases • Lid inclined to
.o
increase surface area
til
ib

18
 ‫ﺗﮭﯾﮫ ﺷده در دﭘﺎرﺗﻣﺎن زﺑﺎن دﮐﺗر ﺑرزآﺑﺎدی‬

Unit 6
Exam Practice 1: Section1
You will hear some information about tours of the Sydney Opera House.
Before you begin, study the task and answer these questions.

1 Match words 1-3 below from the exam task with the question words a-c you might hear on
the recording. Then complete each question.

1 Duration a. How much ….

2 Departure b. How long …
3 Cost c.When …

2 Which answers are likely to include numbers?

rg
3 Try to think of possible answers for questions 1, 2, 4 and 5.

Now listen and complete questions 1-10 below.

Questions 1-10
Complete the notes below.
.o
Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.

SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE TOUR

Learn about the history and 1 ......................................... of the building and visit the concert hall
and opera theatre.
til
Duration: 1 hour
Departure: Every 2 ........................................ (between 9 a.m. and 5 p.m.)
Cost: Adult - 3 $ ................
Concessions (senior citizens, 4 ................................... students and children
under 16) - $16
ib

5 ........................................ (1-18 people) - $432.00

BACKSTAGE TOUR
Stand on the stage, see where the orchestra plays and meet the 6 ........................................ staff and
performers.

Duration: 7 ........................................
Departure: 7 a.m.
Cost: 8 $ ................ per person
Includes: 9 light ................... ..

For more information or to book a tour today call:

Sydney 10 ......................................

19
 ‫ﺗﮭﯾﮫ ﺷده در دﭘﺎرﺗﻣﺎن زﺑﺎن دﮐﺗر ﺑرزآﺑﺎدی‬

Exam Practice 2

1. Look at questions 1-4 and then choose the correct letter, A, B, or C for each question as
you listen to the recording.

1 New research suggests that eldest siblings

A are cleverer when they become adults.
B do better in intelligence tests when they are 12.
C are cleverer because they get more attention.

2 The students will probably be able to look at the research

A on the internet.
B in both libraries.
C in the faculty library only.

rg
3 The research is available in the journal(s)
A Science.
B Intelligence.
C Science and Intelligence.

4 The next lecture on infant development is

.o
A tomorrow morning.
B on Wednesday.
C tomorrow at 12.15.
til
ib

20
 ‫ﺗﮭﯾﮫ ﺷده در دﭘﺎرﺗﻣﺎن زﺑﺎن دﮐﺗر ﺑرزآﺑﺎدی‬

Homework

You will hear part of a lecture on the Itaipu Dam in South America.

Questions 1-5
Complete the notes below.
Write ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.

ITAIPU DAM: Vital statistics

Location: Brazil and Paraguay
Completion date: 1 ..............................
Purpose: Hydro-electric power
Cost: 2 $ ..............................
Type: Gravity
Material: 3 ..............................

rg
Length: 7.8 kilometres
4 ……………………….: 196 metres
Reservoir 5 ………………....: 1.02 trillion cubic feet

Questions 6 and 7
.o
Choose TWO letters A-E.
What TWO problems caused by the construction of the dam are mentioned?

A People had to leave their homes.

B Animals lost their habitat.
C Farming has suffered.
til
D The water from the dam can spread disease.
E The land near the dam is sometimes flooded.
ib

21
 ‫ﺗﮭﯾﮫ ﺷده در دﭘﺎرﺗﻣﺎن زﺑﺎن دﮐﺗر ﺑرزآﺑﺎدی‬

Unit 7
Exam Practice 1: Note completion; table completion

IELTS Listening Section 3 sometimes involves a discussion between a student and a tutor. The task
may require you to take notes on what the tutor advises the student to do. Because it is a personal
tutorial the style is often fairly informal. However, the task is still based on an academic situation.

1 a) Look at the task below.

1 What do you have to do for questions 1-3?
2 What do you have to do for questions 4-10?
3 What is the maximum number of words/numbers you can use for each answer?

b) Listen to the introduction.

1 Which two people are speaking?
2 What is the academic field or subject?

rg
3 What specifically are they discussing?

2 Listen to the recording and answer questions 1-10.

.o
Questions 1-3
Complete the notes below.
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.

Tutorial - Tutor's advice:

til
• Areas for improvement in current work:
• Need to write more about 1 ............................ pollution
• Check for errors in section on 2 ........................... .
• Do more reading on what causes 3 ........................... .
ib

Questions 4- 10
Complete the table below.
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS OR A NUMBER for each answer.

Suggestions for further research

Topic Research method Deadline
The dumping of rubbish 4 ............................ (10-20) End of the 5 ............................
Recycling of 6 ............................ Questionnaires (larger numbers) Beginning of 7 ............................
Use of 8 ............................ Questionnaires reviewing 10 ............................
9 ............................
• In library (go back 10 years)

22
 ‫ﺗﮭﯾﮫ ﺷده در دﭘﺎرﺗﻣﺎن زﺑﺎن دﮐﺗر ﺑرزآﺑﺎدی‬

Exam Practice 2: Answering matching questions

A. Look at questions 5-9 from below. For each answer, do you have to write a word or a letter?

Now listen and answer questions 5-9.

I Isabella agrees with the statement.

S Simon agrees with the statement.
B Both speakers agree with the statement.
N Neither speaker agrees with the statement.

5 Isabella's brother is cleverer than Isabella. ……………

6 You can become more intelligent if you study hard. ……………

rg
7 Isabella isn't as successful as her brother because she's female. ……………
8 Younger children try to avoid competing with their older brothers. ……………
9 Siblings affect your character more than your parents do. ……………
.o
til
ib

23
 ‫ﺗﮭﯾﮫ ﺷده در دﭘﺎرﺗﻣﺎن زﺑﺎن دﮐﺗر ﺑرزآﺑﺎدی‬

Homework
1. Underline the key words in the following sentences.
1 Forests are mainly chopped down for financial reasons or to ………………………. .
2 Many farmers clear a little space to produce crops or to ………………………. .
3 Companies also create roads to reach ………………………. .
4 Some deforestation happens by accident when fires burn ………………………. .

2. Match the synonyms below to some of the key words you underlined in the above exercise.

destroy cut down money small area

access chance purposes plants construct

3. Listen to part 1 of a lecture about deforestation. Complete the sentences in exercise 1

with no more than three words.

words and/or a number.

rg
4. Listen to part 2 of the lecture. Complete the following sentences with no more than three

1 Scientists say that there are over ........................................... species yet to be discovered.
2 Agricultural businesses depend on small organisms to break down ........................................ .
.o
3 Plants need around ........................................... different insects to help them survive.
4 Researchers have estimated that the value of services provided by ........................................... is
2.9 trillion dollars.
5 As a result of climate change, species are looking for areas with ........................................... .
6 Plants and animals that don't come from a particular area can cause local species to
til
........................................... .

5. Listen to part 3 of the lecture. Answer the multiple-choice questions.

ib

1 Rainforests cover
A 7% of the Earth.
B 2% of the Earth.
C 36% of the Earth.
2 The lecturer thinks that
A logging and mining companies are to blame.
B local people are to blame.
C the economic situation is to blame.

24
 ‫ﺗﮭﯾﮫ ﺷده در دﭘﺎرﺗﻣﺎن زﺑﺎن دﮐﺗر ﺑرزآﺑﺎدی‬

Unit 8
Exam Practice 1: Multiple choice; flow charts

1. Look at the exam task below. Read questions 1-4.

Make sure you understand all the questions and all the options.

2. Listen to the first part of the recording. Answer questions 1-4.

Questions 1-4
Choose the correct letter, A, B or C.

1 What does Amy enjoy most about her work?

A the social contact
B the freedom of choice

rg
C the creative aspects
2 Why did Amy start her business?
A a supermarket asked her to
B she was inspired by a friend
C she felt existing products were poor
3 Amy will take on more staff if
.o
A she decides to sell at a local farm shop.
B her income reaches more than £7,000 a month.
C she gets too tired to do so much work.
4 If Amy decides to sell on the Internet, she will have to
A expand her work premises.
B do more advertising.
til
C use different ingredients.

3 Read the instructions for the second part of the recording and questions 5-10. These questions are
presented in the form of a flow chart. A flow chart is used to show a process or a sequence of actions
ib

or events.

b) Answer the questions below.

1 Which process is being described in this task?

2 How many main stages are there?
3 What is the maximum number of words you can write for each answer?
4 What do the initials SBA stand for?

c) Listen to the second part of the recording and answer questions 5-10.

25
 ‫ﺗﮭﯾﮫ ﺷده در دﭘﺎرﺗﻣﺎن زﺑﺎن دﮐﺗر ﺑرزآﺑﺎدی‬

rg
.o
til
ib

Exam Practice 2:

Listen and complete the notes below. Write no more than three words and/or a number for
each answer.
Notes on teacher training:
-Trainee teachers work in four different 1 .......................................... during the year.
-Each placement lasts from 2 .......................................... weeks and then trainees return to college
in order to 3 .......................................... the experience.
-The course is assessed through both observations of teaching and the marks given for 4
.................. .
-The biggest challenge for many trainees is to 5 .......................................... .
- The salary isn't high but there are twelve 6 ..................... every year and a generous 7
.................... .

26
 ‫ﺗﮭﯾﮫ ﺷده در دﭘﺎرﺗﻣﺎن زﺑﺎن دﮐﺗر ﺑرزآﺑﺎدی‬

Homework

Listen and complete the sentences. Change the words you hear to fit the gaps.

1 Students who are interested are asked to fill in a …………………. .

2 When their courses ............................ , students have to
3 Employees have access to both a .................................... .

Listen and complete the notes below about Sterne Consulting Group. Write no more than
two words or a number.

STERNE CONSULTING GROUP EMPLOYEES HAVE ACCESS TO:

FINDING WORK: • a good pension scheme
Graduate applicants need to score 1 • a cheap staff restaurant on all sites
……………. in their final exams- useful to start • a free 8 ………………….. in the
a 2 ………………………. Before applying. building.

rg
There are 25 positions available for over 500
3 ………………. . CAREER DEVELOPMENT:
Trainee positions are 4 …………………… . Training in computer skills, 9 ………………..,
Successful applicants have to 5 …………… in and negotiation techniques is offered in the first
their own time. year.
.o
CONDITIONS:
No 6 …………..….. or commission is paid at
first.
There are 7 …………………. days' holiday.
til
ib

27
 ‫ﺗﮭﯾﮫ ﺷده در دﭘﺎرﺗﻣﺎن زﺑﺎن دﮐﺗر ﺑرزآﺑﺎدی‬

Unit 9
Exam Practice 1: Multiple choice; multiple answers

Well-being research
Questions 1-10
Question 1
Choose the correct letter A, B or C

Carl chose well-being for his project because

A it is an issue which many people worry about.
B he and his relatives are generally very happy.
C it can be looked at from several different angles.

