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EEICE-2022 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2290 (2022) 012046 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2290/1/012046

Design and Implementation of Single-phase Power Quality

Monitor Based on IM1281B

Zhenmin LIU*, Erzhao MEI, Jingfeng FAN and Yifei ZHANG

School of Information Engineering, Henan Technical Institute, Zhengzhou Henan
450042, China
*Corresponding author’s email: [email protected]

Abstract: In order to better analyze the influence of electrical equipment on power grid
fluctuations, a detection system is designed for power quality monitoring. The system uses 51
single-chip microcomputer as the control core, combined with IM1281B single-phase mutual
inductance energy metering module, to collect real-time voltage RMS, current RMS, power
factor, apparent power, active power and other electrical parameters of electrical equipment
connected to the grid. The standard Modbus-RTU is used for communication between IM1281B
and the single-chip microcomputer, which realizes the real-time acquisition and processing of
multiple electrical parameters of the electrical equipment connected to the power grid. The
experimental results show that, the single-phase power quality monitor designed based on
IM1281B is simple in structure, and relatively complete in collecting electrical parameters,
which can meet the needs of power quality analysis.

1. Introduction
With the diversification of electrical equipment, the power quality in the grid is under unprecedented
impact [1-2]. In order to more accurately analyze the influence of electrical equipment on power grid
fluctuations, it is necessary to collect and analyze precisely the electrical parameters such as the voltage,
current, power, electrical energy, power factor, frequency and etc.
According to the performance requirements, functional requirements, system architecture and
composition and other technical standards of power quality monitoring equipment in "General Technical
Requirements for Automatic Detection System of Power Quality Monitoring Equipment" combined
with the actual demand for power monitoring in the current grid [3] , the equipment designed should be
able to at least collect voltage and current signals, and monitor parameters such as voltage deviation,
frequency deviation, three-phase voltage unbalance, harmonics, inter-harmonics, flicker, voltage sag,
swell, short-term interruption and etc. [4] Therefore, the accurate acquisition of electrical parameters of
electrical appliances becomes the key to the power quality monitoring system.
The IM1281B single-phase mutual inductance energy metering module adopts a special
measurement chip, which can effectively measure the voltage RMS, current RMS, power factor,
apparent power, active power and other electrical parameters of single-phase alternating current.
Meanwhile, it adopts standard Modbus-RTU communication protocol, which can easily communicate
with other modules, and with a TTL level interface, it is simple and easy to communicate with the micro-
controller [5-6]. Therefore, the power quality detector designed with the IM1281B single-phase mutual
inductance power metering module is rather cost-effective.

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EEICE-2022 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2290 (2022) 012046 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2290/1/012046

2. Overall system design

Due to the diversification of electrical equipment and the comprehensiveness of power collection data,
the power quality detector designed must not only meet the general technical requirements of the
automatic detection system of power quality monitoring equipment, but also make the system more
integrated. The metering module adopted IM1281B single-phase mutual inductance can facilitate the
real-time collection of multiple electrical parameters such as voltage, current, power, electrical energy,
power factor, frequency, etc. of electrical equipment connected to the power grid. The data collected by
the electric energy metering module is transmitted to the single-chip microcomputer through the serial
port in accordance with the standard Modbus-RTU communication protocol. The single-chip
microcomputer completes the reading and processing of the data, and sends the processed data to the
LCD screen for display. The overall system design is shown in Figure 1.
AC power supply circuit DC voltage regulator circuit LCD display circuit

Energy metering module MCU

Clock reset circuit Indicating circuit

Figure 1. Overall design block diagram of the system

3. Hardware circuit design

3.1 DC voltage regulator circuit

The single-chip microcomputer and the electric energy metering module need 5V voltage power supply,
whereas the external power is single-phase alternating current with supply frequency 50Hz, voltage
220V of effective value. Therefore, it is necessary to design a DC voltage regulator circuit to provide
reliable power supply for the controller and the power sampling circuit which consists of four parts:
power transformer, bridge rectifier circuit, filter circuit and voltage regulator circuit. The hardware
circuit design is shown in Figure 2.
In Fig. 2, U3 adopts a transformer with a transformation ratio of 25 to step down the AC power at
the input end, and afterward, the output AC power is of 50Hz in frequency, and 8.8V in voltage of
effective value. The average value of the output voltage after passing through the U1 full-bridge rectifier
circuit is U O ( AV ) [7]
1 π 2 2U 2
2 sin ωtd (ωt ) =
π
U O ( AV ) = ≈ 0.9U 2
0 π (1)
In formula (1), U 2 is the effective value of the voltage output by the secondary side of the transformer,
8.8V. Therefore, the average value of the voltage output by the bridge rectifier circuit is about 7.92V.
The rectified AC uses a capacitor filter circuit to convert the pulsating DC into a smooth DC. When
approximate estimation is used, the average value of the voltage output through the capacitor filter is
U′O ( AV )

