Unit - IV: Multiple Access

FDMA: Principle and Inter modulation, Calculation of C/N

TDMA: Principle, Frame Structure, Satellite Switched TDMA
On-Board Processing
DAMA
CDMA: Principle, Spread Spectrum Transmission and Reception

With the increase of channel demands and the number of earth stations, efficient use of a
satellite transponder in conjunction with many stations has resulted in the development of
multiple access techniques.

Multiple access Multiplexing

It is a technique that permits satellite to It is a technique to transfer multiple

transfer many signals simultaneously signals over a single channel. In this
technique multiple signals are integrated
to form a single composite signal

It considers the signal from different regions It considers the signals from one
particular region

By this technique, the satellite capacity is This technique allows the multiple
effectively shared between the large number signals to share a single radio channel
of earth stations

Different multiple access techniques are Different multiplexing techniques are

TDMA,FDMA,CDMA and Random access time division multiplexing and
frequency division multiplexing

Multiple access is a technique in which the satellite resource (bandwidth or time) is divided
into a number of non-overlapping segments and each segment is allocated exclusively to
each of the large number of earth stations who seek to communicate with each other. There
are three known multiple access techniques. They are:
(1) Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
(2) Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
(3) Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS (FDMA)
 In FDMA, the available satellite bandwidth is divided into portions of non-
overlapping frequency slots which are assigned exclusively to individual earth
stations.
 Guard bands are provided between each segment.
 Guard bands are essential in FDMA systems to allow the filters in the receivers to

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 select individual channels without excessive interference from adjacent channels.
 Guard bands of 10 to 25% of the channel bandwidth are needed to minimize adjacent
channel interference.
 The modulation employed in this scheme may be analog such as FM or digital like
phase shift keying.
 The FDMA scheme may be divided into two categories based on the traffic demand
of earth stations. MCPC-multiple channels per carrier and SCPC-single channel per
carrier
A basic diagram of an FDMA satellite system is shown in Fig.

 Examples of this technique are FDM/FM/FDMA used in INTELSAT II & III and
SCPC satellite systems. Also, SPACE (signal-channel-per-carrier PCM multiple
access demand assignment equipment) used in INTELSAT IV in which channels are
assigned on demand to earth stations is considered as a FDMA system.
 In FDMA systems, multiple signals from the same or different earth stations with
different carrier frequencies are simultaneously passed through a satellite transponder.
Because of the nonlinear mode of the transponder, FDMA signals interact with each
other causing intermodulation products (intermodulation noise) which are signals at
all combinations of sum and difference frequencies as shown in the example given in
Fig.

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  The power of these intermodulation products represents a loss in the desired signal
power.
 In addition, if these intermodulation products appear within the bandwidth of the
other signals, they act as interference for these signals and as a result the BER
performances will be degraded.
 The other major disadvantage of the FDMA system is the need for accurate uplink
power control among network stations in order to mitigate the weak signal
suppression effect caused by disproportionate power sharing of the transponder
power.
Intermodulation
 Intermodulation products are generated whenever more than one signal is
carried by nonlinear device. Sometimes filtering can be used to remove the IM
products, but if they are within the bandwidth of the transponder they cannot
be filtered out.
 The saturation characteristic of a transponder can be modeled by a cubic curve
to illustrate the generation of third –order intermodulation. Third -order IM is
important because third –order products often have frequencies close to the
signals that generate the intermodulation, and are therefore likely to be within
the transponder bandwidth.
 To illustrate the generation of third - order intermodulation products, we will
model the nonlinear characteristic of the transponder HPA with a cubic voltage
relationship and apply two unmodulated carriers at frequencies f1 and f2 at the
input of the amplifier
V out= AVin + b(Vin)3 …….(1) where A >> b.
The amplifier input signal is V1cosω1t+ V2 cosω2t …. (2)