Questions 2-4

rg
Choose THREE letters A-G
Which THREE characteristics did the researchers identify in happy people?
A having a strong interest in their work
B recognising what they are good at
C achieving something exceptional
D being interested in the outside world
.o
E having lots of dose family ties
F valuing the good luck they have
G being very popular with other people

Questions 5-7
Choose THREE letters A-G
til
Which THREE things should be avoided if you want to be happy?
A thinking about past mistakes
B spending a lot of time alone
C blaming other people for bad situations
D getting angry about world events
ib

E working hard to make a lot of money

F being too competitive with other people
G taking part in rough games and sports

Questions 8-10
Choose the correct letter A, B or C
8 What is the main criticism about well-being research?
A It ignores the reason why people become unhappy.
B It is not saying anything new or original.
C It cannot define what happiness really is.
9 What does Carl think is the main benefit of well-being research?
A It can help us understand how the brain works.
B It can help develop better medicines for depression.
C It encourages us to find new ways to help depression.
10 Carl talks about the 100-year-old woman in order to show that
A keeping busy makes people live longer.
B happiness contributes to a healthy life.
C different things make different people happy.

28
 ‫ﺗﮭﯾﮫ ﺷده در دﭘﺎرﺗﻣﺎن زﺑﺎن دﮐﺗر ﺑرزآﺑﺎدی‬

Exam Practice 2

Listen to Aimee's audio diary about Mexico City. Complete the notes below. Write no more
than three words for each gap.

MEXICO CITY

Good points:
- The 1 …………........ of the buildings
- The 2 …………………. in the churches

Interesting facts:
- The towers in Mexico City aren't 3 ………….…….. .
-This is because it was built on a 4 ……………………….. lake.

Getting around:

rg
-Easy to travel around the city on 5 ………………………. .
- It stops at all the key 6 …………………..….. .

What next?
- Cancun! The flight there takes 7 ………………………. .
- There, you can go dancing in some 8 …………………..…….. and spend time on
.o
9 …………………..…… .
til
ib

29
 ‫ﺗﮭﯾﮫ ﺷده در دﭘﺎرﺗﻣﺎن زﺑﺎن دﮐﺗر ﺑرزآﺑﺎدی‬

Unit 1

Skill practice

1
1 B-A-C-K-E-R
2 G-A-O -G-E-T
3 C-1-l-E-R-V-1-L
4 H- E-N- B-A-N-E

2
1 T-O -A-D H-A-L-L
2 S-A-N-D-R-I-N-G-H-A-M
3 M-A-N-S-F-I-E-L-D P-A-R-K

3
1 For passengers on Platform 4 awaiting the arrival of the 10.24 to Exeter, we regret to inform you
that this train is currently running fifteen, that's one-five, minutes late. The delay is due to signalling

rg
problems in the Reading area. We apologise for any inconvenience this may cause.

2 Police are continuing to hunt for prisoners who escaped from Longmead Gaol last night. One man
has given himself up and police say they are confident of recapturing the rest in the next
couple of days. There has been an earthquake measuring 5.5 on the Richter Scale in Japan . . .
.o
3 Things are fairly quiet at the moment in the city. But for those of you heading onto the motorway
the news is not so good, I'm afraid. We're getting reports of a lorry shedding its load on the
southbound carriageway near Junction 8. So be prepared for delays.

4 (SM =Sally Meakin; I = Interviewer; BT = Bill Turnbull)

SM Right, well, first of all, thanks for coming in. My name's Sally Meakin and this is my colleague,
til
Bill Turnbull ...
J Hello.
BT Hi, how's it going?
SM ... And what we'd like to do today is find out a bit about you, discover what makes you tick. OK?
OK.
ib

SM So let's begin. Now you say on your application form that you enjoy a challenge, and I wonder ...

5 OK, now the first thing we have to do is to make sure you all know how to get on correctly. So
watch me first. You face the back of the horse, take the reins in your left hand like this, right? Put
your left foot in the stirrup, grasp the back of the saddle with your right hand like this, and up you
go!

4
1 Short city breaks are very popular these days. And there are some great package deals available
this autumn. For example, you can have three nights for the price of two in Paris, staying in a three-
star hotel, but only if you’re free to travel this weekend ...

2 (TA = Travel agent; C = customer)

TA Flight Savers, Can I help you?
C Hello, yes, I'm looking for a cheap flight to Sydney.
TA Single or return?

3 A I'm doing a project on Japan as a tourist destination.

30
 ‫ﺗﮭﯾﮫ ﺷده در دﭘﺎرﺗﻣﺎن زﺑﺎن دﮐﺗر ﺑرزآﺑﺎدی‬

B Sounds interesting. Do you get to go there?

A I wish!

4 Hi, Andy. Could you do me a favour? I'm up to my eyes at the moment. Yes. But we need to get
those samples to our agent in Washington. Could you give the couriers a ring and arrange a pick-up
ASAP? You will? Many thanks.

5 OK everyone! Now on Saturday, there's a trip to see an exhibition of photographs by Julia

Margaret Cameron, if you're interested. Cameron was born in 1815, in India, if, remember rightly,
and she was one of the first women to become a professional photographer. Anyway, it's a fantastic
exhibition ...

5
1 We'll start off in the south east. Here there's quite a bit of cloud around and I think we'll see some
bands of rain during the afternoon. As a result, temperatures are unlikely to rise above 15 degrees.
Next I'll take the whole of the north and west ...

2 Now here's something that might interest you. It's a studio apartment, so OK it's tiny, but it's right

rg
in the central business district. And that's 800 dollars a month. It's a pretty good price for the location
- what do you thin k?

3 And now for the financial news. According to a report published in Home Buyer magazine,
property prices in certain areas have risen 12 per cent in the last year. This means that it's becoming
even harder for young people to get a foot on the property ladder.
.o
4 A major power failure left almost all of Italy without electricity yesterday. The blackout extended
from the Alps in the north to Sicily in the south, cutting power supplies to around 57 million people.
Transport was disrupted as traffic lights broke down and trains and trams stopped running.

5 In my lecture today, I want to look at the work of the Irish writer, Frank O'Connor, who is best
til
known for his short stories. O'Connor was born in Cork, Ireland in 1203. He was an only child and
most of his childhood was spent in considerable poverty ...

6
(M= Man, W = Woman)
ib

1 M: How can I help you?

W: I wonder if you could tell me how much membership costs?
M: That depends which facilities you're likely to use. And also whether you want to use them in the
evenings or in the daytime when we're less busy.
W: Well, my main interest is swimming, but I'd like to use the gym occasionally and if you've got ...

2 M: Excuse me madam ... I wonder if you could spare a few minutes to answer some questions?
W: Er, yes, I suppose so. As long as it doesn't take too long ...
M: It's just a few minutes. Thank you. I work for a sportswear company, and we're trying to find out
what sort of ...

3 W: Good morning, Mr. Fletcher. What's the problem?

M: Well, I'm finding it difficult to walk - my ankle's quite painful.
W: Did you twist it or have an accident?
M: Well, not as far as I know. I was just walking along and suddenly it started hurting ...
W: OK. If you'd just take your shoe off ... Let's have a look at ...

4 M: Hi. I'm calling about the advert you put in the Portsmouth Herald.

31
 ‫ﺗﮭﯾﮫ ﺷده در دﭘﺎرﺗﻣﺎن زﺑﺎن دﮐﺗر ﺑرزآﺑﺎدی‬

W: For the bicycle, you mean?

M: Yes. Have you sold it yet?
W: No, not yet. Are you interested in it?
M: I think so. Is it in reasonably good condition?
W: Oh yes. Do you want to come and look at it? I think you'll be ...

5 M: Pearsons.
W: Oh hello. I've got a problem with my car - I've broken down actually. Could you come out and
look at it?
M: Right. I'll just take some details first if that's OK. Where are you?
W: I'm in Central Avenue, just opposite the football ground.
M: And what actually happened? Did it stop suddenly, or was there ...

Exam Practice (1-5)

(R = college receptionist, P = Peter)
You will hear a man calling an adult education college to enquire about a course.
First you have some time to look at questions 1 to 5.
You will see that there is an example which has been done for you.

rg
On this occasion only, the conversation relating to this will be played first.

R: Kingsbury College. Can I help you?

P: Oh hello. I'm ringing to find out about one of your courses.
R: Yes ... Is that a daytime or an evening course?
P: Evening.
R: Right ... I'll just get a few details from you if I may?
.o
P: Fine.
The man is enquiring about an evening course, so an evening course has been written in the space.
Now we shall begin. You should answer the questions as you listen, because you will not hear the
recording a second time.
Listen carefully and answer questions 1 to 5.
til
(R = college receptionist, P = Peter)
R: Kingsbury College? Can I help you?
P: Oh hello. I'm ringing to find out about one of your courses
ib

R: Yes ... Is that a daytime or an evening course?

P: Evening.
R: Right 00. I'll just get a few details from you if I may?
P: Fine.
R: Could I have your full name first of all?
P: It's Peter Wright- that's W-R-I-G-H-T
R: OK ... And I don't need to know your exact age, but can you tell me which of these age groups
you belong to: 18 to 25, 26 to 35, 36 to 45, or over 45?
P: 18 to 25.
R: Fine. And do you have a job, or are you a full-time student?
P: I'm an accountant. I just do courses in my spare time, for interest.
R: OK. Right. And your address, Mr. Wright?
P: It's 11, Forest Road 00.
R: F-0-R-E-S-T?
P: Yes.
R: Mmm. Is that in Kingsbury?
P: Yes, it is. I'm just down the road here.
R: And do you have a phone number?

32
 ‫ﺗﮭﯾﮫ ﺷده در دﭘﺎرﺗﻣﺎن زﺑﺎن دﮐﺗر ﺑرزآﺑﺎدی‬

P: It's double 9 2471. That's my home number- I haven't got a work number.
R: That's fine. We probably won't need it.

