LJMU Student Number: PN1035547

ICBT Student Number: KD-HDAME-08-18

ASSESSMENT COVER SHEET

Programme Automotive Engineering Learner name Ashen Madushka

Assignment title Vehicle safety engineering Assessor name Kavinda pathiraja
Unit Code. & title 5503ICBTAE Targeted assessment criteria
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What is the driver-assisted system?
Driver assists systems, also known as Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS), are a set of
technologies and features integrated into modern vehicles to assist drivers in various ways,
enhance safety, and improve the overall driving experience. These systems use sensors,
cameras, radar, and other advanced technologies to monitor the vehicle's surroundings and
provide real-time information and assistance to the driver. Driver assist systems are designed to
reduce the likelihood of accidents, improve vehicle control, and enhance overall road safety.
Summary :- all of driver assists system objectives are keep driver, passenger and other’s safety
using developments of latest technology.

Advanced Driver Assistance Systems

1. Air bag system :- Ensure that your prototype vehicle has a comprehensive airbag system

that deploys based on the type and severity of a collision.

2. Anti-Lock Braking System (ABS):- ABS prevents wheel lockup during hard braking,
allowing the driver to maintain steering control. This is a fundamental safety feature.
3. Traction Control System (TCS):- TCS prevents wheel spin during acceleration, especially
in low-traction situations. It ensures that power is efficiently distributed to the wheels .

4. Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC):- ACC uses sensors to maintain a safe following distance
from the vehicle in front, automatically adjusting speed to prevent collisions.

5. Blind Spot Monitoring (BSM):-BSM uses sensors to detect vehicles in the driver's blind
spots and provides warnings to avoid lane-change accidents.

6. Parking Assist Systems:-These include features like parking sensors and automated
parking to assist the driver in parking and avoiding obstacles.

7. Collision Avoidance Systems:-These include forward collision warning, automatic

emergency braking, and pedestrian detection systems that can alert the driver or
intervene to prevent or mitigate collisions.

8. Lane Departure Warning (LDW) and Lane-Keeping Assist (LKA):- LDW alerts the driver if
the vehicle unintentionally drifts out of its lane, while LKA can actively steer the vehicle
back into the lane.
 9. Four-Wheel Steering System:- While not a traditional safety feature, a four-wheel steering
system can improve vehicle handling and stability, especially in emergency maneuvers.

What is the advantage of driver assists systems ?

➢ Driver assists systems offer several advantages that enhance safety, convenience, and
the overall driving experience. Some of the key advantages of driver assist systems
include.
1. Improved Safety.
2. Reduced Accidents
3. Enhanced Driver Awareness
4. Reduced Fatigue
5. Increased Comfort
6. Convenience.
7. Improved Fuel Efficiency
8. Enhanced Nighttime Visibility
9. Reduced Insurance Costs
10. Future Autonomous Vehicle Readiness
11. Traffic Flow Management.
12. Safer Parking
13. Eco-Friendly Driving
14. Peace of Mind
Advance drivers assist systems and modern automotive.
Driver-assisted safety systems have become an integral part of modern automotive design and
technology. They offer numerous benefits, making them highly suitable for a wide range of
applications in the automotive industry. Here's a discussion of the suitability of driver assist safety
systems in modern automotive applications.
1. Enhanced Safety:-
Driver assist safety systems are designed to enhance safety on the road. They can help prevent
accidents, reduce the severity of collisions, and mitigate the impact of human error. These
systems are particularly effective in preventing rear-end collisions, lane-departure accidents, and
collisions with pedestrians.
2. Mitigating Human Error:-
Most accidents are caused by human errors, such as distracted driving, drowsiness, or
inattention. Driver assists systems, including adaptive cruise control, lane-keeping assist, and
automatic emergency braking, help compensate for these errors, making them highly suitable
for improving overall road safety.
3. Urban and Highway Environments:-
These systems are versatile and can be applied in various driving environments, from congested
urban streets to high-speed highways. Features like adaptive cruise control work well in both
stop-and-go traffic and long highway drives.
4. Integration with Autonomous Vehicles:-
Driver assists systems serve as building blocks for more advanced autonomous driving
capabilities. Automakers are gradually integrating these systems to create vehicles capable of
higher levels of automation, making them essential for the development of self-driving cars.
5. Parking Assistance:-
Modern vehicles often come equipped with parking assistance systems, making parking in tight
spaces or parallel parking much easier and safer. This feature is highly suitable for urban
environments where parking space is limited.
6. Traffic Management:-
These systems can assist in managing traffic flow, especially on highways, by maintaining safe
following distances and preventing sudden lane changes.
7. Customization:-
Many drivers assist systems are highly customizable, allowing drivers to tailor them to their
preferences and needs. This adaptability is a valuable feature in modern vehicles.
Purpose of steering system
The purpose of a vehicle's steering system is to control the direction in which the vehicle moves
by allowing the driver to influence the angle of the front wheels. The steering system is a
fundamental component of any motorized vehicle and serves several important purposes.
➢ Directional Control
➢ Maneuverability
➢ Safety
➢ Alignment
➢ Linkage with Driver Inputs

