ONT 2 —S PART-A BEHAVIOUR OF CONTINUOUS AND : DISCRETE-TIME LTI SYSTEMS SHORT QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS Q1. Define a linear system. Ans: ‘Asystem i said tobe linear if obeys the superposition an homogeneity (or) scaling properties. That i, for an input ofa, a, (J the system must produce output of [a,y, to sa,y0) Where, a, are constants, ‘system is said tobe linear ifthe output duc to weighted sum of inputs i equal to weighted sum of outputs 2, State the difference between causal and non causal system, Ans: Causal Systems: I the output the system atany time depends ‘only on present and past input values but does not depend on ature input values then the system is known as causal sytem, ‘The mathematical expression for causal system is given bys Ma) = Fain), a€er = 1), x0 = 2), 801 Bowe = De = 2), 3(0= oc] Where, (0) Present output x(n) Present input r= 1), a(0 = 2),a(0 = 3)ou are past inputs Mor 1), x42), (n= 3). ane past outputs. Non-Casual System: If the output of the system at any time depends on present, past and future input values then the system is known as non-causal system a }. How the impulse response of a discrete time ‘system is useful in determining its stability and causality? 2 The necessary and sufficient eondi- tion for system to be stable is, Ypmjee nee, a dsrte ime stem ssid tobe stable, its impulse responses absolutely summable. Conditions for Causality: The necessary and sulficient condition for a system to be causal i, som Sxt8Hn 2 oon so For, h(a) = an) = if n20 Hence, ast ime system is sido be aus iis impulse responses easal ie. Hr) =O foal ‘Gk. Check whether the folowing ystemis Time varianUTime varintandalso causallnon causa wor) Given that, Ans: The continuous time system equation is, w Hite ystems dle by is deo hina one sen eps een saga] the system output of system is delayed by , units then ‘equation (1) can be writen as, ea 0 From equations (2) and (3), it ean be concluded that, Mi Aer=t) Hence, the system is time variant, 2 Causality it) For different values ofthe input - output relations for the system are obtained as, terre-tyen=x( 0, ¥(0) =x (0) wl Since, for 1= -I i... for negative values of 1, system ‘output depends on future inputs. Hence, the systems non causa, Fors Fors=1 39SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS : 8 f Uneer mime Invartant System Time tnva 2 pear Time Variant System 44, Impulse Response. Ans: 1. Linear System Jhich satisfies superposition and homogeneity teh anes bak Wea and vine variance properties and vates its characteristics with = eee impulse is applied Pulse responseofa system, tis denoted USystem 12 HR and ine variant system, has is stem, It has following 1 The input and outpu comalnina MP4 OF LT sytem ave slated by HO= 31) «4H 2 1x0 = Tt), then, PaO— IM a5 4) \ OF 410% =A. then, 0 foisi\+ arto) G1. “Ustthe prope ae © convolution com 4 olution of NPliation oF tO 8 requeney Convolution Thearg icorem states that, the ‘wo fumetions in va ghaviour of Nag Gio. Write the procedure topo using graphical methog, P°"m a Ans: The following steps are required using graphical method, ‘eer 49. Disct L Replace independent val 24 riable by ady, + Base plot the graphs, ” sim a 2, Keep one function as fixed and fol : along vertical direction, teem, 2 3. Shift the folded function along t axi a the function, mt ‘4 Multiply the to fuetions on the s. 5. Determine the area under the curve (at é ce convolution) ata panicular pointe ‘expression, “ ot 8 J 0) Hanae [xy « MO, Lin i An O11. “Write the n® order difference equation F ANS: Foran LTI system, ifs) isthe ‘nputfunein, yp 'sthe output function.then the nth ‘order differeniley ‘he LTH system is given as, 4 AL © coefficients of input funcite lifference equation yin]=xj-X ‘he difference equation ofa system's 21 = xt) ~ 3510-1) Taking Laplace transform ‘on both sides. “Otol = Ltstuy) az tata —1}} Ne Ms) ~31Y(s) Considering Ms) ate) aesnt