Exam Practice (6-10)

(R = college receptionist, P = Peter)
Before you hear the rest of the conversation, you have some time to look at questions 6 to 10.

Now listen and answer questions 6 to 10.

R: Now, you want to register for a course?
P: Yes - cookery.
R: Do you happen to know the exact title of the course? We've got Thai cookery on Wednesdays ...
or Mexican cookery on Fridays 00. or 00 .
P: Mexican. I'd like to do both but I'm busy on Wednesdays.
R: OK. Well, you can always do the other one next term I suppose ... Now do you know when it
begins?
P: Is it the 26th of March?
R: That's right 00. And it's £45 in total, that's including the ingredients. How would you like to pay?

rg
Card, cash .. . ?
P: Can I send a cheque?
R: You can, yes. As long as it arrives at least one week before the start of the course.
P: OK.
R: And I'll just give you a reference number- if you could make a note of it and write it on the back.
P: Yes?
R: It's CZ 943.
.o
P: Yes, got that.
R: Good. Well, there's just one last question. Do you have any special requirements that I should
make a note of?
P: Yes, there is one thing. I use a wheelchair.
R: Right. So you need to have access for that … OK. Don't worry, your room is on the ground floor,
til
and I'll make sure there are no steps involved. We can always put a ramp in.
P: Thanks.
R: So, we look forward to seeing you on ...

Homework
ib

Receptionist: Foxhill House College. Hello?

Caller: Hi, I'm calling about the International Law course. Could you give me some more details?
Receptionist: Certainly, what would you like to know?
Caller: Er, what time do the classes start?
Receptionist: They run from 7 p.m. till 9 every Monday ... for 10 weeks.
Caller: OK. And how much does the course actually cost?
Receptionist: It's £500, but there are discounts available.
Caller: Right. What do we look at in the class?
Receptionist: You look at how international law developed and how it works.
Caller: OK. And where does the course take place?
Receptionist: It's in Nottingham and the next one starts on the ... let's have a look ... on the 31st of
May.
Caller: Great. Er, what other courses do you have that are international?
Receptionist: Well, there's 'intercultural communication'.
Caller: OK. How long is that?
Receptionist: It's a twelve-week course ... and it's earlier, too - from 6.30 p.m. till 8 p.m.
Caller: And how much does it cost?
Receptionist: Hold on ... Ah, here we are. It's £1,200 for the three months.

33
 ‫ﺗﮭﯾﮫ ﺷده در دﭘﺎرﺗﻣﺎن زﺑﺎن دﮐﺗر ﺑرزآﺑﺎدی‬

Caller: OK. What's covered?

Receptionist: In the first month, you study language and culture. In the second month, you look at
dealing with cultural change, in other words, cultural training methods ... and in the third month, you
study culture and business.
Caller: OK - sounds useful. Where does it take place? In Nottingham, too?
Receptionist: No, it's in Derby.
Caller: Right. And when does it start?
Receptionist: You can start on the 25th of April or ... one moment ... on the 2nd of September.
Caller: Great. Er, could you possibly send me information about how to book and register – a full
brochure or something?
Receptionist: Of course. What's your name?
Caller: It's Claire Kuhles. That's C-1-a-i-r-e ... and family name, K-u-h-1-e-s.
Receptionist: OK ... And where do you live?
Caller: 20 College Street, Oxford, OXl SNP.
Receptionist: OK. And what's your email address?
Caller: It's c-dot-kuhles at lastmail dot com.
Receptionist: ... at lastmail dot com. OK, I'll put the information in the post to you today.
Caller: Fantastic - thanks a lot!

Exam Practice 1 (questions 1-10)

International Friendship Club (p.42)
S = Simon; M = Maria
rg Unit 2
.o
S 2466. Simon speaking.
M Hello. Is that the right number for the International Friendship Club?
S Yes, that's right. How can I help?
M I picked up a copy of your newsletter in the Students' Union, and I was wondering if you could
tell me a bit more about the club?
S Yes, of course. We set up the club three years ago as a way of promoting international
til
understanding. So we've been established for a while now. And, there are meetings every Thursday
evening, during term time that is.
M Thursday, right.
S Yes, we usually show a film or maybe run a competition of some kind. But mostly it's an
opportunity for people to get together, relax, make friends. And we also produce a regular newsletter
ib

- I think you said you'd seen a copy of that ... ?

M The newsletter? Yes, it looked interesting.
S So you know it's got loads of information about what's on in the area and about living in Britain in
general. We also have quite a busy social programme with outings to places of interest like London
or Oxford.
M Sounds great.
S And one other thing to mention. We like to encourage people to attend regularly and play a real
part in the club. So we give special certificates as a reward for active participation. It's something
you can put on your CV, for example.
M I sec. And, I meant to ask does it cost anything to join? Is there a fee?
S Yes, membership costs £5 for a term but you can save a bit of money if you pay for the whole
academic year. Then it's only £ 12, instead of £15. That doesn't include special trips. But they're
subsidised by the university, so they're not too expensive. The Oxford trip only costs £10, for
example.

M So, how do I go about joining?

34
 ‫ﺗﮭﯾﮫ ﺷده در دﭘﺎرﺗﻣﺎن زﺑﺎن دﮐﺗر ﺑرزآﺑﺎدی‬

S Right, well I'll take a few details now if I may, so I can send you a welcome pack. That's got all the
information you need.
Then if you’re happy to go ahead, perhaps you could send us a cheque for your membership fee?
M Fine.
S OK. So could I have your name please?
M Maria Lanzcrac
S Sorry, could you spell that for me?
M Yes, Lanzerac, L-A-N-Z-E-R-A-C.
S Right. And where are you from, Maria? I should be able to tell from your accent but ...
M Don't worry. Most people think I'm from Australia but I'm actually South African.
S That's somewhere I've always wanted to go! Now your address.
Do you live in the city?
M Yes, I'm staying at 47 March Street, Southville.
S 47 ... Sorry, what was the street name again?'
M March Street. Like the month.
S OK. So you haven't got far to come, have you? And how old are you, if you don't mind my asking?
M I'm 22. 23 next month, actually.
S Right. And last but not least, I just need to know what course you're doing?

rg
M Art History. I'm on the MA course.
S Fantastic. Well, I think that's all I need for now. You should get the pack in the post tomorrow just
give me a call if you've got any questions.
M Thanks. Bye.

Exam Practice 2a (questions 1-5)

You will hear a man giving a talk to some people who want to find out about their family history.
.o
Man: Good evening everyone. I'm very glad to be here in Woodham. It's a lovely village and I know
it very well because my grandmother lived here when I was a boy.
But that's not why I'm here tonight. I happen to be the secretary of the Family History Society and I
understand that you are all interested in discovering the history of your own family. So this evening
I'm going to try and help you to get started ... And I'm sure you're going to find the whole process
til
very exciting. So ... I'll talk first for about ten minutes about the steps you need to follow and then I'll
stop and you can ask questions, if you have any. Is that OK?
Right. Now the very first thing you need to do for your research is to take a sheet of paper and write
down everything you already know about yourself, your parents, your grandparents and so on. Make
a list of dates and places of birth and marriage and death, as well as where people lived, whether they
ib

did military service in the case of men, what their jobs were and so on. And then, when you've
finished doing that, get in touch with any of your relatives who might be able to fill in some of the
gaps in your information. Ask if you can talk to them. And before you see them, make a list of
questions. Right? As well as the more obvious ones, like 'When was grandfather born?' or 'Did great-
uncle Eric have any brothers or sisters?' try to find out details like 'What places did you visit when
you were growing up?'

Exam Practice 2b (questions 1-5)

You are going to hear the rest of the talk about family history. Before you begin listening, you have
30 seconds to look at questions 1-4.
Man: So that's a few ideas about getting information. But what about methods of recording it? Of
course you can just write down what family members say. But it's even better if you can use a tape,
so that you can record them as they're talking. Then you don't have to worry too much about making
mistakes, you'll always be able to listen to it again.
But whatever method you do use to record information, remember that it's very important to make a
note of exactly how you got it. So if you are using a tape, always start the recording by saying the
date and the place, as well as the name of the person you're interviewing.

35
 ‫ﺗﮭﯾﮫ ﺷده در دﭘﺎرﺗﻣﺎن زﺑﺎن دﮐﺗر ﺑرزآﺑﺎدی‬

So ... apart from people's memories, where else can you find information? Well there are all sorts of
documents. And they can be extremely useful. People keep lots of kinds of documents in the home,
like photos, or letters, or diaries, or birth certificates ... And some people keep things from
newspapers like obituaries. Obituaries are announcements of a person's death - and they usually
contain a lot of detail about that individual, like address, occupation, date of death, as well as the
names and ages of the widow or widower and the dead person's children. So be creative look around
your home, or the home of your relatives, for any items that might contain clues such as these about
your family history. OK?
Before you listen to the rest of the talk, you have 30 seconds to look at questions 5-8.
Man: Now you'll find that you'll collect a lot of information, so you'll need to record it in an
organised way. I'd recommend that you use an Ancestor Chart. Like this one here. Can you all see?
Ancestor Charts act like maps . ... they link four or five generations in a family tree. So they're very
convenient, and they don't cost anything. You can get as many as you like- you just download them
free from the Internet. Then you fill them out as you go along, and for each individual you record all
the key information next to their fu ll name.
It's very convenient ...
Now at this point I'd just like to give you a couple of tips about filling in the Ancestor Sheet. First of
all, I'd advise you to use pencil, at least until you have definite evidence for the information you're

rg
recording. Secondly, as well as recording official names, I mean given names, it's worth writing any
nicknames down. You know- these are the short names that people call you when they know you
very well. And you can show them by using quotation marks.
That's Ancestor Charts then. They really do save a lot of work ... now, before I show you ...

Homework
.o
Perhaps you're one of those people who don't actually like taking exercise? Well, the good news is
that you don't necessarily need to work too hard to keep fit. Of course, there are some demanding
forms of exercise that are good for you. Running, for example, can burn 1,267 calories if you run at
17.5 kilometres per hour. Almost as useful are other forms of physical, outdoor work. Chopping
wood, for example, can really build stomach muscles. If you're worried about injuries, then
til
swimming is an ideal activity because it's a low impact form of exercise but still burns the same
number of calories as martial arts! Scuba-diving is particularly useful because it helps to reduce
stress. And there are some things we might not think of as 'proper' exercise but which can still help.
Playing the drums, for example, is great for releasing tension in the body and just walking the dog or
playing with pets in the garden can help you to burn calories, about 281 per hour, and also exposes
ib

you to fresh air. Even riding a motorbike is better than sitting in a car because it can help strengthen
knees and thighs. So, there you go – no excuses - if you stay active, then you can also keep fit!

