CHAPTER 13

HYDROCARBON

 Hydrocarbons are composed of Carbon and hydrogen.

 The important fuels like Petrol, kerosene, coal gas, CNG, LPG etc. are all
hydrocarbons or their mixture.
Sources:
Petroleum and natural gas are the major sources of aliphatic hydrocarbon while coal is an
important source of aromatic hydrocarbons. The oil trapped inside the rocks is known as
petroleum. PETRA – ROCK, OLEUM – OIL. The oil in the petroleum field is covered with
a gaseous mixture known as natural gas. The main constituents of the natural gas are
methane, ethane, propane and butane.
CLASSIFICATION OF HYDROCARBONS:
HYDROCARBON

Acyclic or Aliphatic Carbocyclic or Cyclic

( Open chain)

Alicyclic Aromatic
Alkanes Alkenes Alkyne

Cycloalkanes Cycloalkenes Cycloalkynes

Alkanes:-
 Paraffins
 General formula CnH2n+2
 sp3 hybridisation
 C–C bond length 1.15 4 A0
 Chemically unreactive
 Show chain, position and optical isomerism.
 Heptane has 9 isomer, Octane 18 and Decane 75.
Nomenclature:

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Preparation:-
 Wurtz reaction:-
Dry
2CH3CH2Br 2Na CH3CH2CH2CH3 2NaBr
ether

 Follow mainly free radical mechanism

 Useful in preparing an alkane containing
even number of carbon atoms
 Stepping up reaction
Frankland reaction

RX +Zn+Rx R –R +ZnX2
From Grignard reagent (RMgX)
RMgX+HOH RH+Mg(OH)X
RMgX+R'OH RH+Mg(OR')X
RMgX+R'NH2 RH+Mg(NHR')X

From unsaturated hydrocarbons:-

Sabatier-Senderens reduction
Ni /
R CH CH2 H2 R CH2 CH3

Ni /
R C CH H2 R CH2 CH3

4. From carboxylic acids-

Decarboxylation.-

Kolbe’s electrolytic method-

 Physical Properties:-
(1) Nature:- Non-Polar due to covalent nature of C—C bond and C—H bond. C—
C bond enrgy = 83 kj/mole and C—H bond energy = 99 kj/mole.
C1—C4 = gases, C5—C17 = colourless odourless liquid and > C17 = Solid.
(2) Solubility:- Like dissolve like
Viz, Polar compounds dissolve in polar solvent and Non-Polar compound dissolve in
non polar solvent.
(3) Boiling point:- Low boiling point due to non polar in nature.
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The molecules are held together only by weak Van der Waalls’ forces.
Since we known that the magnitude of Van der Waalls’ forces is directly
proportional to the molecular size. Therefore, the boiling point increases with
increase the molecular size i.e. with increase in number of carbon atoms.
Noted:- the boiling points of the branched chain Alkanes are less than the straight
chain isomers.
This is due to the fact that branching of the chain makes the molecule more
compact and thereby decreases the surface aria and consequently, the magnitudes of
Van der Waalls’ forces also decrease.

CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 H3 C — CH — CH2 CH3 CH3

n-pentane CH3 H3 C — C — CH3

(4)boiling point =
Melting 309 Kthe
point:- melting point of Alkanes do
iso-pentane CHnot
3
show
regular variation with boiling point
increase = 301 K size. The
in molecular Alkanes
neo-pentanewith even number of
boiling point
carbon atoms having higher melting point as compared to= those
282.5 KAlkanes having

immediately next lower and immediately next higher odd number of carbon atoms.

 Chemical properties
 Combustion:- CH4 2O2 CO2 2H2O
H 217.0 K cal/mole
 Oxidation:-
Cu
CH4 O2 2CH3OH
573 K

Mo2O3
CH4 O2 HCHO H2O
Methanal

 Substitution:-
 Halogenation:-
UV
CH4 + Cl2 CH3Cl + HCl
UV UV
UV
CH3Cl CH2Cl2 CHCl3 CCl4
Noted:- Iodination is a reversible reaction. So it is carried out by heating alkane in
the presence of some oxidizing agent like iodic acid (HIO 3) or nitric acid (HNO3) or
mercuric oxide (HgO) which oxidizes HI formed during the reaction.