they, OM) Wendt form realization of the givens “hovn in figure below, slo) at Fawe: iret Form- 1 ReaiationBehaviour of Continuous and Discrete-Time LT Systema Q13. Discuss the classification of continuous systems with the holp of example ‘Ans: Based on the hasic propertics and characteristis, continuo cs untr2 PART-B Be ESSAY QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS 2.4 SYSTEM PROPERTIES : LINEARITY, ADDITIVITY AND HOMOGENEITY, SHIFT. INVARIANCE, CAUSALITY AND STABILITY ime systems are classified into the following eategorien Linear and non - linear ystems Time variant and time variant systems Causal and non-causal systems Stable and unstable systems Static and dynamic systems Recursive and non-recursive systems Analog and digital systems, Inverible and non invertible systems, Linear and non - linear systems: Arelaxed system that satisfies the superposition principle is called as linear system Arelaxed system is said to be linear if'and only if, Hloals)+a,ro(1))=,4n(1)]+ 0, 4(0)] ‘Where, 440.0 are the arbitrary input sequences and, +4, ate the nbitrary constants, Azgystem whose response to the sum of the weighted inputs is same as the sum of weighted responses then the system is said tobe a linear system. datrfoaadte Figure (1: Diagrammatic Explanation of Linearity Inthe above representation, if)¢n) =)" then the systen js known linea, otherwise itis nonlinear ‘Time Variant and Timer Invariant Systems: Ifthe input-output relationships ofthe eotinnous tne system ah wot change with time, then the system is called a int invariant syste {Let x) be the input and y(t he the output af the system Then sy E+ yuu) The above ven system is suid to berahe syster Here, the input and oatput oF the ss nia Th) Prom time-invariant system. f 8 system is said 0 be time = variant pap tt=t) forall possible values of ll y(t) ¥.2(¢ ~ 16) forthe Valo ant-W 7 struc ids only on stems: Ifthe output ofthe system at any time depen cal VESSEL ahd pag gouty 5 Cana and Non-Cena ytems: he or Tem is kon as causal stem, ae * json Future input values ‘ues but does not depends on fi is given by, “The mathematical expression for causa system is gi on 0-2).9(0-3 spective arm Flatadx(t-Mh.a(t = 230-3 CME). pe Where. S40 - Present ute sit) ~ Present input [x= thx{r-2).x(r-3). ] sre past inputs _ [eG tL e-2h x(e- 3)] are past outputs, oe the: = ‘of the system at any time depends on future input values then the system is known as non-causi As i ‘ 314, Dis , i inded le if for all i 4. Stable and Unstable Systems : A system is ues bounded pees ae i a : u oui a stem i mnstable if for son ts, the he corresponding ourputs are bounded. A system is called ut sai are infinite or unbounded. | Let. x{0)be a bounded input, 1) be a bounded output, and the impulse response, /(n) of the system , then puet By convolution sum formula. the response of the system is written as, meena w= fhe sx(e- rae 1 os 2 . . = bole] f weoxe—ode| =f tateet—alae EE es 4. ‘Therefore equation (1) becomes. 5 i 6. =m [nde Live pc 1 fi VCs ifae2ee then the output is ‘bounded, te ie i Therefore an LT system is said tobe stable, iis impulse response is absolutely summable. . a S$ Static a . : n preset i¢ and Dynamic Systems: The system is said to be static, if the ‘output of a system depends only on pr A values. 111s also: known as ‘memory less system, Bb Ifthe system output ‘ mory 5? Woe eres on fare ad pas input values then the system is sid to be dynamic or mem \ 6 Recursive and Non recursive Sytem, noe sis as well® e and pan inputs s called a rccursive a stem whose output y(n) at time n depends of past outPt FCCUFSIVE system, HO= THES -2), . ‘The system vhose — in “ Dex) a= 1)... (0 nD ow depends on e Thetmathemaical egress yp on the present and past input values is called a non-recurs OF DON-tecursive system i MO TH th 2-2), ay D Ystem is given by, 2 Analog and Digital Systems; called analog system, systems thay #€¢P1S an analog 42 ke