Unit 3
Exam Practice 1b (questions 1-10)
Right, well we come to the part of the programme where we look at what's on in our area. And th is
week we've got something really rather special to look forward to. It's a Festival of Wildlife Films at
the Regent Arts Centre. The festival runs for Saturday and Sunday and it's got something for
everyone, whether you're 8 or 80! I've only got time to tell you about a few of the films on offer, but
at least it'll give you a flavour of the programme.

OK. So first off on Saturday morning is a film called My Life as an Ant which starts at 10.30 a.m,
have l got that right? ... Yes, I 0.30. This is definitely one for the children. The leading character is a
tiny ant, just one centimetre long. And he introduces us to his world as he travels around, looking for
food to take back to his family. My Life as an Ant was made using the latest digital technology, and it
comes from Japan. From what I've heard, the close-u p images of the insect world are pretty

36
 ‫ﺗﮭﯾﮫ ﺷده در دﭘﺎرﺗﻣﺎن زﺑﺎن دﮐﺗر ﺑرزآﺑﺎدی‬

amazing, OK, well if you're not into creepy-crawlies, and I know some people aren't, we can move
from one of the smallest creatures to one of the largest, because there's another great film on
Saturday evening. This one's called Ocean Oasis. It's an American production and it was filmed in
the oceans around the coast of Mexico. It's a film that takes you into the fantastic life and colours of
the coral reefs. And there's also some amazing film of scientists swimming side by side with huge
sea creatures like giant manta rays and even whales. This is a real adventure for the mind and senses.
Moving on to Sunday, we've got two more great offerings. First at II in the morning there's a fil m
from China called The Mystery of Yunnan Snub-nosed Monkey. This is very special. It took ten years
to make and it's the first real in-depth study of these monkeys which live deep in the forests of south
west China.
Apparently there's under fifteen hundred of them left now, so they're obviously in real danger of
extinction. Anyway it's a wonderful film and it won a TVE Award last year. Not sure what that
stands for, exactly ... Anybody know? No, no one in the studio knows. I expect one of our listeners
will have the answer.
The last film I'm going to tell you about is on Sunday afternoon. It's called Riverhorse and it was
made by a team of filmmakers from the UK. It's the story of a family of hippos living by an African
river, and the film follows the family over a two-year period. In that time the film-makers managed
to get incredibly close to the hippos as well as to crocodiles and other river animals.

rg
Riverhorse also won a film award last year - it won the 'Animal Behaviour' category of the Panda
film awards.
So that's just four of the fabulous films on offer at the festival but there's plenty more to choose from,
as well as competitions and activities for children. For more details, just give the Box Office a ring.
The telephone number, if I can just find it ... Yes, the number to ring is 973 46 17. I'll repeat that 973
4617.
On now to the sporting fixtures for the weekend, and here's Amy to give us the details ...
.o
Exam Practice 2 (questions 1-10)
Mobile phone safety (p.84)
T = Tutor; D = David Myers
T: So now, just to finish off this morning's session, I've asked the college Health and Safety Officer,
til
David Myers, to say a few words about mobile phone safety. David ...
D: Thanks, Miranda. Yes, mobiles are an essential part of everyone's life these days, aren't they? And
it's hard to believe that hasn't always been the case. Actually, did you know that the first mobile
network was only opened in 1979? It's no time at all, really. That was in .lJu2rul, by the way. Since
then, of course, mobile phone ownership has gone through the roof. In 1990 only about I per cent of
ib

people in the EU had a mobile, for example, but by 2003 the figure had gone up to about 80 per cent.
That's a fantastic increase over such a short space of time.
So why all the fuss about safety? Well, this is quite a hot topic right now, as you probably know.
Basically, the concern is that mobile phones work by sending out radio waves and people think that
these could damage body tissue and even cause cancer. However, I should say that there's still quite a
bit of disagreement among experts about this.

D: So, I'd like to pass on to you the latest advice about using mobiles safely. A lot of it's common
sense really, I suppose. For example, you should only use the phone when necessary, and you should
try to keep your calls short. Don't stay on the phone for hours! Incidentally, you may think the phone
is safe when it's on standby, but actually it's still giving off radio-waves. So when you're carrying the
phone around, try to keep it away from your body if you can. Put it in your bag or in a backpack, not
in your pocket. But then you'll need to be more careful about security, obviously.
Now there are a few things to remember when you're buying a phone. First, look for a model with a
long 'talk time'. That means the radio wave emissions it gives out will be less powerful. And less
powerful means less risk to health, remember. You also need to check the 'SAR' value of the phone.
That's the amount of radiation that the handset transmits. It's best to avoid phones that have a high
'SAR' value. The higher the 'SAR' value, the more radiation they transmit, which is bad news. Also,

37
 ‫ﺗﮭﯾﮫ ﺷده در دﭘﺎرﺗﻣﺎن زﺑﺎن دﮐﺗر ﺑرزآﺑﺎدی‬

don't buy a phone with an internal aerial if you can possibly help it. Many experts think an internal
aerial is more dangerous because it's closer to your head. And they think we should keep the aerial as
far away from our head as possible.
Something I think I forgot to mention was try not to use your phone when reception is weak. A weak
reception means the phone needs more power to communicate to the base station and so the radio
wave emissions will be higher.
Finally, there are lots of gadgets around that promise to protect you from harmful radiation - you've
probably seen the adverts - but only buy ones that have been independently tested. Otherwise, there's
no guarantee at all that they'll work and you'll probably be wasting money. Well, that's all the advice
I have for you now. I hope you'll think about it. Many thanks.

Homework
The right to roam (p.65)
T = Tutor; L = Lisa; J =Jamie
T Is everyone here now? Lisa? Jamie? Maria? Good. Well, we're continuing the module on 'Animal
Rights' and I think Lisa, you're going to talk to us about your assignment, right?
L Yes.
T And what topic have you chosen?

rg
L The problems of keeping large animals in zoos.
T Fine. And where did you get your information?
L Partly from an article I read, about some research they've done, and also from the Web.
T OK. And do you know who carried out the research?
L Yes, the research was done by Oxford University. I've got the researchers' actual names here
somewhere ...
T Don't worry about names now, but you'll need to mention them when you write up your
.o
assignment. And the other thing you should mention if possible is where the results of this research
were published. Do you know that?
L Yes, it was in a scientific journal ... called Nature, I think. Let me just check ... Yes, that's right,
Nature.
T Fine, carry on.
til
L OK, well we all know that there are problems with keeping large animals in zoos. When you put
lions or tigers, for example, into tiny cages, they often don't breed successfully.
That's because of stress, because they're used to having large areas to wander around in. But different
animals need different amounts of territory and that's what this research looked at.
You say different animals need different amounts of territory.
ib

Could you give us some specific examples, Lisa?

L Yes, I've got information about four animals; that's the polar bear, lion, grizzly bear and snow
leopard. The scientists looked at the average territory these animals had in the wild. And the results
were pretty amazing. For example, it turned out that a polar bear has an average territory of around
79,000 square kilometres!
J Did you say 79,000?
L Yes. That's what the report says,
J Wow!

L And the second thing the study looked at was the minimum territory that could support these
animals. The minimum territory for a polar bear is still enormous, it's 1,200 square kilometres. On
the other hand, grizzly bears only need a minimum territory of 0.5 of a square kilometre, which
means they're more likely to do well in a zoo.
Could you repeat that figure, Lisa?
L Yes. '0.5 of a square kilometre'. OK?
J Thanks.
L The third thing the scientists looked at was the average distance an animal travels in a day. And
here it's the lion that comes top.

38
 ‫ﺗﮭﯾﮫ ﺷده در دﭘﺎرﺗﻣﺎن زﺑﺎن دﮐﺗر ﺑرزآﺑﺎدی‬

A lion travels 11 kilometers a day, and a polar bear, 8.8. By contrast, grizzly bears only cover about
U kilometres and snow leopards slightly less.
The final thing in the study was the infant mortality rate, that is, how many young animals die before
they're 30 days old, I think it is. Anyway, the polar bear, has a really high infant mortality rate. It's 65
per cent, which is highest of all. Snow leopards do better, with a rate of 14.3 per cent, but grizzly
bears do best of all with 0 per cent infant mortality.
T Is that it?
L Yes, that's as far as I've got.
T Fine, very interesting. But can you draw any conclusions yet?
L Yes, well, basically 1 think zoos need to decide what kind of animals they should keep. If they're a
small city zoo, for example, they should forget about lions, because they need plenty of space, and
I'm not sure anyone should keep polar bears at all.

Unit 4

rg
Exam Practice 1 (questions 1-10)
Txt don't talk (p. 90)
A =Andy; M =Mary
A Hi, Mary. How are you?
M Fine, thanks. Come in and have a seat. So, how are things going? With the presentation, I mean?
A Not too bad, actually. I found that survey you sent me really useful.
.o
M The one about young people and mobile phones?
A Yes. It's got some interesting facts and figures in it that I think we could use.
M Great.
A They show how incredibly important mobile phones are to young people. For example, did you
know that 75 per cent of teenagers use their phones at least once a day.
M Three quarters! That's a lot.
til
A But actually texting is an even bigger thing with young people nowadays. About 90 per cent of
them send at least one text message a day, believe it or not. And if you look at the UK as a whole,
people are sending over 2 billion text messages a month. What's so amazing is that it's gone from
zero to 2 billion in such a short time
M That's an amazing increase. You know, we could design a graph to show that.
ib

A Great idea! It would be good to have some graphics. By the way, what do you think the peak time
for sending text messages is?
M I don't know. Seven thirty? Eight o'clock at night?
A Well, it is at night but apparently it's between ten thirty and eleven.
M That's quite late. I'm surprised!
A What you have to remember about mobiles is that they're part of young people's self-expression.
Part of their identity. For example, the way you carry your phone is very important. The most
popular place is in your pocket, apparently. And the last place you should keep your phone is on your
belt. That's a really big fashion mistake. For most of the teenagers in the survey anyway.

A Now you were going to talk about the different functions of mobile phones, Mary, weren't you?
Which functions did you decide to cover?
M Well, the most popular, obviously, is text messaging. But you seem to have a lot of information on
that already. So I'll leave that to you, if that's OK.
A Fine, so you won't cover text messaging but ... ?
M Well, I'm going to look at using a mobile to take photos. I know not all phones have cameras at
the moment, but the number's going up all the time.