CH4 + I2 Heat CH3I + HI

H
e
5HI + HIO3 a 3H2O + 3I2
t

2HI + 2HNO3 2H2O + I2 + 2NO2

Noted:- Fluorination of alkane takes place explosively resulting even in the rupture
of C—C bond in higher alkanes.
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 Features of Halogenations:-
(i) The reactivity of Halogens:- F2 > Cl2 > Br2 > I2.
(ii) The rate of replacement of Hydrogens of alkanes is:
3° > 2° > 1°
Cl2
CH3CH2CH2CH3 CH3CH2CH2CH2Cl + CH3CH2CHCH3
hv
n - Butane Cl

CH3

CH3 C CH3
1°
CH3 3° 1°
Cl2
Cl
CH - CH3
1° h 36% (3°)
CH3
CH3
CH - CH2 Cl
Isobutane
CH3
64% (1°)

Mechanism:- halogenations reaction take place by free radical mechanism. The

reaction proceeds in the following steps:
Initiation
(i) Chain initiation step:-
h
Cl — Cl 2Cl

(ii) Chain Propagation step:-

CH4 Cl CH3 HCl

CH3 Cl2 CH3Cl Cl

(iii) Chain Termination step:-

Cl Cl Cl2

CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3

CH3 Cl CH3Cl

 Nitration:-
 The reaction takes places by free radicals mechanism at high temp (4500C).
 At high temp C—C bond is also broken so that mixture of nitroalkanes is obtained.
450°C
CH3CH2CH3 CH3CH2CH2NO2 + CH3CHCH3 + CH3CH2NO2+ CH3NO2
Conc. HNO3
NO2
25% 40% 10% 25%
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 The reaction occurs as:
4500C
HO-NO2 Homolytic fission
HOo + oNO2

RH + 0OH Ro + HOH
Ro + oNO2 RNO2

 Sulphonation:- replacement of hydrogen atom of alkane by –SO3H group.

CH3
CH3
oleum
CH CH3 CH3 C CH3
CH3
SO 3H

isobutane tert butyl sulphonic acid

4500C
The reaction occurs as: Homolytic fission
HO-SO3 HOo + oSO3H

RH + 0OH Ro + HOH
Ro + oSO2H
 Isomerization:- RSO2H
CH3
AlCl3 / HCl
H3C(CH2)3CH3 H3CCHCH2CH3

n-Pentane 2-Methyl butane

Aromatization:-
Cr2O3
H3C(CH2)4CH3
773 K
Hexane 10-20 atm Benzene
This method is also called dehydrogenation or hydroforming
Similarly, heptane gives toluene, n-Octane give o-xylene and 2, methyl heptane give
m-xylene.
Thermal decomposition or Pyrolysis or cracking or Fragmentation: - when higher
alkanes are heated at high temp (about 700-800k) in the presence of alumina or silica
catalysts, the alkanes break down to lower alkanes and alkenes.
CH3-CH2-CH3 CH3-CH-CH2 + CH3-CH3 + C2H4 + CH4
 Action of steam:- catalyst: nickel, alumina Al2O3
1000 0C
CH4 + H2O(Steam) CO + 3H2
This reaction is used for the industrial preparation of hydrogen from natural gas.
8. Isomerisation:-

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 CONFORMATIONAL ISOMERISM:
The different molecular arrangements arising as a result of rotation around carbon
carbon single bonds are called conformational isomers or rotational isomers and the
phenomenon is called conformational isomerism.
Numerous possible arrangements of ethane are possible. Two extreme conformations
are known. These are eclipsed conformation and staggered conformation.
SAWHORSE REPRESENTATION

H H
H
H H
H
H H
H H
H
H

STAGGERED ECLIPSED

NEWMAN PROJECTION
H
H H

H
H

H H
H
H H H
H

STAGGERED SKEW ECLIPSED

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 Alkenes
 Unsaturated hydrocarbon which have double bond.
 General molecular formula CnH2n
 C–C bond hybridization 1.34 A0
 sp2 hybridization
 When we treated Alkene with chlorine, oily products are obtained. So Alkenes are
also known as Olefins. (Greek olefiant meaning oil forming).
 Show chain, positional and geometrical isomerism
 Structure of double bond:-

 Preparation:-
1. From Alkynes:- Alkynes on partial reduction with Partially deactivated
palladised charcoal known as Lindlar’s catalyst give alkynes.

