MMT3043 MATERIAL ENGINEERING

2023/2024

LABORATORY REPORT
EXPERIMENT C: CREEP TEST

PROGRAME: BASC MARITIME TECHNOLOGY

GROUP NO: 3

NAME MATRIX.NO
HARSHINI KALIMUTHU S65687
MUHAMMAD HAFIZI BIN MOHD S65670
ZULKAPLI
MOHAMMAD NAZMI AIMAN BIN ABDUL S66291
KADIR
NUR QUZANRIAH BINTI PAHARI S66973

DATE OF EXPERIMENT
16 OCTOBER 2023

DATE OF SUBMISSION
23 OCTOBER
PROCEDURES

1. The sample for the reduced gauge length was marked. (uniform width).

2. The specimen inside the test area was mounted by using the mounting screws.

3. The beam was supported by raising the support screw (I) until it slightly lifts the
beam (G).

4. The doors of the test area was closed and the main power was switched on (D).

5. The heater was switched on (E).

6. Wait for the temperature inside the test area to achieve steady-state.

7. Then, the support screw was lowered until it no longer supports the beam.

8. The dial gauge (F) was adjusted so that it gives a zero reading.

9. The weight hanger (H) and desired amount of weights was attached at the end of
the beam.

10. The timer (B) was set to one minute, and the timer(C) was switched on.

11. Once one minute has elapsed (the alarm should trigger), the dial gauge reading
was recorded.

12. Steps 10 and 11 was repeated for additional readings.

13. Once the experiment is over, heater, timer and main power was switched off .

14. The results was tabulated, and the graph of strain vs. time was plotted.

15. The creep rate (d/dt) was calculated as a function of time and the various stages of
creep was identified.

16. The minimum creep rate at each stage was reported.

THEORY

When a material like polypropylene is plastically deformed at ambient temperature its

strength is increased due to work hardening. This work hardening effectively prevents
any further deformation from taking place is the stress remains approximately constant.
Annealing the deformed polypropylene at an elevated temperature removes the work
hardening and restores the polypropylene to its original condition. However, if the
polypropylene is plastically deformed at an elevated temperature, then both work
hardening and annealing take place simultaneously. A consequence of this is that
polypropylene under a constant stress at an elevated temperature will continuously
deform with time, that is, it is said to creep.

Objective
The objective of this experiment
is :
1. To understand the stage that
is involved in the creep test.
2. To experimentally obtain
the creep curve.
3. To identify the properties of
material while subjected to a
tensile load.
4. To measure the rate of
deformation of the material to
stress at a constant temperature.
Theory
Creep is defined as time-
dependent plastic deformation
(elongation) of the metal at a
constant tensile load. It is also
defined as high temperature
progressive deformation at
constant
stress. "High temperature" is a
relative term dependent upon
the materials involved. Creep
rates
are used in evaluating materials
for boilers, gas turbines, jet
engines, ovens, or any
application
that involves high temperatures
under load. Understanding high
temperature behavior of metals
is useful in designing failure
resistant systems. A creep test
can be studied by measuring the
permanent extension, after
various time intervals, of test-
pieces maintained at a constant
temperature. Measurements of
strain are then recorded over a
period of time as in Figure 1.
After
the initial instantaneous
extension, it shows that creep
occurs in three stages :
Stage 1 (Primary creep) : This
stage occurs at the beginning of
the tests, and creep is
mostly transiently, not at a
steady rate. Resistance to creep
increases until stage 2
(secondary
creep) is reached.
Stage 2 (Secondary creep) : The
rate of creep becomes roughly
steady. This stage is often
referred to as steady state creep.
Stage 3 (Tertiary creep) : The
creep rate begins to accelerate
as the cross sectional area of
the specimen decreases due to
necking or internal voiding
decreases the effective area of
the
specimen. If stage 3 is allowed
to proceed, fracture will occur.
In many cases, the three parts of
the curve are not clearly
distinguishable. To obtain a
complete picture of the creep
properties of a material, it is
necessary to construct creep
curves for
a range of stresses over a range
of temperature. Such curves as
shown in Figure 2 usually show
that, as the applied stress
decreased the primary creep is
also decreases, secondary creep
is
prolonged, and the possible
extension during tertiary creep
tends to increase. Very low
applied
stress may mean that tertiary
creep dies not occur even after
lengthy service life.
DISCUSSION

Based on the results, the discussion part in report may include the following:

1. Can you do the creep test on steels using the same set up? Explain your answer.

Yes, the creep test can certainly be performed on steels. The creep test is a widely
used method for assessing the time-dependent deformation behavior of materials,
and it is particularly important for materials like steel that are used in applications
involving high temperatures and sustained loads. Steel is often used in
applications where it is exposed to elevated temperatures, such as in power plants,
aerospace components, and industrial machinery. In these environments, it's
essential to understand how steel deforms over extended periods under constant
loads at elevated temperatures, which is precisely what the creep test is designed
to measure

2. What is the importance of minimum creep rate?

 The minimum creep rate is an important parameter in creep testing and materials
science. It represents the lowest rate of deformation a material undergoes over
time under a constant load and elevated temperature. A low minimum creep rate
indicates that the material is less prone to deformation over time, making it suitable
for long-term use in such applications.

3. What are the precautions to be taken during creep testing?

Safety Precautions:
 Ensure the safety of personnel by following appropriate safety protocols,
especially if the testing involves high temperatures and pressures.
Temperature Control:
 Maintain precise and stable temperature conditions throughout the test. Use
suitable temperature control systems, like furnaces or ovens, and ensure that the
testing environment is well-insulated to minimize heat loss.
Load Application:
 Carefully apply and control the load. Ensure that the load is constant and
accurately measured throughout the test duration.
 Avoid sudden changes in load, as they can introduce stress concentrations and
affect the accuracy of the results.

4. What is effect of grain size on the creep behavior of materials?

The grain size of a material can have a significant effect on its creep behavior. Creep is
the time-dependent deformation of a material under constant load and elevated
temperature, and the grain size plays a crucial role in influencing how a material
responds to these conditions. Here are the primary effects of grain size on the creep
behavior of materials:
Grain Boundary Sliding: In polycrystalline materials, the movement of atoms along
grain boundaries is a fundamental mechanism of creep. Smaller grain sizes typically
have more grain boundaries per unit volume. This increased grain boundary area allows
for greater grain boundary sliding, which can enhance creep resistance by
accommodating deformation more effectively.
Grain Boundary Strengthening: Finer grains tend to be more effective in resisting
grain boundary sliding. The presence of smaller, closely spaced grains can provide
obstacles to dislocation movement and grain boundary sliding, contributing to increased
creep resistance. This is often referred to as grain boundary strengthening.
Diffusion Path Length: Creep deformation often involves atomic diffusion. Smaller
grain sizes reduce the average diffusion path length, making it easier for atoms to
move, which can promote faster creep rates. On the other hand, larger grains may
result in longer diffusion paths, slowing down the creep process.

CONCLUSION
It has been proved that the magnitude of the strain increment increases with increased
of applied stress (loads) and temperature.

REFERENCES
1. Askeland, D.R., The Science and Engineering of Materials, (1998), PWS
Engineering, 1984, pp. 138-143
2. Dieter, G.E.(APRIL 2006),Mechanical Metallurgy, McGraw-Hill 1961, pp. 335-
347, 354
3. James M. Gere, Mechanics of Materials, 6th edition (2006) Thomson Learning

APPENDICES