39
 ‫ﺗﮭﯾﮫ ﺷده در دﭘﺎرﺗﻣﺎن زﺑﺎن دﮐﺗر ﺑرزآﺑﺎدی‬

A And are you going to deal with sending pictures as well as taking them?
M No. I think it might take too long. But I'm definitely going to look at the kind of games you can
play on a mobile because that's the next most popular activity after texting.
A Right. And how about video?
M 1 think video is still a pretty specialised thing at the moment.
Not that many phones have it yet. So I'm not covering that, no. But the other thing I'm going to look
at is voicemail. It's not quite as popular with teenagers as the other functions but about two thirds still
use it.
M OK, are we nearly done?
A Pretty much so, I think. It's an interesting subject though, isn't it? I mean, you know my younger
brother?
M Michael?
A Yes. Well, Michael's 17 now and he's exactly like the teenagers in the survey. He always has the
very latest model, and he's always flashing it around. He even uses it as an alarm clock to remind
him about appointments and things.
M That's very organised of him! Yeah, my cousin Cindy's like that as well. She told me she has to
have the phone with her 24 hours a day. She even keeps it under her pillow when she goes to bed at
night! Can you believe it? But the problem is it's easy to run up huge bills. I know someone who got

rg
into trouble like that. Linda Hall, do you know her?
A No.
M Well, Linda was sending 20 or 30 texts a day and it was costing over £100 a month.
A What happened?
M Eventually her mother put a limit of £30 on her phone bill.
That's all she can spend a month, and she hates it. Anyway, enough of that. I think we've done quite
well, don't you? We've sorted out who's doing what. Shall we meet again next week?
.o
Exam Practice 2 (questions 1-7)
You will hear a third-year Sports Science student talking about a project on the differences between
women and men in sports.
til
Sadie: Good morning. Today I'm going to talk about my end of year project. I wanted to find out
why men and women tend to perform at different levels in particular sports. Let me start by
explaining why I chose this subject. Now, as some of you may know, I'm aJ1 enthusiastic long-
distance runner myself but I have never felt particularly worried about the fact that I usually finish
several minutes behind my male counterparts. How it all started was when a first-year student
ib

approached me because he'd read an article about why women swimmers never compete successfully
with men and wondered if I could look into the issue in regard to running. My tutor confirmed that a
lot of interesting research had been done on this issue and also I knew that whatever I found out was
likely to be useful in training programmes I run at a local girls' school.
So I started doing some preliminary reading and what I found out was a mixture of the expected and
the unexpected. It didn't come as all that much of a surprise to learn that male runners have more
muscle and women more fat. And this accounts for most of the difference in sports performance
between men and women. This is normally caused by differences in hormones: a male hormone,
testosterone, builds muscle whereas a female hormone, oestrogen, causes fat to accumulate. Of
course, this was something that we learnt about very early on in Sports Science. But then I began
reading about the nature of muscle and this is where I found something that did surprise me - men
and women have exactly the same type of muscle fibres, which means that they are capable of ‘fuel
burning' at the same rate. I was also reading some very interesting research on differences between
the average height of men and women. We all kJ1ow, of course that men are much taller on average
than women. But what this means is that women actually work much harder because they have to
take a lot more strides to cover the same distance. 1 hadn't understood that before I read this
research.

40
 ‫ﺗﮭﯾﮫ ﺷده در دﭘﺎرﺗﻣﺎن زﺑﺎن دﮐﺗر ﺑرزآﺑﺎدی‬

So 1 set up my own small-scale research project to investigate some of these points and a few others.
I asked for men and women volunteers from the university running club and I timed their speed in a
race. Then I worked out proportions by dividing a person's running time by their height. And what I
found was that by this measure men were only slightly ahead of the women. For my second
experiment, I put weights on the men's shoulders so that the men and women would have the same
height to weight ratio. I found that under these conditions, the women actually ran faster than the
men. In my last experiment, I decided to look at what is called 'elasticity' by measuring how high the
men and women could jump. And I found that my male and female participants had equal levels ...

Homework
Thanks. Well, first of all, welcome to Ab-Solutions Gym. We're going to start this introductory
session with a quick look at our timetable. Has everyone got one? Good. As you can see, the group
exercise classes are all in the evenings. On weekdays, you can do Spinning with Deborah from 7
o'clock - that's a 45-minute session. After that, we have Abs blast and Core blast - both are pretty
hard-core sessions and not ones I'd really recommend for complete beginners! They're a bit
demanding so both last for about half an hour, but if you want something more relaxing then I do
recommend Aerobics at quarter past nine. This usually attracts the ladies but if any guys want to
have a go, then they're also welcome! At the weekend, things change around. We start with our very

rg
popular Beach body workout - that's with Paul – before we do Aerobics with Moira. Two great
sessions for general fitness. Following that, we have Boxercise, though I'm afraid the timetable is
wrong there and, in fact, Gary will be leading that session instead of Paul. Don't forget that at the end
of the day on Saturday we have advanced yoga, too. Finally, on
Sunday it's all change again. We have an energetic session of Ladies' fitness with Moira for 45
minutes, then if you haven't tried martial arts before, we have a visiting instructor coming in to take a
karate class.
.o
It's beginner level, so I'd give it a go. That's then followed by Zumba, and Pilates on Sunday evening.

OK, so if you follow me, I'll show you the main room of the gym. To get in, you have to pass your
identity card over the scanner here. Look after your card carefully, because you also need it to use
the equipment. Anyway, I'll let us all in for now ... There we go. OK. Over here, there are several
til
computer screens. I should say these aren't for checking emails! The idea is that you can type in your
unique personal code - you get this when you arrive - and then download an exercise programme that
matches your level. Now for the equipment itself. OK, first of all, it's very important to leave the
equipment clean for the next user, so we expect everyone to wipe down the machines after use with
the spray provided and a paper towel. When using all machines, please remember to wear clean
ib

shoes that haven't been worn outdoors and to wear loose, comfortable clothes. You should also bring
plenty of fluid so that you don't become dehydrated. All of the exercise machines have an audio
socket so you can plug in your own headphones, or you can buy a pair of them at reception. The
machines all allow you to choose from a selection of music and videos so there's no reason to get
bored! OK? Great. If you have any questions, please ask a member of staff - there's someone here at
the gym all the time and happy to help. So, if you come this way, I'll show you some of the most
popular machines ..

Unit 5
Exam Practice 1
Countdown to a healthier life
P = Presenter; R = Roger Armstrong
P As you probably know, this is National Stop Smoking Week. And today in the studio we have
Roger Armstrong to tell us about some of the benefits of giving up smoking. Roger . . .

41
 ‫ﺗﮭﯾﮫ ﺷده در دﭘﺎرﺗﻣﺎن زﺑﺎن دﮐﺗر ﺑرزآﺑﺎدی‬

R Thanks, Sally. Yes, I think we've all heard enough bad news. We know about the harmful effects
that smoking can have on our bodies and our health. But now for the good news. Let's look at what
happens when you finally decide to stop.
Well, the amazing thing is that your body starts to recover almost immediately. For example, both
your blood pressure and your pulse will return to normal levels just 20 minutes after your last
cigarette. And you'll probably also notice an improvement in your circulation, particularly in your
hands and feet. So, if you're the kind of person whose hands and feet go blue at the least sign of cold,
this could be the answer!
OK. Then eight hours after you stop, the oxygen level in your blood will return to normal, that is to
the normal oxygen level of a non-smoker.
After 24 hours- that's just one day, remember - all the carbon monoxide will have left your body.
And this is the point when your lungs begin to clear, to clear out all the debris that's collected in
them. So don't be surprised if you develop a cough for a few days. That's a sign that your lungs are
recovering.
Now, all the nicotine will leave your body in 48 hours- or two days after you stop. Incredible. And
you'll also begin to notice an improvement in your sense of taste and smell that means you'll be able
to enjoy food a lot more. Just one more benefit!
Then after 72 hours, you'll find your breathing has become much easier. And you'll also experience

rg
an increase in your energy levels.
As time goes on, your circulation will continue to improve. And then some time between 2 and 12
weeks after you first stopped smoking, you'll notice that walking and exercising have become a lot
easier. In fact, exercising can be fun again.
You'll soon be cycling or playing tennis without having to keep stopping for a rest.
After 3-9 months, any remaining breathing problems you've had, like coughing or shortness of
breath, will get better. In fact, your lungs will increase in efficiency by up to 10 per cent. That means
.o
you'll be able to exercise more intensively and also go on for longer.
Looking further ahead, five years after you give up smoking, your risk of having a heart attack will
fall to about half that of a smoker.
And finally, ten years after you first gave up, your risk of getting cancer will also fall to about half
that of a smoker.
til
Meanwhile, your risk of having a heart attack will now be the same as someone who has never
smoked at all
So, don't delay, give up today! That's the health message want you all to go away with. It's worth it,
believe me! You'll feel some of the benefits almost immediately, but in the long term, you could be
saving your life.
ib

Exam Practice 1
Milestones of medicine
(T = Tutor; S = Sara)
T OK, I think we're all here now. And today Sara, you're doing a presentation on a medical topic, l
believe.
S That's right, I wanted to look at some of the key discoveries in medicine over the years. And I
thought it would be easy, to be honest, because there's so much information on the Internet, and in
the library. But I actually found I had a real problem, because there are just so many amazing
developments that it was really difficult to make up my mind which ones to talk about.
I mean where do you start? You can go right back to prehistory if you want. Because people were
actually performing operations ten thousand years ago, you know. It's incredible. Anyway, I've
picked out some developments that I think are important and I've put them on a time line, which you
can see on this chart I've made. The dates are at the bottom, going from left to right. OK?
And we start in 1615 with the clinical thermometer. This was invented in Italy by a physician called
Sanctorius. The thermometer made it possible to take human temperature for the first time, which is
such an important step in so much medical diagnosis.