2. From Haloalkanes: - dehydrohalogenation

(E2 or 1,2-elimination or Bita-elimination)
H
2 1 Alc.KOH
CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 + KBr + H2O
Mechanism:-
Br

–
H H OH H
OH H H H
C C Slow
C
C C + Br- + H2O
C
H Br
H
H H
H H H
H Br
–
Transition state
 predominant formation of a substituted alkene is formed
according to Saytzeff’s rule
CH3 - CH2 - CH2 - CH3 Alc. KOH CH3 - CH = CH - CH3 + CH3 - CH
2 - CH = CH
2
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Major Minor
Br Focus on free education
 3. From Dihaloalkanes: - dehalogenation
Zn/HOAC H H
C C + ZnBr2
H H
H H
H C C H
H H
Br Br Na
C C + I2 +2 NaBr
acetone
H H

4. From Alcohols:- Dehydration

(E1 - elimination)
CH3CH2CH2OH Conc.H2SO4 CH3CH = CH2+ H2O
160°

CH3CH2CH2CH2OH Al2O3 CH3CH2CH CH2

Mechanism 300° C
H+
CH3 - CH2 - CH2 - OH CH3 - CH2 - CH2 - OH+ -H2O
2 CH3 CH2 CH2

CH3 CH CH2 H
CH3 CH CH2
1 propene

H
loss of H2O
OH CH3 C CH CH3
1 2 from 1, 2
H3C C CH2 CH3 position CH3
(major)
CH3 loss of H2O
CH3 C CH2 CH3
3
from 1, 3
position CH2
(Minor)

 Chemical Properties:-
 Addition Reaction:- Alkene show electrophilic addition reaction.
1. Addition of Hydrogen:-
H2 /Ni
RCH= CH2 RCH2CH3

2. Addition of Halogens:-
CH2 - CH2
CCl4 | |
CH2 = CH2 + Br2 Br Br
Solvent
H2 O
CH2 CH2 Br2 Br — CH2 — CH2 — OH HBr
Solvent

(Brown colour) (Colourless)

3. Addition of hydrogen halides-
Addition reaction of HBr to symmetrical alkenes

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Addition reaction of HBr to unsymmetrical alkenes takes place according to
Markovnikov Rule
Markownikov rule:- negative part of the addendum (adding molecule) gets attached
to that carbon atom which possesses lesser number of hydrogen atoms. e g
H+
CH3 Br CH3
At Position C CH3 C CH3
2 1 (1) CH3 CH3
CH3
C CH2 3° Br
CH3 more stable cation
Major Product
CH3 CH3
H+ Br
CH CH2
CH3 CH CH2 Br
At Position CH3
(2) 1°
less stable cation Minor Product

Peroxide effect or Kharasch (Anti Markownikoff’s addition):- In 1933 Kharasch and

Mayo observed that when HBr is added to an unsymmetrical double bond in the
presence of organic peroxide, the reaction take places opposite to the Markovnikov
rule.
HBr
CH3 CH CH2 CH3 CH2 CH2Br
Peroxide
Propyl bromide

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Noted:- peroxide effect is applicable only to HBr and not to HF, HCl and HI.
Addition of HF, HCl and HI takes place according to Markovnikov’s rule even in the
presence of peroxide.
4. Addition of water (Hydration):- Acid catalyzed addition of water
65-70% H2SO4 CH3
CH3 CH
CH3 CH CH2 + H2O
OH
CH3
H2O/H CH3
C CH2 C CH3
CH3
CH3
OH

 Oxidation:-
 Combustion:- CO2 + H2O
 Hydroboration–oxidation:- Alkanes react with diborane to form trialkyl boranes
which on oxidation with alkaline H2O2 give alcohols.
BH3 H2O2 /OH-
3CH2 = CH2 CH3CH2 3
B 3CH3CH2OH
Triethylborane Ethyl alcohol

 Oxymercuration–demercuration:-
Hg(OAC)2 NaBH4
H2C CH2 CH2 CH2 Hg OAC CH3CH2OH + Hg
THF, H2O
OH OH

 Oxidation with potassium permanganate:-

2KMnO4 + H2O 2KOH + 2MnO2 + 3[O]

3 C C + 2KMnO
H2O 4++O4H O Cold 3 C C + 2 MnO2 + 2 KOH
2
From KMnO4 OH OH

(pink Colour) (Colourless)

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  This reaction is also called Hydroxylation
 Cis product I.e. cis-diol is obtained.
Noted:- The alkaline potassium permanganate solution is known as Baeyer’s reagent.
It has bright pink colour. It oxidizes alkenes to glycols which is colourless. This
reaction is used as a test for the presence of double bond in a molecule. This is also
known as Baeyer test.