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 It can be seen that IM products increase in proportion to the cubes of the signal powers with
power levels that depend on the ratio (b/A) . The greater the nonlinearity of the amplifier
(larger b/A ratio), the larger the IM products.
Intermodulation Example
Consider the case of a 36 -MHz bandwidth C -band transponder which has an output
spectrum for downlink signals in the frequency range 3705-3741 MHz. The transponder
carries two unmodulated carriers at 3718 and 3728 MHz with equal magnitudes at the input
to the HPA. Using Eq. (6.7), the output of the HPA will contain additional frequency
components at frequencies
f31= (2 x 3718 — 3728) = 3708 MHz
f32= (2 X 3728 — 3718) = 3738 MHz
Both of the IM frequencies are within the transponder bandwidth and will there be present in an
earth station receiver that is set to the frequency of this transponder. Magnitude of the IM
products will depend on the ratio b/A, a measure of the nonlinearity of the HPA, and on the
actual level of the two signals in the transponder.
Now consider the case where the two signals carry modulation which spreads signal
energy into a bandwidth of 8 MHz around each carrier. Carrier 1 has frequencies 3714 to
3722 MHz and carrier 2 has frequencies 3726 to 3734 MHz. Denoting the band of
frequencies occupied by the signals as fnlo to fnhi, the intermodulation products cover the
frequency bands (2f1lo-f2hi) to (2f1hi-2f2lo) and (2f2lo-f1hi) to (2f2hi-f1lo)
The IM products are spread over bandwidths (2B1+ B2) and (2B2+ B1).
Hence the third -order IM products for this example cover these
frequencies: 3706 — 3730 MHz and 3716 — 3740 MHz with bandwidths
of 24 MHz.

Figure 6.4 :Intermodulation between two C -band carriers in a transponder with third -order
nonlinearity.
The location of the 8 MHz wide signals and 24 MHz wide IM products is illustrated in Figure
6.4.
Calculation of C/N with Intermodulation
(C/N)0 =1/[1/(C/N)up +1/(C/N)dn + 1/(C/N)IM

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 TIME DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS (TDMA)
 In TDMA, the sharing of the communication resource by several earth stations is
performed by assigning a short time (time slot) to each earth station in which they
have exclusive use of the entire transponder bandwidth and communicate with each
other by means of non-overlapping burst of signals.
A basic TDMA system is shown in Fig.

 In time division multiple access a number of earth stations take turns

transmitting bursts of RF signals through a transponder.
 Since all practical TDMA systems are digital, TDMA has all the advantages
over FDMA that digital signals have over analog FDMA systems, because the
signals are digital and can be divided by time, are easily reconfigured for
changing traffic demands, are resistant to noise and interference, and can
readily handle mixed voice, video, and data traffic.
 One major advantage of TDMA when using the entire bandwidth of a
transponder is that only one signal is present in the transponder at one time, thus
overcoming many of the problems caused by nonlinear transponders operating
with FDMA.
 However, using-all of the transponder bandwidth requires every earth station to
transmit at a high bit rate, which requires high transmitter power, and TDMA
is not well suited to narrowband signals from small earth stations.
 In TDMA, the transmit timing of the bursts is accurately synchronized so that the
transponder receives one burst at a time.
 Each earth station receives an entire burst stream and extracts the bursts intended for
it.
 A frame consists of a number of bursts originating from a community of earth stations
in a network. A TDMA frame structure is shown in Fig.

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  A TDMA frame contains the signals transmitted by all of the earth station in a TDMA,
network. It has a fixed length, and is built up from the burst transmissions of each earth
station, with guard times between each burst.
 The frame exists only in the satellite transponder and on the downlinks from the satellite
to the receiving earth stations.
 Each station transmits a preamble that contains synchronization and other data essential
to the operations of the network before sending data.
 The earth station’s transmission is followed by a a guard time to avoid possible overlap
of the following transmission.
 TDMA transmissions is into two parts: a preamble containing all the synchronization
and identification data, and a group of traffic bits.
 Synchronization of the TDMA network is achieved with the portion of the preamble
transmitted by each earth station that contains carrier and bit clock synchronization
waveforms. In some systems, a separate reference burst may be transmitted by one of
the stations, designated as the master station.
 A reference burst is a preamble followed by no traffic-bits. Traffic bits are the
revenue producing portion of each frame, and the preamble and reference bursts
represent overhead.
 The smaller the overhead, the more efficient the TDMA system, but the greater the
difficulty of acquiring and maintaining network synchronization.
 The preamble of each station's burst transmission requires a fixed transmission time.
A longer frame contains proportionally less preamble time than a short frame, so
more rilienue producing data bits can be carried in a long frame.