42
 ‫ﺗﮭﯾﮫ ﺷده در دﭘﺎرﺗﻣﺎن زﺑﺎن دﮐﺗر ﺑرزآﺑﺎدی‬

Also in the seventeenth century, an Englishman called William Harvey discovered the circulation of
the blood. That was in the year 1628. It was a really important breakthrough even though most
doctors at the time thought the idea was ridiculous.
Moving on to the next century, 1733 was the year when Stephen Hales, another Englishman,
measured blood pressure for the first time. He actually measured the blood pressure of both animals
and humans, in fact.
There were lots of medical discoveries during the nineteenth century and one of the most important,
in my opinion, was general anaesthetic. Can you imagine having a major operation without
anaesthetic? Well, that's how it was for most patients in previous centuries, unfortunately. Then in
1846 general anaesthetic was first used in America.
My last important discovery was in 1895. That's when X-rays were developed in Germany. X-rays
have transformed medicine since then but they were actually discovered completely by accident.
S Now I'd like to finish by mentioning a few important medical treatments which have been
developed in the last hundred years or so.
The first is penicillin, which was d is covered in 1928. At first nobody realised how it could be used.
Then a few years later, scientists decided to try using penicillin on laboratory mice.
That's how they found that penicillin can successfully kill many serious infections.
Next is probably the most common drug of all- something we all reach for when we have a headache

rg
- aspirin. This was originally extracted from meadowsweet, which is a member of the rose family,
and which grows wild in many parts of the country. It had been used for years as a traditional
painkiller, in fact.
Beta blockers are an important group of drugs which are used to treat high blood pressure. Drug
companies were very excited about them when they were first developed in the 1960s, but a few
years later it was found that some patients were suffering heart failure and other damaging
conditions.
.o
Since then, further research has produced a new generation of beta blockers. Insulin was discovered
by two Canadian scientists who first tried it on a dog which was seriously ill with diabetes. A few
hours later the dog sat up and barked. After that success, they treated a young boy whose health
improved almost immediately, and nowadays insulin allows diabetics to live almost normal lives.
til
Homework
(J = joseph, A =Aline)
You will hear two first-year engineering students discussing their project on devices which have
been specially designed for use in developing countries.
J: Hi, Aline. Thanks for coming.
ib

A: No problem. We've got our presentation coming up on

Tuesday so we need to get everything prepared now.
J: Yeah. So we're agreed that we're going to concentrate on these two devices which have
particularly helped people in developing countries.
A: Yes and we'll present the information in the form of a table so it'll be really clear for non-
specialists. We'll have three columns, you know, using the headings we discussed in the last seminar.
J: OK. I've got those here. I'll make notes. So let's start with the clockwork radio and how it works.
We'll obviously say how it's powered, i.e. that it's wound up.
A: Yeah and we also need to explain how the energy is stored.
J: OK ... in a spring.
A: Fine. Keep it simple. But we also need to say that the thing which makes the mechanism so
special is the inclusion of a gearbox, you know, which makes it possible to release energy extremely
slowly. And that means that it can operate for a long time with minimal effort.
J: OK. Now the next section is, 'What are its benefits?' I suppose we just need to emphasise that it
costs a lot less than radios which use batteries. And if we want to, we can explain that these can cost
as much as a week's wages in some parts of the world.
A: Absolutely. And related to that of course, is the fact that people don't have to depend on buying
anything in a store, which in remote rural areas is really important.

43
 ‫ﺗﮭﯾﮫ ﺷده در دﭘﺎرﺗﻣﺎن زﺑﺎن دﮐﺗر ﺑرزآﺑﺎدی‬

J: And then in the developments column, I think the most important thing we need to say is that the
combination of the wind-up mechanism with a solar cell means that during the day it runs on the
sun's energy and you only have to wind it up when it's dark, which makes it a much more attractive
option.
A: And that's probably that for the radio.
J; Yep. So we'll then move on to the solar box cooker.
A: And again, let's keep the description of the mechanism very simple. We need to say that it uses
sunlight rather than conventional fuels to cook food.
J; But we also need to explain two elements of why it's so efficient.
A: Yeah. The fact that sun's rays enter through a plastic cover.
J: Better call it a lid. I thought it was made of glass.
A: Not according to my research.
J: OK.

Unit 6
Exam Practice 1 (Questions 1-10)

rg
The Opera House Tour
T == Tim; E == Erica
E Hello
T Erica? Tim here.
E Oh hi, Tim. Sally said you might right. You're going to Australia, right? And you wanted some
information about tours of the Sydney Opera House?
.o
T That's right. 1 haven't got an Internet connection at the moment.
E No problem. 1 got a printout from the Opera House website.
Let me just get it ... right. Opera House Tour. OK. Tt says: 'This is our most popular tour ... ', blah
blah. 'Visitors are given a fascinating account of the history and architecture of the building.' You see
the concert hall, the opera theatre, you hear about the current programme, etcetera. What else do you
need to know?
til
T Does it say how often the tour goes?
E Let me see ... it's a one-hour tour and, yes, 'it leaves every half hour between 9 a.m. and 5 p.m'.
T Right, every half hour. So they're pretty frequent. And does it say how much the tour costs?
E I think so, yes at the bottom here- adults ... 23 dollars. But there are some concessionary rates for,
um, senior citizens, and also full -time students, plus kids under 16. So remember to take your
ib

student card and you'll only have to pay 16 dollars.

Which is pretty cheap, actua.l.ly. But they can also arrange a private tour if you wanted. That's for a
group of up to 18 people and it costs, ... wait for it! 432 dollars!
E OK. The other option is the Backstage Tour. Let me read you what it says about that. 'An
opportunity to explore behind the scenes at the Opera House. Appear on the stage and see where the
orchestra plays.' You also get the chance to chat to some of the technical staff and maybe even some
performers, if you're lucky ...
T Sounds really great but how long does that one take?
E Um, that's two hours, so twice as long as the first one. But there's an ea rly start- it goes at 7 a.m.
T And. how much is that?
E Let me see . .. a hundred and forty dollars.
T That's per person, right?
E Yes, per person. 1 think it's something pretty special. And apparently, included in the ticket price,
you also get a light breakfast. Which would be very welcome, I should think, after that early start!
T Right. I'll have to give it some thought.
E Well, anyway, if you are interested, I'd try and book well in advance if you can. I think the tours
get quite booked up.
T OK.

44
 ‫ﺗﮭﯾﮫ ﺷده در دﭘﺎرﺗﻣﺎن زﺑﺎن دﮐﺗر ﺑرزآﺑﺎدی‬

Exam Practice 2 (Questions 1-4)

Isabella: I thought Professor Greene's lecture today was interesting.
Simon: Yes. I don't think I've ever really thought about why me and my older brothers are different.
Isabella: Hmm. The new research he mentioned into older siblings was really fascinating.
Simon: Yeah, but I'm not sure I understood the idea. I thought that part of the lecture was very
difficult. He said that babies who are born first are cleverer, didn't he?
Isabella: I don't think so. They achieve higher scores in intelligence tests than their younger siblings,
but only when they're eighteen, so they seem to become cleverer later.
Simon: Hmm. So is that because they get all the attention from their parents before their brother or
sister is born?
Isabella: No, Professor Greene said that can't be right, because at twelve years of age the younger
siblings do better in intelligence tests. So that means that younger siblings ...

-------------------------
Simon: Oh, right. So what was the reason, then?

rg
Isabella: Well, he thinks it's because older children teach their brothers and sisters.
Simon: But I don't get it. Shouldn't the youngest learn more, then?
Isabella: No, because when you teach something, it improves your thinking. It's good for your brain.
Simon: Right. OK. I think I need to go and look at the research! Did Professor Greene say there
were copies of the report available in the library?
Isabella: Yes. There's a copy of the research in the social sciences section, I think.
Simon: What, in the main library?
.o
Isabella: No, in the faculty library, next door.
Simon: Everyone'll try to borrow that copy!
Isabella: Well, don't forget you can access an electronic copy on line. Have you registered with the
journals website?
Simon: Yeah. Hope I can remember my password!
til
Isabella: You have to look in a journal called
Science.
Simon: OK, I'll make a note of that, but did he say it's available in Intelligence, too?
Isabella: Oh, yes. I think so.
Simon: OK. So, are you going to Wednesday's lecture on attachment theory?
ib

Isabella: Definitely, but first there's the lecture tomorrow on infant development. We have to attend
that for our research.
Simon: You're right, I forgot. What time's that lecture?
Isabella: Oh, I can't remember. Eleven, perhaps?
Simon: Hold on. I'll check in the timetable. Yeah, you're right ... and it finishes at twelve fifteen.

Homework
The ltaipu Dam
Hello and welcome to this, the fourth in our series of public lectures on Big Buildings. Today we're
going to take a look at the ltaipu Dam in South America. You may not know too much about ltaipu
but it's been named one of the 'Seven Wonders of the Modern World' by the American Society of
Civil Engineers. And in this lecture, T hope to explain some of the reasons why.

OK, let's begin with a few facts. First of all, where exactly is the Ttaipu Dam? Well, it's on the
Parana River, close to the border between Brazil and Paraguay. Construction began in 1975 and the
dam was only finished in 1982. Two years later it star ted generating electricity and it's now one of

45
 ‫ﺗﮭﯾﮫ ﺷده در دﭘﺎرﺗﻣﺎن زﺑﺎن دﮐﺗر ﺑرزآﺑﺎدی‬

the largest hydro-electric power plants in the world. The total cost of building was 20 billion dollars.
That's right, 20 billion!

In design, it's what is called a gravity dam, which means it relies on its immense weight for stability.
The main section is made of concrete, actually 15 times the amow1t of concrete that was used in
creating the Channel Tunnel between England and France.

To give you an idea of size, the dam is 7.8 kilometres long, with a height of I 96 metres. The
reservoir behind the dam is huge almost fifteen hundred square kilometres and the reservoir capacity
is 1.02 trillion cubic feet. With such a massive capacity, no wonder it took fourteen days to fill!

This dam really is an amazing feat of engineering. Engineers actually had to change the course of the
Parana, which is the seventh largest river in the world, and move 50 million tons of earth and rock in
the process.

rg
With any success story, I suppose there are bound to be a few problems. One is that the Itaipu Dam
sometimes gets blocked with mud and silt, which is expensive to clear. But more seriously, this mud
and silt carries bacteria, which can be transmitted in the water and cause illness in the people who
use it. So it's essential the water's kept clean. The other main problem was that when the land was
originally flooded to create the reservoir, they destroyed a large area of rainforest, which was home
to many birds and other forest creatures and sadly they died. Since then, however, seven new
.o
protected areas have been created for wildlife.