(i) Alk.KMnO4
CH3 CH CH2 CH3 COOH + CO2 + H2O
(ii) H+

 Oxidation with Ozone:- Ozonolysis – give carbonyls compounds

CH3
Q. Write IUPACOname
3
of alkene
O which O O
CH3CH2CH CCH3 CH3CH2CH C Zn/H2O
CH3CH2CH + CH3CCH3 + Zn(OH)2
CH3 O O CH3
Ozonide

Noted:- Bromine water test and Baeyer’s test are used to detect the presence of
double bond while ozonolysis is used to detect the position of double bond.
Alkynes
 Unsaturated hydrocarbon which have triple bond.
 General molecular formula CnH2n–2
 sp hybridization
 Shows chain, positional and functional isomerism
 Preparation:-
From vicinal dihalides: - dehalogenation
2KOH (alc)
CH3 CH CH2 CH3 C CH + 2KBr + 2H2O
Br Br

By the action of water on calcium carbide:-

CaC2 H2O HC CH Ca(OH)2

 Chemical Properties:-
 Addition Reaction:- Alkyne show electrophilic addition reaction.
 Addition of Hydrogen:- Hydrogenation.
Ni
CH3C CH + 2H2 CH3CH2CH3

Propyne

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Noted:- It may be noted that the hydrogenation can be controlled at the alkene stage
only. This is possible by using a Lindlar’s catalysts or sodium in liquid NH3 at 200k
temp..
Noted:- It may be again noted that the catalytic reduction of alkynes in the presence
of Lindlar’s catalyst gives cis-alkenes while in the presence of sodium in liquid NH3
(Birch reduction) gives trans-alkenes.

H3 C CH3
H2 / Lindlar
CH3 C C CH3 C C
Catalyst H
H

H
Na/NH3 (liq.) H3 C
CH3 C C CH3 C C
H
CH3

Addition of Halogens:- Br Br
| |
2Br2
HC CH H C C H
| |
Br Br
 Addition of hydrogen halides:-
HC CH 2HBr CH3CH Br2

 Addition of water (Hydration):- Acid catalyzed addition of water

HgSO4
HC CH + H2O CH2 CHOH CH3 CHO
H2SO4
Unstable
O
H2O/H+
CH3 C C CH3 CH3 C CH2CH3
HgSO4
O O
H2O/H+
CH3C CCH2CH3 CH3CH2CCH2CH3+ CH3CCH2CH2CH3
HgSO4
(Major) (Minor)

5. Polymerisation-
a. Linear polymerisation: of ethyne gives polyacetylene or polyethyne
which is a high molecular weight polyene containing repeating units of
(CH = CH – CH = CH ) and can be represented as —(CH = CH – CH =
CH)n —
b. Cyclic polymerization- results in the formation of aromatic compound.

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Acidity of Alkynes- Terminal alkynes are acidic in nature.

Alkanes, alkenes and alkynes follow the following trend in their acidic
behaviour :

AROMATIC HYDROCARBON

Aromatic compounds containing benzene ring are known as benzenoids and those
not containing a benzene ring are known as non-benzenoids.
Structure of Benzene- Kekulé structure

Resonance and stability of benzene-Benzene is a hybrid of various resonating

structures.

The orbital overlapping picture benzene- All the six carbon atoms in benzene are
sp2 hybridized and these hybrid orbitals form sigma bonds.

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The unhybridised p orbital of carbon atoms are close enough to form a π bond by
lateral overlap.

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The six π electrons are thus delocalised and can move freely about the six carbon
nuclei. The delocalised π electron cloud is attracted more strongly by the nuclei of
the carbon atoms than the electron cloud localized between two carbon atoms.
Therefore, presence of delocalised π electrons in benzene makes it more stable .