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 The TDMA bursts structure of the reference and traffic burst are given in Fig
Carrier and bit timing recovery (CBTR)
The CBTR pattern provides information for carrier and timing recovery circuits of the earth
station demodulator. The length of the CBTR sequence depends on the carrier-to-noise ratio
at the input of the demodulator and the acquisition range.
Unique word (UW)
The unique word sequence in the reference burst provides the receive frame timing that
allows an earth station to locate the position of a traffic burst in the frame. The UW in the
traffic burst marks the beginning of the traffic burst and provides information to an earth
station so that it selects only those traffic bursts intended for it. The UW is a sequence of ones
and zeros selected to exhibit good correlation properties to enhance detection.
Teletype (TTY) and voice order wire (VOW)
Teletype and voice order wire patterns carry instructions to and from earth stations.
Service channel (SC)
The service channel of the reference burst carriers management instructions such as burst
time plan which gives the coordination of traffic between earth stations, i.e. position, length,
and source and destination earth stations corresponding to traffic bursts in the TDMA frame.
The channel also carries monitoring and control information to the traffic stations.
Control and delay channel (CDC)
The control and delay channel pattern carries acquisition and synchronization information to
the traffic earth stations to enable them to adjust their transmit delays so that bursts arrive at
the satellite transponder within the correct time slots in the frame. It also carries the reference
station status code which enables them to identify the primary and secondary reference
bursts.

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  Input back off is defined as “the ratio of saturated power to the desired power
which helps in maintaining the output below saturation.
 The output back off is defined as “the ratio of peak signal carrier output
power to the total desired output power as a function of the total input
power.
Satellite-switched TDMA (SS-TDMA)
A satellite-switched TDMA system is an efficient TDMA system with multiple spot
beam operation for the uplink and downlink transmissions. The interconnection between the
uplink and downlink beams is performed by a high-speed switch matrix located at the heart
of the satellite. An SS-TDMA scheme provides a full interconnection of TDMA signals
among various coverage regions by means of interconnecting the corresponding uplink and
downlink beams at a switching time. Figure shows a three-beam (beams A, B and C) example
of a SS- TDMA system.