Basic steering principal diagram

Types of steering systems
8. Rack and Pinion Steering
9. Electric Power Steering (EPS)
10. Hydraulic Power Steering (HPS)
11. Four-Wheel Steering
12. Electronic Control Unit (ECU)-Assisted Steering

When steering the vehicle, suspension system also helps to steering system as well, then each
system is connected together.

The suspension system indirectly assists the steering system in steering a vehicle by
contributing to the stability, grip, and control of the vehicle. While the suspension system
doesn't directly turn the wheels, it plays a crucial role in ensuring that the steering system can
function effectively. Here's how the suspension system helps the steering system in steering a
vehicle.

• Tire Contact and Grip:-

The suspension system allows each wheel to move independently to adapt to the terrain. This
ensures that the tires remain in contact with the road, providing a consistent grip and allowing
the steering system to have precise control over the direction of the vehicle.

• Weight Transfer Control:-

During acceleration, braking, and cornering, the vehicle's weight shifts from one end to the
other. The suspension system helps manage this weight transfer. When a vehicle corners. This
action helps keep the vehicle balanced and prevents excessive body roll. Proper weight
distribution and balance are essential for effective and responsive steering control.

• Shock Absorption:-
it ensures that the vehicle remains stable and predictable during steering maneuvers. Without a
properly functioning suspension system, the shocks and vibrations could lead to loss of traction
and control, making it difficult to steer the vehicle accurately.

• Alignment and Handling:-

The suspension system also plays a role in maintaining proper wheel alignment. Correct
alignment settings, which include parameters like toe, camber, and caster, are crucial for
steering stability and handling. The suspension system supports and maintains these settings,
allowing the steering system to work optimally.
Independent suspension system diagram

In an independent suspension system, each wheel is attached to the

vehicle frame via a series of control arms, which allow it to move up
and down. The control arms are connected to the frame at one end
and the wheel hub at the other, allowing the wheel to pivot as it
moves.