Aromaticity:- The compounds that follow the following features are to be considered
aromatic.
(i) Planarity
(ii) Complete delocalisation of the π electrons in the ring
(iii) Presence of (4n + 2) π electrons in the ring where n is an integer (n = 0, 1,
2, . . .). This is often referred to as Hückel Rule.
Preparation of Benzene:
(i) Cyclic polymerisation of ethyne:
(ii) Decarboxylation of aromatic acids:

(iii) Reduction of phenol: Phenol is reduced to benzene by passing its vapours over
heated zinc dust

Physical properties:
1. Aromatic hydrocarbons are non- polar molecules and are usually colourless
liquids or solids with a characteristic aroma.
2. Aromatic hydrocarbons are immiscible with water but are readily miscible
with organic solvents.
3. They burn with sooty flame.

Chemical properties
Arenes are characterised by electrophilic substitution reactions proceed via the
following three steps:
(a) Generation of the eletrophile
(b) Formation of carbocation intermediate
(c) Removal of proton from the carbocation intermediate

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 Nitration

Halogenation
+Cl2

Anhyd. AlCl3

Chloro benzene

Sulphonation

Fuming sulphuric acid

H2SO4(SO3)

Friedel-Crafts alkylation

+C2H5Cl
Anhyd. AlCl3 Ethyl benzene

Friedel-Crafts acylation

+CH3COCl
Anhyd. AlCl3
acetphenone

benzene ontreatment with excess of chlorine in the presence of anhydrous AlCl3 in

dark yields hexachlorobenzene (C6Cl6)

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Addition reactions of benzene-

Directive influence of a functional group in monosubstituted benzene:-

1. Ortho and para directing groups and activating- –OH, –NH2, –NHR, –
NHCOCH3, –OCH3, –CH3, –C2H5, etc.

2. Meta directing group and deactivating:–NO2, –CN, –CHO, –COR, –COOH, –

COOR, –SO3H, etc.

3. Ortho and para directing groups and deactivating- Halogens because of their
strong – I effect, overall electron density on benzene ring decreases. However,

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 due to resonance the electron density on o– and p– positions is greater than
that at the m-position. Hence, they are also o– and p– directing groups.

CARCINOGENICITY AND TOXICITY-Benzene and polynuclear hydrocarbons

containing more than two benzene rings fused together are toxic and said to possess
cancer producing (carcinogenic) property.

ONE MARK QUESTIONS

1. What are hydrocarbons?
Ans. Compounds of hydrogen and carbon.
2. What is the general formula of alkanes?
Ans. CnH2n+2
3. Write the general formula of alkenes.
Ans. CnH2n
4. What is the general formula of alkynes?
Ans. CnH2n-2
5. Give the IUPAC name of lowest molecular weight alkane that contains a
quaternary carbon.
Ans. 2,2dimethylpropane.
6. Arrange the following in the increasing order of C-C bond length-
C2H6 C2H4 C2H2
Ans. C2H2 < C2H4 < C2H6
7. Out of ethylene and acetylene which is more acidic and why?
Ans. Acetylene, due to greater electonegativity of the sp hybrid carbon.
8. Name two reagents which can be used to distinguish between ethene and
ethyne.
Ans.Tollen’s reagent and ammonical CuCl solution.
9. Arrange the following in order of decreasing reactivity towards alkanes.
HCl, HBr, HI, HF
Ans.HI> HBr> HCl >HF
10.How will you detect the presence of unsaturation in an organic compound?
Ans. Generally Unsaturated organic compound decolourise Bayer’s reagent
and Bromine water.
11.What is Grignard reagent?
Ans. Alkyl magnesium halides

TWO MARKS QUESTIONS

1. Write the IUPAC names of the following-

a. b.
Ans. a .Pent-en-3-yne b. 2-methylphenol
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2. Write chemical equations for combustion reaction of (i) Butane (ii) Toluene
Ans.

(ii)
Toluene

3. What are the necessary conditions for any system to be aromatic?

Ans. A compound is said to be aromatic if it satisfies the following three
conditions: (i) It should have a planar structure.
(ii) The π–electrons of the compound are completely delocalized in the ring.
(iii)The total number of π–electrons present in the ring should be equal to
(4n + 2), where n = 0, 1, 2 … etc. This is known as Huckel’s rule.
4. What effect does branching of an alkane chain has on its boiling point?
Ans. As branching increases, the surface area of the molecule decreases which
results in a small area of contact. As a result, the Van der Waals force also
decreases which can be overcome at a relatively lower temperature. Hence, the
boiling point of an alkane chain decreases with an increase in branching.
5. How would you convert the following compounds into benzene?
(i) Ethyne (ii) Ethene

Ans. (i) Benzene from Ethyne:

(ii) Benzene from Ethene:

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6. Suggest the name of Lewis acids other than anhydrous aluminium chloride
which can be used during ethylation of benzene.
Ans. anhydrous FeCl3, SnCl4, BF3 etc.
7. Write the name of all the possible isomers of C2H2Cl2 and indicate which of
them is non-polar.
Ans.(i) cis-1,2-dichloroethene (ii) trans-1,2-dichloroethene (iii) 1,1-
dichloroethene. trans-1,2-dichloroethene is non-polar.
8. Although benzene is highly unsaturated, it does not undergo addition reactions,
why?
Ans. Because of extra stability due to delocalization of π-electrons.
9. What are alkanes? Why are they called paraffins?
Ans. Those hydrocarbons which contain single bond between carbon- carbon
are called alkanes. They are called paraffins because they are very less
reactive (Latin- Parum= little, affins = affinity)
10.How can ethene be prepared from (i) ethanol (ii) ethyl bromide?
Ans. (i) Ethene from ethanol- by acidic dehydration of alcohols

(ii) Ethene from ethyl bromide- by dehydrohalogenation of ethyl bromide

CH3CH2Br + KOH (alc) → H2C = CH2 + KBr + H2O

THREE MARKS QUESTIONS

1. What is Wurtz reaction? How can it be used to prepare butane?
Ans- When alkyl halides is treated with metallic Na in presence of dry ether,
alkanes are formed. This reaction is called Wurtz reaction.
Butane is prepared by the reaction of bromoethane with metallic Na in
presence of dry ether

2. An alkene ‘A’ contains three C – C, eight C – H σ bonds and one C – C π

bond. ‘A’ on ozonolysis gives two moles of an aldehyde of molar mass 44 u.
Deduce IUPAC name of ‘A’.
Ans.. The formation of two moles of an aldehyde indicates the presence of
identical structural units on both sides of the double bond containing carbon
atoms. Hence, the structure of ‘A’ can be represented as:
XC = CX
There are eight C–H σ bonds. Hence, there are 8 hydrogen atoms in ‘A’. Also,
there are three C–C bonds. Hence, there are four carbon atoms present in the
structure of ‘A’.
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 Combining the inferences, the structure of ‘A’ can be represented as:

the IUPAC name of ‘A’ is But-2-ene.

Ozonolysis of ‘A’ takes place as:

The final product is ethanal with molecular mass

3. In the alkane H3C – CH2 – C(CH3)2 – CH2 – CH(CH3)2, identify 1°,2°,3°

carbon atoms and give the number of H atoms bonded to each one of these.
Ans.

The given structure has five 1° carbon atoms and fifteen hydrogen atoms
attached to it.
The given structure has two 2° carbon atoms and four hydrogen atoms
attached to it.
The given structure has one 3° carbon atom and only one hydrogen atom is
attached to it
FIVE MARKS QUESTIONS

4. Addition of HBr to propene yields 2-bromopropane, while in the presence of

benzoyl peroxide, the same reaction yields 1-bromopropane. Explain and give
mechanism

Ans. Addition of HBr to propene is an example of an electrophilic substitution

reaction.
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Hydrogen bromide provides an electrophile, H+. This electrophile attacks the
double bond to form 1° and 2° carbocations as shown:

Secondary carbocations are more stable than primary carbocations. Hence, the
former predominates since it will form at a faster rate. Thus, in the next step,
Br– attacks the carbocation to form 2 – bromopropane as the major product.

This reaction follows Markovnikov’s rule

In the presence of benzoyl peroxide, an addition reaction takes place anti to

Markovnikov’s rule. The reaction follows a free radical chain mechanism as:

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 Secondary free radicals are more stable than primary radicals. Hence, the
former predominates since it forms at a faster rate. Thus, 1 – bromopropane is
obtained as the major product.

HOTS QUESTIONS

1. How will you demonstrate that double bonds of benzene are somewhat
different from that of olefins?
Ans.The double bonds of olefins decolourize bromine water and discharge the
pink colour of Bayer’s reagent while those of benzene not
2. How will you separate propene from propyne?
Ans. By passing the mixture through ammonical silver nitrate solution when
propyne reacts while propene passes over.
3. Write is the structure of the alkene which on reductive ozonolysis gives
butanone and ethanol,
Ans.-CH3CH2C(CH3)=CHCH3

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