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 The switch matrix is configured in a crossbar design in which only a single row is
connected to a single column at a time. In this figure, three different traffic patterns during time
slot intervals T1, T2 and T3, with three different switch states s1, s2 and s3 are also shown. The
switching sequence is programmed via a ground control so that states can be changed from time
to time. The advantages of SS-TDMA systems over TDMA systems are:
(1) The possibility of frequency re-use by spot-beam spatial discrimination, i.e. the same
frequency band can be spatially re-used many times. Hence, a considerable increase in
satellite capacity can be made.
(2) The use of a narrow antenna beam which provides a high gain for the coverage region.
Hence, a power saving can be obtained in both the uplink and downlink. An SS-TDMA
scheme has been planned for INTELSAT VI and Olympus satellites.
Satellite Switched TDMA
 One advantage that TDMA has when used with a baseband processing transponder is
satellite switched TDMA.
 Instead of using a single antenna beam to maintain continuous communication with
its entire coverage zone, the satellite has a number of narrow antenna beams that can
be used sequentially to cover the zone.
 A narrow antenna beam has a high gain than a broad beam, which increases the
satellite EIRP and therefore increases the capacity of the downlink.
 Uplink signals received by the satellite are demodulated to recover the bit streams,
which are structured as a sequence of packets addressed to different receiving earth
stations.
 The satellite creates TDMA frames of data that contain packets addressed to specific
earth stations, and switches its transmit beam to the direction of the receiving earth
station as the packets are transmitted. Note that control of the TDMA network timing
could now be on board the satellite, rather than at a master earth station.
ONBOARD PROCESSING
 The discussion of multiple access so far has assumed the use of a bent pipe transponder.
which simply amplifies a signal received from earth and retransmits it back to earth at a
different frequency.
 The advantage of a bent pipe transponder is flexibility. The transponder can be used for
any combination of signals that will fit within its bandwidth. The disadvantage of the bent
pipe transponder is that it is not well suited to uplinks from small earth stations, especially
uplinks operating in Ka band.
 Consider a link between a same transmitting earth station and a large hub station via a bent
pipe GEO satellite transponder. There will usually be a small rain fade margin on the
uplink from the transmitting station because of its low EIRP.
 When rain affects the uplink, the C/N ratio in the transponder will fall. The overall C/N
ratio in the hub station receiver cannot be greater than the C/N ratio in the transponder, so
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 the bit error rate at the hub station will increase quickly as rain affects the uplink.
 The only available solution is to use forward error correction coding on the link, which
lowers the data throughput but is actually needed for less than 5% of the time. The problem of
uplink attenuation in rain is most severe for 30/20 GHz uplinks with small margins. Outages
are likely to be frequent unless a large rain fade margin is included- in the uplink power
budget.
 Onboard processing or a baseband processing transponder can overcome this
problem by separating the uplink and downlink signals and their C/N ratios. The
baseband processing transponder can also have different modulation schemes on the
uplink and downlink to improve spectral efficiency, and can dynamically apply forward error
control to only those links affected by rain attenuation.
All LEO satellites providing mobile telephone service use onboard processing, and Ka-band
satellites providing Internet access to individual users also use onboard processing.
Baseband Processing Transponders
 A baseband processing transponder has a receiver and transmitter similar to those found
in an earth station. The received signal from the uplink is converted to an intermediate
frequency and demodulated to recover the baseband signal, which is then processed and
reassembled.
 The baseband signal is modulated onto a carrier at a downlink frequency and transmitted
back to earth. The signals are invariably digital, although that is not a requirement of a
baseband processing transponder.
 The advantage of this process is that uplink and downlink signal formats need not be the
same, and that different forms of error correction can be applied to the uplink and
downlink. The C/N ratios of the uplink and downlink are not tied together through the
reciprocal formula.
 If the C/N on the uplink is low, because of an uplink rain fade, for example, bit errors
will be present in the recovered data in the transponder. The BER will depend only on
the uplink C/N ratio.
 If the C/N on the downlink is high, as is usually the case for all star networks working
with a large hub earth station, no additional bit errors will occur on the downlink.
 Separation of the uplink and downlink signals allows different modulation methods to
be used, as well as flexible error correction codes
Satellite Switched TDMA with Onboard Processing
 Baseband processing is essential in satellites using satellite switched TDMA, because
data packets must be routed to different antenna beams based on the address of the
destination earth station.
 The data in such systems is always sent in packets which contain a header and a traffic
section.

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  The header contains the address of the originating station and the address of the
destination earth station. When satellite switched TDMA is used, the transponder must
extract the destination information and use it to select the correct downlink beam for
that packet.
 The satellite is operating much like a router in a terrestrial data transmission system.
Switched beam operation of an uplink from a small earth station is more difficult to
achieve because it requires synchronization of the earth station transmit time with the
satellite beam pointing sequence, in much the same way that a TDMA uplink operates.
However, the uplink can operate in a small bandwidth which overcomes the chief
disadvantage of classic TDMA—the requirement for high burst rate transmissions and
high transmit power.
 Satellite switched TDMA can greatly increase the throughput of a transponder.
 A satellite with switched beam capability can have much narrower beams with higher
gain than a satellite with a single fixed beam.
 Satellite switched TDMA and multiple beam antennas are a feature of most of
proposed Ka - band Internet access satellites.
DEMAND ACCESS MULTIPLE ACCESS (DAMA)
 Demand access can be used in any satellite communication link where traffic
from an earth station is intermittent. Demand access allows a satellite channel
to be allocated to a user on demand, rather than continuously, which greatly
increases the number of simultaneous users who can be served by the system.
 Channels are typically a pair of carrier frequencies (one for transmit and other
for receive), but can be other fixed satellite channel recourses such as time
slots in a TDMA burst plan.
 Once allocated to a pair of nodes, this channel is not available to other users in
the network until their session is finished.
 Demand access systems require two different types of channel: a common
signalling channel (CSC) and a communication channel.
 A user wishing to enter the communication network first calls the controlling
earth station using the CSC, and the controller then allocates a pair of channels
to that user.
 The CSC is usually operated in random access mode because the demand for
use of the CSC is relatively low messages are short, and the CSC is therefore
lightly loaded, a requirement for any DA link.
 Packet transmission techniques are widely used in demand access systems
became of the need for addresses to determine the source and destination of
signals.