Independent front
suspension
Independent Independent rear
suspension suspension

Fully independent system

Reasons for changing the rear axle to the independent suspension system.
❖ Poor Stability in rear axle suspension :-
In rigid suspension, whenever one of the wheels bounces, the entire axle tilts, causing the
opposite wheel to tilt either inwards or outwards - an effect called ‘bump steer’. This prevents
it from traversing in a straight line leading to less control over the steering.
❖ Good handling in independent suspension :-
During sharp turns, a centrifugal force is created in the sprung vehicles. This forms a roll couple
which leads the vehicle to tilt outwards. This tilt is countered by the resisting couple produced
by the suspension spring.
❖ Improved Ride Comfort and Handling:-
Independent suspension can provide a smoother ride and better handling characteristics. Each
wheel moves independently, allowing for better traction and stability, especially during
cornering.
❖ Enhanced Off-Road Capability:-
Independent suspension can offer improved wheel articulation and better traction on uneven
terrain, making it beneficial for off-road applications.
❖ Customization:-
Independent suspension allows for more customization options in terms of suspension tuning,
which can cater to specific driving needs or preferences.
Electric power steering is the most suitable steering system for all wheel steering in light duty
vehicles.
(some heavy-duty vehicles using hydraulic power technology for steering systems )
Electric Power Steering (EPS) is a modern steering system that has gained popularity due to its
versatility and efficiency in various vehicle configurations, including all-wheel steering (AWS)
applications. EPS offers several advantages that make it well-suited for AWS systems. Here's a
detailed explanation of why EPS is a more suitable choice for all wheel steering than other
steering types.
1. Precise and Responsive Control:-
• EPS provides precise control over the steering system, offering quick and accurate
response to the driver's input. This precision is crucial for AWS systems that involve
steering all four wheels.
• The electric motor in EPS can adjust the steering assist based on the vehicle's speed,
making it responsive and adaptive to different driving conditions.
2. Improved Integration with Driver Assistance Systems:-
• EPS can be seamlessly integrated with advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) and
autonomous driving technologies. This integration can enhance the AWS system's ability
to provide safety and convenience features, such as lane-keeping assistance and self-
parking capabilities.
3. Flexibility in Steering Assistance:-
• EPS systems can be adjusted to provide variable levels of steering assistance, which can
be advantageous in AWS applications. The assistance level can be fine-tuned to optimize
steering response and stability, especially during high-speed maneuvers.
4. Electronically Controlled:-
• EPS is electronically controlled, making it easier to integrate with AWS systems that
require electronic coordination between front and rear wheel steering.
• Electronic control allows for the implementation of advanced AWS algorithms, such as
rear-wheel steering at high speeds to improve stability or opposite-phase steering for
better maneuverability at low speeds.
5. Efficient and Fuel-Saving:-
• EPS is more energy-efficient compared to hydraulic power steering systems because the
electric motor only consumes power when steering input is required. This energy
efficiency can contribute to fuel savings, which is beneficial for AWS vehicles aiming for
better fuel economy.
 6. Reduced Maintenance:-
• EPS systems have fewer moving parts compared to hydraulic power steering systems,
which leads to reduced maintenance requirements. In AWS vehicles, where the
complexity of steering systems can increase with rear-wheel steering, this simplicity is
advantageous.

All wheel steering.

❖ Four-wheel steering systems can steer both the front and rear wheels. This setup
provides even more control over the vehicle's behavior, enhancing both
maneuverability and stability.
❖ At low speeds, all four wheels can turn in the opposite direction of the vehicle's turning
angle, which significantly reduces the turning radius and makes the vehicle highly
maneuverable in tight spaces.
❖ At higher speeds, the rear wheels can turn in the same direction as the front wheels,
which enhances stability during highway driving and high-speed cornering.
❖ Four-wheel steering systems rely on a complex network of sensors and control
algorithms to determine the ideal steering angles for each wheel. These systems
consider factors such as vehicle speed, steering input, and the specific driving situation.

In this system,
Collecting data from sensors, collected data input to controller unit, then controller unit send
signal to actuators.
1. Senser’s sensing data :- vehicle speed, steering angle, traction stability, rotation speed
of each wheel
2. Controller unit :- process the sensor data and determine the appropriate steering angles
for each wheel based on the current driving conditions.
3. Actuators :- Electric or hydraulic actuators are used to physically steer the wheels.

In the all-wheel steering system has two stages. It depends on the steering.
angle and speed of vehicle.
1. First one is small steering angel and high speed of vehicle,
2. The second one is large steering angle and low speed of vehicle.
➢ In the large steering angle and low speed of vehicle,

❖ In this stage rotation radius is lower than front wheel steering, then we can steer vehicle
with low steering angle.