U′O (AV ) = 2U 2 1 −
T 

(2)
 4 R LC 

In formula (2), R L is the equivalent load resistance of the capacitor output terminal. In the actual
circuit, when R LC = (3 ~ 5)T 2 , the average value of the output voltage after capacitor filtering can be U′O ( AV )
U′O(AV) ≈ 1.2U 2 (3)
Therefore, the average value of the output voltage after capacitive filtering is 10.56V. Although the
rectifier and filter circuit has changed the sinusoidal alternating current into a relatively smooth direct
current, the output voltage is not only affected by the large fluctuation of the power grid, but also changes
with the change of the load resistance. The switching voltage regulator LM2596 of the step-down power

2
EEICE-2022 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2290 (2022) 012046 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2290/1/012046

management monolithic integrated circuit is adopted to regulate the output of the filtered voltage [8], thus
provide a stable direct current to the single-chip microcomputer and the electric energy metering module.
The LM2596 stabilizes the 10.56V DC input from the first pin and outputs 5V DC through the second
pin.
Input 220V
Transformer

220V AC three-hole socket

Figure 2. DC voltage regulator circuit

3.2 Electric power metering circuit

The IM1281B single-phase mutual inductance energy metering module is an energy measurement
module that integrates energy measurement, acquisition and data transmission with a TTL level interface.
At the same time, in order to prevent the influence of AC power on the measurement circuit, an isolation
circuit is used to isolate effectively between the measurement terminal and the data processing terminal.
Low-voltage DC 5V power supply is adopted, which is anti-reverse connection protective, since reverse
power supply will not damage the module but cannot work normally. The voltage measurement range
is between 1~380V to meet the measurement requirements of household electrical equipment, and the
current range is 5A, 50A, 100A, etc. According to the general situation of household appliances, the
50A current range is selected, and the external open circuit transformer is convenient for current
measurement. The voltage channel of the input impedance is larger than 1K Ω / V which conforms the
general technical requirements of the automatic detection system of the power quality monitoring
equipment.
The energy metering module adopts the MODBUS-RTU protocol, and the communication rate can
be set to 1200Bps, 2400Bps, 4800Bps, and 9600Bps as required [9]. The data format can be set by
software, with the address set to No. 1, the baud rate 4800bps, the data format "n, 8, 1", the data update
rate 1000ms, and the transformation ratio 1.
The energy metering circuit designed by IM1281B single-phase mutual inductance energy metering
is shown in Figure 3. The RXD of IM1281B is the connection of TTL level receiving end and the P3.1
serial port transmitting end of the micro-controller through a jumper cap; TXD is the connection of TTL
level sending end and the P3.0 serial port receiving end of the single-chip microcomputer through a
jumper cap, thus serial asynchronous half-duplex communication is achieved. P2 is connected to the
extension wire socket to facilitate the access of electrical appliances. UL is the live wire connection port
of the measured voltage and is connected to the 2 pin of P2. UN is the neutral wire connection port of
the measured voltage and is connected to the 1 pin of P2, which is connected to the UN terminal of L3
through the current transformer.
AC plug
jumper cap

IM1281B mutual inductance

jumper cap
metering module

Figure 3. Electric energy metering circuit

4. Embedded programming

4.1 Main program design

Based on the functions of the IM1281B single-phase power quality monitor controller, it mainly
completes the initialization of the system, sends commands to read electrical parameters to the IM1281B,

3
EEICE-2022 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2290 (2022) 012046 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2290/1/012046

and display electrical parameters to the LCD screen. The main program flow is shown in Figure 4. In
the initialization of the system, the configuration of the timer is mainly completed, the main interrupt
switch is turned on, the serial interrupt is enabled by setting the control bit to 1, and the LCD12864
display screen is initialized. In while (1), first call the display function to reveal the initial values of
electrical parameters such as voltage RMS, current RMS, power factor, apparent power, active power,
etc., and then call instructions to IM1281B module to read electrical parameters if the sending flag is
1, thus the electrical parameters of IM1281B are read.
Start

System initialization Yes

Clear flag
While（1）

Command to read electrical

LCD display
parameters from the host
NO
send flag

Figure 4. Main program flow chart

4.2 Power acquisition program design

The reading of power data is mainly through the serial port interruption, and the flow chart is shown in
Figure 5. When the serial port receiving flag bit RI is 1, first set the serial port receiving flag bit to zero,
then read the collected data from the serial data buffer SBUF and store it in the data Uart_dat
[ uart_count ], from which the array length is calculated, and judge whether the data read is correct or
not from the length of the array, the address and the function code of the data. Multiple electrical
parameters such as voltage RMS, current RMS, power factor, apparent power and active power is
calculated from reading date if data conversion is applied, whereafter, sets art_count to zero after the
calculation, and waits for the serial port receiving flag to be set to one again.

Yes
Serial port receives flag

Data transformation
Clear flag

Clear data bits

read data from serial buffer data

Collected data bits

NO
Is the data correct

Figure 5. Flowchart of reading energy data

5. Experimental results and analysis

The designed single-phase power quality monitor based on IM1281B is used in the data collection of
household appliances, and the commonly used electrical equipment is selected: switching power adapter,
hair dryer, induction cooker, as the test object, and the data of the single electrical equipment are
respectively analyzed, collected, and recorded in pairs. Finally, the voltage RMS, current RMS, power
factor, apparent power, active power and other electrical parameters are recorded when the three
electrical appliances are connected to the circuit at the same time, as shown in Table 1.