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  Figure shows a typical 54 MHz bandwidth Ku bank transponder frequency

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 plan for the inbound channels of a VSAT network using frequents division
multiple access with single channel per carrier and demand access (FDMA-
SCPC-DA) on the inbound link.
CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS (CDMA)
 In CDMA satellite systems, each uplink earth station is identified by an
address code imposed on its carrier. Each uplink earth station uses the entire
bandwidth transmits through the satellite whenever desired.
 No bandwidth or time sharing is required in CDMA satellite systems. Signal
identification is achieved at a receiving earth station by recognising the
corresponding address code.
1. Direct sequence CDMA (DS-CDMA)--------used in Satellite communications
In this technique, an addressed pseudo-noise (PN) sequence generated by the PN code
generator of an uplink earth station together with the information data are modulated directly
on the carrier as shown in Fig. 9.28a. The same PN sequence is used synchronously at the
receiving earth station to despread the received signal in order to receive the original data
information (Fig. 9.28b).

The bits of the PN sequence are referred to as chips. The ratio between the chip rate
and information rate is called the spreading factor. Phase-shift-keying modulation schemes
are commonly used for these systems. The most widely used binary PN sequence is the
maximum length linear feedback shift register sequence (m-sequence) which is generated by
an m-stage shift register.
There are two types of DS-CDMA techniques: synchronous and asynchronous.
 In a synchronous system, the entire system is synchronized in such a way that the PN
sequence period (code period) or bit duration of all the uplink carriers in the system

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 are in time alignment at the satellite. This requires that all stations have the same PN
sequence period and the same number of chips per PN sequence length. Hence, a
synchronous DS-CDMA must have the type of network synchronization used in a
TDMA system but in a much simpler form.
 However, in an asynchronous DS-CDMA satellite no time alignment of the PN
sequence period at the satellite is required and each uplink carrier operates
independently with no overall network synchronization. Therefore, the system
complexity is much simpler than a synchronous system.
2. Frequency hopping CDMA (FH-CDMA)------- used in Bluetooth
The block diagram of an FH-CDMA transmitter/receiver is shown in Fig.

Here, the addressed PN sequence is used to continually change the frequency of the carrier at
the uplink earth station (hopping). At the receiver, the local PN code generator produces a
synchronized replica of the transmitted PN code which changes the synthesizer frequency in
order to remove the frequency hops on the received signal, leaving the original modulated
signal untouched. Non-coherent M-ary FSK modulation schemes are commonly used for
these systems.
3. Hybrid CDMA
A hybrid CDMA system employs a combination of DS-CDMA and FHCDMA techniques. In
all these techniques, a larger bandwidth is produced than that which will be generate by the
modulation alone. Because of this spreading of the signal spectrum, CDMA systems are also
referred to as spread spectrum multiple access (SSMA) systems. Spreading the spectrum of
the transmitted signal has important applications in military satellite systems since it produces
inherent anti jam advantages. In addition to anti jamming protection, another important
feature of these systems is their low probability of interception (LPI) and hence, reduces the
probability of reception by unauthorized users.