OK, now before I go on, has anyone got any questions? ... No? Well, I'd like to look at the
construction of the dam in a bit more detail. So, if you could all look at the cross-section of a dam on
the sheet 1 gave out ... OK? Look at the left side, which is the side facing the reservoir. Can you see
til
the point at the very bottom of the dam on the upstream face? That's called the 'heel', H double E, L,
just like part of your foot. And the same point at the bottom of the downstream face of the dam is
called, anyone care to guess?

That's it, the 'toe' also like the toe on your foot. What else should I mention? Yes, the top of a dam,
ib

that's the part you can see above water, the 'crest', and then the base or ground on which the dam is
built is the 'foundation'. I think that's all you need for now.

Now, I've got a few more diagrams ... if you'll just bear with me while I find out how to work this
projector ...

Unit 7
Exam Practice 1

You will hear an Environmental Studies student talking to his tutor about an assignment he is
working on.
T: Good morning, Wazim. Do come in.
W: Thanks very much.
T: Well, I've read through the work you've done so far and generally it's very good. Well done.
W: Thanks. I'm really interested in the topic and I've been working hard on it.

46
 ‫ﺗﮭﯾﮫ ﺷده در دﭘﺎرﺗﻣﺎن زﺑﺎن دﮐﺗر ﺑرزآﺑﺎدی‬

T: So starting with the work you've already done, I've just got a few suggestions for improving it. I
particularly like your introductory section on why you've chosen to look at people's attitudes to the
environment in our local area.
W: Thanks.
T: However, I would advise you to say quite a bit more on contamination of the river because it has
been in the media so much.
W: Yes, I know what you mean. I think I glossed over that rather quickly.
T: Yes, so you need to develop that a bit more. And the second point I wanted to make is that,
although your presentation is generally extremely good - particularly your diagrams and tables -
there are quite a few mistakes in the part about toxic smoke. If I were you, I'd look carefully through
that again.
W: l actually wrote that section at the last minute ... you can always tell, can't you?
T: Well, that's soon fixed. And my final point is about reading.
You've obviously done a lot on the causes and effects of acid rain but you only mentioned one book
on the causes of floods. You ought to read a couple more.
W: I tried looking on the Internet but there was nothing relating to this local area. I think the library
might be the best idea.
T: Yes, the Internet isn't the answer to everything.

rg
W: Of course.
T: Now, that's everything I wanted to say about the work you've done so far. You now want to move
onto the research stage, where you're finding out for yourself local people's attitudes and behaviour.
W: That's the main reason why I wanted to see you, to get ideas for how to approach that. I wanted to
do something on people's attitudes to land-fill and the dumping of rubbish.
What do you think?
T: That's a great idea. What research method do you think would be the most appropriate for that?
.o
W: I wondered about setting up a small focus group with students discussing their opinions ...
T: That's often quite hard to organise. Why not go for interviews instead- I 0 to 20 people should be
enough. And because you talk to them one-to-one I think it's easier to extract your data.
W: Yes, fine.
T: But I think you'll need to do that pretty soon. I suggest before the end of ...
til
W: the week?
T: No, the month should be fine.
W: That's a relief! I can manage that.
T: Anything else?
W: Well, related to that I thought I'd try to find out how people felt about recycling ... in particular I
ib

wanted to focus on paper.

T: Interesting ... yeah.
W: But I'd like to do a wider spread, involving more people you know, in the wider community. So I
thought I'd use questionnaires ...
T: Sounds fine. But I think you should allow a much longer time for that - to prepare them and send
them out, so I'd aim to get that done by the start of May.
W: I'll have to get moving on that!
T: Yes. Now, is there any other topic you'd like to investigate?
W: I wondered about looking at people's concerns about the ozone layer depletion.
T: That's obviously of great concern at the moment but can you think of something more localised ...
you know, practices in this particular community?
W: Well, I suppose I could look at using sprays ... you know, whether people are following advice on
this.
T: My advice is to focus on that.
W: So for the research method, I'd use questionnaires again.
T: Why not? But I also think it'd be a good idea to look at the statistics on this in the library. They
cover the last decade so you could look at how they've changed over that period.
W: Yes. That'll give a bit of variety, won't it?

47
 ‫ﺗﮭﯾﮫ ﺷده در دﭘﺎرﺗﻣﺎن زﺑﺎن دﮐﺗر ﺑرزآﺑﺎدی‬

T: Absolutely.
W: I imagine I could do that pretty quickly. I'll aim to do that by 23rd June and I can follow up on it
during the vacation if I need to get extra information.
T: And that should be plenty for the research stage.
W: Yes, I've got lots to be getting on with. Thank you very much.

Exam Practice 2
Simon: So, Isabella, you're the oldest child in your family. Would you say you're more intelligent
than your brother?
Isabella: Well, me and my brother are both students, but ... he went to a better university so I think
he's cleverer.
Simon: Really? I don't think you can say that.
Perhaps he's at a better university because he studies harder.
Isabella: Yes, but I think you can become more intelligent if you study hard, like the research said.
Simon: Yes, that's true. Anyway, I think you're probably as clever as him, but you're intelligent in
different ways.
Isabella: I don't think so, but I'm definitely better at choosing clothes!
Simon: So why don't you study as hard as him?

rg
Isabella: I think it's because I'm just not that interested in studying, and my family don't expect me to
be successful.
Simon: I have a different theory. I think younger children choose to do different things from their
siblings because they don't want to compete with them.
Isabella: Hmm. Maybe that's true for a few people, but I know lots of siblings who do similar
hobbies. Anyway, I think there are other things that affect your behaviour a lot more - parents, for
example. I think if your parents go to a good university, you will, too.
.o
Simon: OK. I think I agree with you there. Oh, by the way, I meant to ask you about your notes from
last week's lecture ...

Homework1
til
OK, so in today's lecture we're going to look at the causes and effects of deforestation. Well, we all
know what deforestation is ... but why does it happen? Well, firstly, trees are cut down for a variety
of purposes, but generally it's because people need to earn money or to grow food for their family.
Typically, farmers take a small area to produce plants or to feed their animals. The number of these
small areas combined is what has such a negative impact on the forest itself. The main reason for
ib

deforestation, therefore, is the need for agricultural land and not because companies take trees for
wood, as is often thought. But this does not mean that logging companies don't play a part. They
provide the world's wood and paper products, and cut down large numbers of trees each year.
Loggers, some of them acting illegally, also build roads to access remote forests – which leads to,
well, further deforestation. Not only that but forests are also cut down as a result of expanding towns
and cities. I should add, however, that not all deforestation is intentional - it's also caused by chance
when fires destroy vegetation.
I'm sure you've heard about examples of destructive forest fires that happen every summer all around
the world ...

Homework2
Right, before we look at the effects of deforestation on wildlife, let's consider why wildlife is so
important to us. So firstly, how many species of wildlife are there on Earth? Well, it's difficult to say
exactly. Scientists have already identified nearly 2 million individual species, and even conservative
estimates suggest that more than 9 million remain undiscovered! But the planet's amazing variety of
life is more than just something for academics to study; humans depend on it. For example, farmers
rely on worms, bacteria, and other organisms to break down organic waste and keep soil high in
nitrogen levels - processes that are important to agriculture. Pharmaceutical companies use a wide

48
 ‫ﺗﮭﯾﮫ ﺷده در دﭘﺎرﺗﻣﺎن زﺑﺎن دﮐﺗر ﺑرزآﺑﺎدی‬

range of different species to create medication ... and many more breakthroughs could still be
undiscovered in Earth's unknown species.
However, a stable food supply and a source for pharmaceuticals are only a couple of the benefits that
Earth's biodiversity provides. The next point I'd like to make connects biodiversity to the planet as a
whole. It does this by, well, Earth's plant life reduces the effect of global warming by absorbing
carbon dioxide, yet 90% of those plants depend on the nearly 190,000 species of insects to keep them
alive.
Scientists from Cornell University in the US actually calculated the value of the different services
that Earth's plants and animals provide. They arrived at a grand total of $2.9 trillion - and that was
back in 1997. So, what issues does the threat to biodiversity cause? Well, global warming is
increasingly forcing species away from their natural environment in search of better, er, more
suitable temperatures, and scientists fear that not all species will survive climate change.
Overhunting, which famously led to the extinction of the dodo, of course, and the passenger pigeon,
continues to endanger larger animals like the rhino. Species like kudzu and the brown tree snake,
introduced by humans to other environments, can also rapidly force native species to become extinct.
In the US, invasive species cause between 125 billion and 140 billion dollars in damage every year,
and are thought to have played a part in nearly half of all extinctions worldwide since the 1600s.
Forests are particularly important to wildlife ...

rg
Homework3
So, back to the main theme of the lecture.
The greatest threat to Earth's biodiversity is deforestation. While deforestation threatens ecosystems
across the globe, it's particularly destructive to tropical rainforests. In terms of Earth's biodiversity,
rainforests are hugely important; though they cover only 7% of the Earth's surface, they are home to
more than half the world's species. Through logging, mining, and farming, humans destroy
.o
approximately 2% of the Earth's rainforests every year, often damaging the soil so badly in the
process that the forest has a difficult time recovering. OK. As their habitats disappear, plants and
animals are forced to compete with one another for the remaining space - those that can't compete
become extinct. In recent history, deforestation has led to approximately 36% of all extinctions. So,
how can it be stopped? Well, deforestation is particularly difficult to stop because it has so many
til
causes. While it's easy to blame irresponsible logging and mining companies for the destruction,
their practices are in some ways a rainforests are located in developing countries that don't have
enough resources to enforce environmental regulations. These countries also benefit greatly from the
economic activity that the companies produce, making them even less likely to stop deforestation.
Fortunately, hope remains for the Earth's rainforests …
ib

Unit 8
Exam Practice 1 (Questions 1-4)
You will hear a woman giving a talk to people who would like to run their own businesses.
(M = Man, A = Amy)
M: Good morning and welcome to this month's Small Business Club meeting. 1 am very pleased to
welcome Amy Lim, who owns and runs a catering business in the local area ... She's going to talk to
us today about the pleasures of running her own business .... Amy ...
A: Thank you very much. Now, I started my business two years ago, selling very high quality ready-
made meals, using all organic ingredients, sourced from the local area. And I have to say it has been
the happiest time of my life, with sales doing extremely well. I've had to work very hard and this has
meant a rather limited social life but I really value the fact that I'm my own boss and I can decide
what I do, you know, when I think I'm ready to try something new and creative and when to continue
with what I'm doing and so forth.
Now, I got the idea to produce these dishes when I was visiting a local supermarket and I looked at
what was on offer in the ready-meals section - lots of low quality, unhealthy packs. And I thought, 'I
could do so much better!' J discussed it with friends- some of them thought it was a great idea and

49
 ‫ﺗﮭﯾﮫ ﺷده در دﭘﺎرﺗﻣﺎن زﺑﺎن دﮐﺗر ﺑرزآﺑﺎدی‬

others thought there wouldn't be a big enough market for such expensive products but I went ahead
with my idea anyway! And, as I say, it's been very successful.
At the moment I employ two people: one to help me with the actual preparation and cooking and the
other to work on the financial side, doing invoices and accounts and marketing.
My business is expanding but I'm not ready to employ anybody new just yet. At the moment I'm
negotiating with a local organic farmer who would like to sell my meals at his farm shop. We've
already agreed that I will sell in his shop in the new year, but I just don't know how much. It
probably won't be enormous - my sales in total at the moment are only about £7,000 a month and at
least for the next few months 1 don't plan on increasing that. I think the thing which will make me
take on new staff is if 1 just feel too exhausted and stop enjoying what I'm doing.
And plans for the long term future are a little vague at the moment. I've been thinking that in a
couple of years' time, I'll start to sell on the Internet. My sales will increase quite a bit. I won't
advertise because that might mean I would expand so fast that I couldn't continue to use all organic
ingredients and I'm very anxious to go on doing that. But I think I'll need a bigger kitchen and
packing area, otherwise we'll get very cramped.