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EEICE-2022 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2290 (2022) 012046 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2290/1/012046

Table 1. Test data record table for different electrical equipment

Voltage RMS RMS current Power Apparent power Active power
Electrical equipment
(V ) ( A) factor ( kV ⋅ A ) ( kV ⋅ A )
number 1 238.89 0.03 0.399 0.007 0.003
number 2 235.49 1.49 0.659 0.350 0.231
number 3 232.19 4.70 0.975 1.091 1.066
1 and 2 234.09 1.47 0.655 0.344 0.226
1 and 3 231.39 4.72 0.979 1.092 1.070
2 and 3 229.39 6.00 0.864 1.379 1.193
1, 2 and 3 229.99 6.03 0.865 1.386 1.201

In the actual circuit analysis, the sinusoidal steady-state circuit power state is reflected from three
aspects of a port: RMS voltage U, RMS current I and impedance angle ϕ z , and active power P and
apparent power S, as shown in formula (4) and formula (5) [10].
1 T (4)
P=
T 
pdt = UI cos ϕ Z
0

S = UI (5)
where, P is the instantaneous power and T is the period of the sinusoidal steady state circuit. From
formula (4) and formula (5), the relationship between P and S can be deduced as shown in formula (6).
P = S cos ϕ Z (6)
In practical engineering applications, the power factor λ is often used to replace the impedance angle
ϕ z , and the expression is shown in formula (7).
λ = cosϕZ (7)
According to the collected data voltage RMS, current RMS and power factor, the active power P and
apparent power S is calculated, as shown in Table 2.

Table 2. The power record table calculated for different electrical equipment
Voltage RMS Current RMS power Apparent power Active power
Electrical equipment
(V ) ( A) factor （ kV ⋅ A ） （ kV ⋅ A ）
number 1 238.89 0.03 0.399 0.00717 0.00286
number 2 235.49 1.49 0.659 0.351 0.231
number 3 232.19 4.70 0.975 1.091 1.064
No.1 and No.2 234.09 1.47 0.655 0.344 0.225
No.1 and No. 3 231.39 4.72 0.979 1.092 1.069
No.2 and No. 3 229.39 6.00 0.864 1.376 1.189
No.1, No.2 and No.3 229.99 6.03 0.865 1.387 1.200

Comparing the apparent power and active power in Table 1 and Table 2, the relative error of apparent
power and active power can be calculated, as shown in Table 3.

Table 3. The relative error record table of apparent power and active power for different electrical
equipment
Electrical equipment Relative error of apparent power(%) Relative error of active power (%)
number 1 2.371 4.90
number 2 0.285 0
number 3 0 0.188
No.1 and No.2 0 0.444
No.1 and No.3 0 0.094
No.2 and No. 3 0.218 0.336
No.1, No.2 and No.3 0.072 0.083

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EEICE-2022 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2290 (2022) 012046 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2290/1/012046

As can be seen from Table 3, the relative error rate of apparent power and active power are less than
1% when No. 2 electrical equipment, No. 3 electrical equipment, No. 1 and No. 2 electrical equipment,
No. 1 and No. 3 electrical equipment or No. 2 and No. 3 electrical equipment are working, and so does
to the three electrical equipments of No.1, No. 2 and No. 3 work together, which meets the "General
Technical Requirements for Automatic Detection System of Power Quality Monitoring Equipment". The
relative error of apparent power and active power calculated by the No. 1 electrical equipment alone are
relatively large. The main reason is that the No. 1 electrical equipment has low power, and the effective
bits during data collection are three, whereas the discarding bits also has a certain influence on the
calculation, but the relative error is less than 5%, which also meets the design requirements.

6. Conclusions
Based on IM1281B, the single-phase power quality monitor can measure the voltage RMS, current RMS,
power factor, apparent power, active power and other electrical parameters of the electrical equipment
connected to the grid. The use of IM1281B single-phase mutual inductance energy metering module
simplifies the hardware circuit design, which makes the entire control system structure compact, and the
hardware circuit simple. In terms of program design, serial asynchronous half-duplex communication is
adopted, and the data format adopts MODBUS-RTU protocol to realize the data transmission between
the electric energy metering module and the controller. Analyze the measured and calculated values and
calculate that the relative error of apparent power and active power are both less than 5%, which meets
the general technical requirements of automatic detection systems for power quality monitoring
equipment.

Acknowledgments
The work was completed with the financial support of the Henan Province Science and Technology
Research Project (212102210623, 222102220075, 222102320421), Henan Province Key Scientific
Research Project of higher education (22A413006, 22B460013), Henan Technical Institute School-level
Scientific Research Project (2021-KJ-37, 2020-KJ-26) and Henan Technical Institute’s 2021 Special
Project for Entrepreneurship and Innovation (2021-SC-01).

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