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 Spread Spectrum Transmission and Reception
This discussion of CDMA for satellite communications will be restricted to direct
sequence systems, since that is the only form of spread spectrum that has been used by
commercial satellite systems to date.
The spreading codes used in DS -SS CDMA systems are designed to have good
autocorrelation properties and low cross -correlation. Various codes have been developed
specifically for this purpose, such as Gold and Kasarni codes.
The DS -SS codes will all be treated as Pseudonoise (PN) sequences in this discussion.
Pseudonoise refers to the spectrum of code, which appears to be a random sequence of bits
(or chips) with a flat, noise like spectrum.
The generation of .a DS -SS signal is illustrated in Figure 1. We will begin by assuming that
the system uses baseband signals Most DS -SS systems generate spread spectrum signals
using BPSK modulated versions of the data stream, but it is easier to see how a DS -SS
system operates if the signals are first considered at baseband.
In Figure 1, a bit stream containing traffic data at a rate Rb, converted to have levels of +1
and —1 V corresponding to the logical states 1 and 0, is multiplied by a PN sequence, also
with levels +1 and — 1 V, at a rate M X Rb Chips per second. Each data bit results in the
transmission of a complete PN sequence of length M chips.
In the example shown in Figure 6.16, the seven chip spreading code sequence is 1110100,
which is converted to +1 +1 +1 —1 +1 —1 —1. The spreading sequence multiplies the data
sequence 0 1, represented as —1 +1, leading to the transmitted sequence —1 —1 —1 +1 —1
+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 —1+1—1 —1 shown at the right in Figure1.
Recovery of the original data stream of bits from the DS-SS signal is achieved by multiplying
the received signal by the same PN code that was used to generate it. The process is
illustrated in Figures 2 and 3.

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 Figure 2: Data bit recovery using an IF correlator (matched filter).
In this example the PN sequence is seven bits long for illustration. The CDMA chips from the
receiver are clocked into the shift register serially and the shift register contents passed
through phase shifters and added. The phase shifters convert —1 chips to +1 when the correct
code is in the shift register such that all the voltages add to a maximum when the received
sequence is correct. This figure shows the shift register contents and adder output for the chip
sequence in Figure 1. Note that a high spurious output of 5 occurs at the third clock step,
indicating that the seven bit sequence used here for illustration has poor autocorrelation
properties.

Figure 3: A baseband correlator for dispreading CDMA signals.

The original bit stream is recovered by multiplying the received signal by a synchronized
copy of the PN sequence that was used in the transmitter.
Questions-1M
 Difference between multiple access and multiplexing.
 Define input back off and output back off.

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  Problem on (C/N)0 in dB=1/[1/(C/N)up +1/(C/N)dn + 1/(C/N)IM
 Define intermodulation.
 The transponder carries two unmodulated carriers at 3718 and 3728 MHz with equal
magnitudes at the input to the HPA. the output of the HPA will contain additional
frequency components at frequencies
f31= (2 x 3718 — 3728) = 3708 MHz= 2f1-f2
f32= (2 X 3728 — 3718) = 3738 MHz=2f2-f1
 Draw the frame structure of TDMA.
 Define DAMA
 Define satellite switched TDMA.
 Purpose of Onboard processing
3Marks/4Marks
 Features of FDMA with a neat sketch along with intermodulation.
 Features of TDMA along with frame structure
 Features of CDMA along with Spread spectrum transmission and reception.
 Compare among FDMA,TDMA and CDMA

Domain FDMA TDMA CDMA

Channel Channel separation Channel separation is Orthogonal codes or

separation is through frequency through guard time
spectrum

Channels per Generally one or Only one channel many

transponder more

Channel Non overlapping Sequentially used Overlapped

spectrum

Baseband FDM TDM Direct PN sequence, frequency

building scheme hopping

Synchronization There is no need for Timing frame and slot are Pseudo random sequence, code
requirement synchronization. used for synchronization or frequency

Channel Channel capacity Channel capacity depends Self interference

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capacity depends on Inter on band width to band
dependence Modulation products ratio, guard time and
and guard bands TDMA frame efficiency

Flexibility Not flexible. Highly flexible Dynamic

Operating point Substantial backoff Can operate in saturation Similar to FDMA

of satellite required in MCPT-
amplifiers multiple channels
per carrier

Security There is no security There is security provided Highly secure

provided to the data to the data. In built in
frame.