Exam Practice 1 (Questions 5-10)

A: Now, I've emphasised how much pleasure I get out of running my own business but, of course,

rg
one of the quickest ways to lose heart is to try operating without sufficient capital. So in the second
part of my talk, I want to share with you how I got enough money to finance my business. The most
significant part of my capital came from a grant from the Small Business
Agency or SBA as everyone calls it. And this is how you go about getting it. The first thing you have
to do is to draw up a business plan. Now don't make this too long and complicated.
J would say it should just be up to two pages in length. I've seen some people's efforts go up to ten
pages. Well, frankly I don't think anyone will read it if it's that long! The next thing is, it's
.o
worthwhile getting it checked. Now don't rely on an accountant for this. Your best bet is to go to
your bank and get them to look through it. Only if they're happy should you go ahead with your
application. If all is well, then you should finalise your submission. Then your next step is to send it
to the SBA. Now they advise you not to do this by email but by post. However, they say this
situation might change in the near future.
til
So when the SBA receive your grant application, they'll judge whether your business idea is
interesting, that is, likely to benefit from their grant. If they think it's good, they'll invite you to
interview. And then the successful candidates can get a maximum of £20,000. 1 got £ 18,000 which
wasn't quite the top amount but still enormously useful, as you can imagine. Now f there are any
questions, I'll be happy ...
ib

Exam Practice 2
Representative: So you're thinking of becoming a teacher?
Student: Yes, but I'd like to find out a bit more about the training course and the long-term job
prospects first.
Representative: OK. So what would you like to know?
Student: Well, firstly, what happens on the training course?
Representative: It's a mixture of learning theory at college, but for a lot of the time you'll have to go
out of college and teach in real classrooms. In fact, you'll work in four during the year.
Student: How long do you work in each classroom?
Representative: It varies, but generally it's between two and six weeks.
Student: What happens afterwards?
Representative: You go back to college, reflect on the experience, and continue your theory work.
Student: How are we assessed during the course?
Representative: Some of the grades come from watching you teach and the other half are based on
essays you write.
Student: What do people find the hardest?

50
 ‫ﺗﮭﯾﮫ ﺷده در دﭘﺎرﺗﻣﺎن زﺑﺎن دﮐﺗر ﺑرزآﺑﺎدی‬

Representative: It's different for everyone, but for most people it's controlling the children. They can
be quite unkind to new teachers.
Student: What are the benefits like?
Representative: The salary isn't high compared to other postgraduate positions but you do get twelve
weeks holiday every year, including six weeks in the summer, and a good pension when you finish.
Student: OK, thank you. Could I take a brochure?
Representative: Of course. Please do

Homework1
1 Forms have to be filled in.
2 Earning money is a priority for most students when their courses finish.
3 The hard-working employees have free use of a lovely gym and a subsidized restaurant.

Homework2
Student: Hi. I'm interested in graduate places at Sterne Consulting. Can I ask you some questions?
Representative: Sure. Are you graduating this year?
Student: That's right. I'm graduating in Business and Management.
Representative: OK - excellent. What grade do you think you'll get?

rg
Student: Well, what grade do I need to apply to your company?
Representative: You need at least 65% when you come to do your final exams.
Student: OK, that should be fine. I hope I'm going to get a first-class honours, which is over 70%. Is
there anything else that can help my application?
Representative: It's always an advantage to do
a part-time graduate course. It helps if you've already booked or started one before you apply.
Student: OK, I'll look into that. How many positions o you have?
.o
Representative: Quite a lot. We have twenty-five positions available but we actually get over 500
applications.
Student: I know it's a trainee position but could I ask some questions about basic conditions?
Representative: Of course.
Student: Do trainees work full-time or do we go to college as well?
til
Representative: It's full -time, so you have to work quite hard. Any extra study is done in your own
time.
Student: Can I ask about conditions now? What's the starting pay like?
Representative: The basic salary is quite high at £30,000, but we don't pay a bonus or commission at
first. You may not be interested in this yet, but there's also a good company pension scheme.
ib

Student: How many days off do employees get?

Representative: Usually twenty days' holiday a year.
Student: And what other benefits do you provide?
Representative: Well, it depends on the office you work in. There's a staff restaurant in all our office
locations and an onsite gym that you pay nothing for.
Student: Great. What training do you provide?
Representative: Well, for graduate places there's an extensive training programme in your first year.
We train you to use a range of computer software and we teach you a range of skills from time
management to negotiating.
Student: OK, great. So what should I do next?
Representative: Well, the best thing is to leave us your email and I'll send you a link to our online
application.

Unit 9
Exam Practice 1
You will hear a psychology student giving a presentation about his project on 'the science of well-
being'.

51
 ‫ﺗﮭﯾﮫ ﺷده در دﭘﺎرﺗﻣﺎن زﺑﺎن دﮐﺗر ﺑرزآﺑﺎدی‬

Student: For my project I chose to look at a subject which has interested me for a long time - why it
is that some people arc much happier than others- more upbeat and optimistic? I should say that I
regard myself as a very happy person and so are most of my family, as far as I know. But that wasn't
the reason why I chose this project. Some people think that nowadays we are becoming more
depressed than we used to be but I'm not convinced by that and I came across some interesting
research which tries to look at the subject from a positive point of view. It emerged from a
movement called 'the science of well -being'. And I decided I wanted to investigate it for my project
because it involves several different types of factors- it can be viewed not just from the mental or
physical side but also from the social perspective.
Now, in a large-scale study of several thousand people of different ages, researchers found three
main characteristics which appeared again and again in people who identified themselves as happy.
The most significant factor was that you don't have to be someone who does something brilliant-
discovers penicillin or composes a symphony, for example- but happy people do seem to know what
their strengths arc. This enables them to make the best of themselves and not to dwell on what they're
doing badly. Another striking finding was that happy people tend to be very curious- not about
family gossip or things like that, but about larger issues, like current events. I remember one person
the researchers interviewed had never learned to read but he was happy because he kept up through
TV news. And then, and this surprised me - people don't have to have lots of friends to be happy, but

rg
they do have to be able to appreciate what they do have- the good fortune they've had and how
different their lives could have been if they hadn't been so fortunate.
Turning now to what the research says should be avoided if people are going to stay happy. The
three things that stand out are as follows. First of all, reflection time on your own is good but not if
people use that time regretting mistakes and blaming themselves for everything. Another point is that
people shouldn't worry about getting angry sometimes- it's part of what makes us human and it can
be healthy. But they shouldn't always try to find fault with others. This leads to a great deal of
.o
negativity. And the final thing which should be avoided if a person is going to be happy is always
trying to compete. Of course it can be fun to try to beat another person in a game but not if this
becomes your only aim. It's much better to enjoy taking part in the game rather than being obsessive
about winning it.
Now I've tried to do a lot of reading on the subject of well-being research and I have to say it does
til
have its critics. It is widely accepted that this 'positive' approach does help us understand what
happiness is and why some people are very unhappy. However, this has been dealt with many times
before. The critics basically say that it is the old science under a new name with only very small
changes in approach.
Well, that might be the case. It may bring us very little closer to finding out exactly how our brains
ib

work but I think that sometimes even a very small change in perspective can bring real and long-
lasting benefits.
Above all, I feel that well-being research might help us to move away from simply prescribing drugs
for depression. It helps us to explore alternative ways of dealing with unhappiness.
I'd like to finish my short presentation by mentioning one of the people who was interviewed by the
research team. Ada Clarke is exactly 100 years old and still going strong, still giving piano recitals in
her local town. She regards herself as a very happy person and that this positive spirit has kept her
healthy over her long life. But the reason I'm mentioning her now is because not one of the factors
she says make her happy is on the list I mentioned before. Every human life is unique and we cannot
guarantee what will make each one of us happy.

Exam Practice 2
Hi, I'm Aimee and this is my audio diary. I'm in Mexico City now. From where I'm standing, I can
see the grand Monument to the Revolution, in Plaza de la Republica. Anyway, I think it's really
worth coming here. I just love the life in the streets - everyone's so busy. There are lots of street
vendors, families and young people walking around. I adore the many bright colours of the buildings,
as well - they're pretty. The churches are beautiful, too, and have some really nice statues inside.

52
 ‫ﺗﮭﯾﮫ ﺷده در دﭘﺎرﺗﻣﺎن زﺑﺎن دﮐﺗر ﺑرزآﺑﺎدی‬

There are some interesting things I've learnt about the city. One of the most fascinating facts is that
it's sinking! If you look up at the skyline, you'll see the many towers are not completely straight.
It looks really strange but apparently it's because Mexico City was constructed on a salt lake.
Builders and conservationists are constantly trying to limit the effects. Anyway, there are many good
ways to get around the city. Today, I'm travelling on a tour bus. I really recommend it and it stops at
all the best tourist sights. And when you're tired of the city, which won't be soon, there are many
options for further travel. Tomorrow, I'm going on a two-hour flight to Cancun. I'm really looking
forward to dancing in the great clubs and spending time on the fantastic golden beaches!

rg
.o
til
ib

53