ASIAN CHRISTIAN HIGH SCHOOL

INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
2022-23
BIOLOGY

NAME
CLASS & SECTION
ROLL NO
HUMAN CELL CANCER
 INDEX
SR. CONTEXT PAGE
NO NO
1 OBJECTIVE 1
2 INTRODUCTION 2-3
3 PROBLEMS AND HYPOTHESIS 4
4 TYPES OF CANCERS 5
5 CAUSES OF CANCER 6
6 LOCATION OF CANCERS 7-8
7 CURE AND TREATMENT OF 9
CANCER
8 GALLERY 10-11
9 CONCLUSION 12
10 BIBLIOGRAPHY 13
OBJECTIVE
To Study the difference and consequence faced when cancer cells
are developed in human cells.
INTRODUCTION
Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the
potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body.
Not all tumors are cancerous; benign tumors do not spread to other
parts of the body. Possible signs and symptoms include a lump, abnormal
bleeding, prolonged cough, unexplained weight loss, and a change in
bowel movements. While these symptoms may indicate cancer, they may
have other causes.
Over 100 types of cancers affect humans.
These diseases are characterized by cellular malfunction. Healthy cells
are programmed to 'know what to do and when to do it. Cancerous cells
do not have this programming and therefore replicate and grow out of
control.

Cancerous cells together are called Neoplasm.

The malignant cell is characterized by: acceleration of the cell

cycle; genomic alterations; invasive growth; increased cell
mobility; chemotaxis; changes in the cellular surface; secretion
of lytic factors, etc.

Morphological and functional characteristics of the malignant

cell. Morphologically, the cancerous cell is characterized by a
large nucleus, having an irregular size and shape, the nucleoli
are prominent, the cytoplasm is scarce and intensely colored
or, on the contrary, is pale.

The nucleus of neoplastic cells plays through its changes a

main role in the assessment of tumor malignancy. Changes
concern its surface, volume, the nucleus/cytoplasm ratio,
shape and density, as well as structure and homogeneity.
Ultrastructural characteristics are related to nucleus
segmentation, invaginations, changes in chromatin, such as
heterochromatin reduction, increase of interchromatin and
perichromatin granules, increase of nuclear membrane pores,
formation of inclusions, etc.
 Difference
Between Normal
and Cancer cells
PROBLEMS AND HYPOTHESIS

Cancer still tolls huge numbers of lines. Despite effective treatment, a

basic understanding of the causes and factors responsible for cancer.

HYPOTHESIS: -

1. Cancer remains unidentified in the initial stage.

2. Carcinogens induce cancer which is prevented in the environment due

to pollution.

3. Normal genes of the body become defective and cause cancer.

4. Lack of awareness in public to identify cancer.

Cancer is an incurable disease but it can be treated with a combination of

surgery, drugs, and radiation therapy
TYPES OF CANCERS
Some important types of Cancer are: -

1. Leukaemia: Cancer of the blood in which white blood cells show an

abnormal increase.

2. Carcinomas: Cancer of epithelial cells.

3. Sarcomas: Cancer of connective tissue.

4. Lymphomas: Cancer of lymphatic tissue.

5. Lipomas: Cancer of adipose tissue.

CAUSES OF CANCER
The cause of cancer is not fully understood. However, it is known that
some chemicals are carcinogenic or cancer-causing. Some causes of
cancer are given below:

1. Certain chemicals found in cigarettes and smoke, asbestoses, nickel,

and certain dyes, to mention only a few of the many substances
implicated in the induction of cancer.

2. Heredity has a definite influence on the occurrence of cancer in human

beings.

3. Exposure to ultraviolet rays also causes cancer.

4. X-Rays can also induce cancer.

5. Tobacco chewing is also the main cause of oral cancer.

6. Syphilis of the tongue, and jagged teeth often precede cancer of the
tongue.
Location for Cancer
Cancer occurring in any one part of the body has a unique characteristic.
Now there is a list in alphabetical order of the various parts of the body in
which cancer commonly occurs.

1. Bile Ducts:
The bile ducts may become involved either with cancer developing within
the ducts themselves or with cancer in adjacent structures. The earlier
significant symptom is Jaundice, which results from continuous
obstruction to the flow of bile.

2. Breast:
The breast is the common site of cancer in women lumps in the breasts
are caused by cancer. So, the physician is dealing with an early case of a
lump in the breast and has to differentiate between a benign tumor and a
malignant one.

3. Bone:
The cancer of bone grows due to blood streams or from some adjacent
organ or tissues. Bone cancer causes pain swelling and weakens the
bone.

4. Oesophagus:
Cancer of the Oesophagus is also common it may occur in any part of
the organ from the throat to the down, but mostly in the lower part. Due
to cancer of the Oesophagus, swallowing is difficult.

5. Lung:
Cancer of the lungs is becoming more prominent in our country which
causes maximum death in our country. The main reason for lung cancer is
cigarettes without treatment the survival rate for the usual type of lung
cancer is zero. Of the total type of cancer, 40% are infected with lung
cancer.

The reason for the high mortality rate:

1. It is highly malignant.

2. It causes no distinctive early symptoms.

6. Ovary:
This is the most dreadful cancer among women. Most women die due
to cancer of the ovary in our country. This can be treated by surgery.

7. Pancreas:
Cancer of pancreas causes the pain in the upper part of the
membrane. Cancer of the pancreas also causes Jaundice. The cancer is a
high cancer of the pancreas and is more common in men than women.
This can be removed by surgery.

8. Stomach:
Cancer of the stomach is also more common in men than women.
Symptoms are indigestion, loss of appetite, loss of weight, etc. Surgical
removal without delay of all or part of the stomach is the only proper
treatment.

9. Thyroid:
This cancer causes the enlargement of the thyroid gland and the
development of nodules in the gland. The removal of these nodules is
very necessary for the treatment of this disease.

10. Tongue:
Cancer of the tongue cause more death than any other cancer within
the mouth. It results in persistent inflammation.
CURE AND TREATMENT OF CANCER
Diagnosis:
Biopsy of tissue, endoscopy (Gastro scope for stomach), X-Rays
ultrasound is important tests.

Anticarcinogens:
They are the substances that prevent the action of carcinogens.
Anticarcinogens occur in green-yellow vegetables, fruits, and milk. They
are riboflavin (milk), flavonoids (green-yellow vegetables and fruits),
Vitamin C, indoles (Cabbage), etc. B-carotene present in green-yellow
vegetables is a promoter-inhibitor that weakens the action of cancer
promoters.

Treatment of Cancer:
Surgery, Bone marrow grafting (for leukemia), radiotherapy (exposure
to radioisotopes), hormonal therapy, chemotherapy (use of chemicals)
drugs that are more toxic to cancer cells than normal cells. Two drugs
(Vincristine and Vinblastine) from Catharanthus roseus (Vinca-rosea) are
effective in controlling leukemia. Total is an anticancer drug obtained from
Taxus baccata.
GALLERY
CONCLUSION
Cancer disease is incurable, but timely action can cure this disease to
some extent. X-Rays and Radium have proved to be a valuable aid to
surgery in the treatment of many cases. They provide the only useful
treatment for cancer of lymph node tissues, for cancers too extended to
the curable irritation also helps to cause the cancer tissue to shrink and
give relief.

We feel that we must consult an experienced physician for a thorough

examination and advice if any suspicious sign or symptoms is observed.
Delays can cause the death of a person. Therefore, such delay is very
dangerous.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
 NCERT Book
 www.bing.com
 www.healthtap.com
 www.mayoclinic.org
 www.About.com
 www.Cancer.Net
 www.Cancer.gov