The number of The number of Only one carrier per Chip bits
carriers per carriers per transponder
transponder transponder depends
on IM product and
amplifier
characteristics

interference There will be high Interference is less due to Least, depends on randomness
from other earth interference from digital signals.
stations other earth stations,
since analog signals
are used.

Complexity of Simple heterodyne High complex and Depend on application

access techniques can be automatic techniques are
used used.

Antenna size Big size antenna is Medium size antenna is Depend on application
required required

Power control Power control is Power control is not Power control is required at earth
required at earth required at earth station station
station

Typical FDMA can be used TDMA is generally used Defence, mobile,data collection
application for low earth traffic for high traffic analog and etc.
signals digital signals.

Advantages Advantages Advantages Advantages

and A. Uses well- A. Bandwidth efficient 1. All Users can use the same
Disadvantages established protocol: No frequency frequency. No frequency
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 technology. guard band between planning/assignment needed.
Simplest and cost- channels. Can exploit the entire bandwidth
effective to B. No need for precise of the communication system.
implement. narrow bandwidth filters, 2. Huge code space (e.g.: 232)
B. No need for as is needed in FDMA. C. compared to frequency space.
network timing. Easy to reconfigure for
3. Random access capability:
Generally less changing traffic demands. Users can start their transmission
supervisory control D. More robust against at any arbitrary time without
required. C. Can noise and interference. worrying about channel
achieve lowest TDMA’s technology saturation.
bandwidth and separates users in time,
power requirements. ensuring that they will not 4. Multipath fading may be
substantially reduced because of
D. No restriction experience interference large signal bandwidth.
regarding the type of from other simultaneous
baseband or the type transmissions. 5. Privacy: Very challenging for
of modulation. E. hackers to decipher the PN
E. Easy transmission plans: codeword sent. A. Increased
Quickest customer Capacity management is protection
acceptance. against
simple and flexible. A eavesdropping.
Cheapest. flexible Burst Time Plan
Disadvantages optimizes capacity per 6. Anti-jamming: Interference
connection. rejection capability. Suitable for
A.The need for military applications.
frequency guard F. No intermodulation
bands. . . . waste of products, since TDMA 7. Forward Error Correction
resources. uses one carrier frequency (FEC) and encryption can be
at a time. easily integrated.
B. Intermodulation
(IM) products cause G. Power amplifier can 8. Capacity degrades gradually
Carrier-to-Noise operate in saturation for with increasing number of users:
ratio (C/N) to fall. maximum transmit RF Noise level at the receiver
1) Back-Off of power: No back-off increases.
power amplifier is needed. Uplink power 9. Low probability of intercept
needed to reduce control is not required. LPI) and Low Probability of
IM. H. Good for digital Detection (LPD): The spread
signal seems buried in noise and
2) Parts of communications and for has low power spectral density.
frequency band satellite on-board
cannot be used processing. 10.No equalizers needed; No
because of IM. C. Disadvantages guard time needed.
Power balancing
A. Complex: The need for Disadvantages
must be done
data storage requires the 1. CDMA is an interference-
carefully. use of A/D conversion, limited system: As the number of
D. Inter-modulation digital modulation, time users increases, the overall
noise in the slot and time frame quality of service decreases since
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 transponder leads to synchronization. RF signals from undesired Users
interference with B. Requires network-wide appear as higher (additive) noise
other satellite timing synchronization. levels at the receiver.
capacity
reduction.links C. Subject to multipath 2. Self-jamming: Arises when
distortion because of its the spreading sequences of
E. Lack of flexibility different users are not exactly
sensitivity to timing. D.
in channel Each user must transmit at orthogonal; hence, in the
allocation; hardware a common burst rate that is despreading of a particular PN
controlled. much higher than user’s code, non-zero contributions to
F. Requires up-link required rate: High burst the receiver decision statistic for
rate. a desired user arise from the
power control to
transmissions of other users in
maintain quality. E. Requires complicated the system.
G.Weak carrier channel equalization in
tends to be mobile systems. 3. Near and Far effect: The near-
suppressed. far effect occurs at a CDMA
receiver if an undesired user
transmits a high detected RF
power, as compared to the
desired user, usually because of
distance, shadowing and
multipath fading.

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