NAGWA, LANKA, VARANASI

SESSION :2023 -24

PHYSICS PROJECT
ON
TRANSFORMER
SUBMITTED TO:- SUBMITTED BY:-
Mr. B.P. DUBEY SARVESH PANDEY
Mr. AJEET SRIVASTAVA CLASS:-XII-A1

SCHOOL ENROLMENT NO:-……

BOARD ENROLMENT NO:-………
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my sincere gratitude towards
Mr. B.P. Dubey and Mr.Ajeet Srivastava, our Physics teacher who
gave me this golden opportunity to do this wonderful project on
the topic entitled “Transformer”. They have also helped me in
doing a lot of research work and I came to know about so many
new things. I am really thankful to them.

Secondly, I would also like to thank my friends and my big

brother who helped me a lot in finalizing this project within the
limited time frame.
SARVESH PANDEY
Class:- XII- A1
School Enrolment No:- 31
Board Enrolment No:- ………………
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this project entitled “TRANSFORMER” has been

Prepared by SARVESH PANDEY of class- XII-A1of TulsiVidyaNiketan in

Academic session 2023-24 under my supervision and guidance.I have

Great pleasure in forwarding this project work, which has been

successfully completed in accordance with the guidelines framed by

Central Board of Secondary Education [CBSE].

Mr. B.P. DUBEY:-…………………………………………………………

Mr. AJEET SRIVASTAVA:-…………………………………………………

 INDEX
 INTRODUCTION
 PRINCIPLE
 CONSTRUCTION
 THEORY AND WORKING OF TRANSFORMER
 STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER
 STEP UP TRANSFORMER
 EFFICIENCY
 USES OF TRANSFORMER
 BIBILIOGRAPHY
 INTRODUCTION
A transformer is an electrical device, which is used for changing the

A.C. voltage. A transformer is most widely used device in both low and

High current circuit. As such transformers are built in an amazing

strength of sizes. In electronic, measurement and control circuits,

transformer size may be so small that it weight only a few tens of grams
where as in high voltage power circuits, it may weight hundred of tones.

In a transformer, the electrical energy transfer from one circuit to

another circuit takes place without the use of moving parts. A transformer
which increases the voltages is called a step-up transformer.A transformer
which decreases the A.C. voltages is called a step-down transformer.

Transformer is, therefore, an essential piece of apparatus both for high

and low current circuits.
 PRINCIPLE
A transformer based on the principle of mutual induction according to

This principle, the amount of magnetic flux linked with a coil

changing,ane.m.f is induced in the neighbouring coil.
CONSTRUCTION

A transformer consists of a rectangular shaft iron core made of laminated

sheets, wll insulated from one another. Two coils P1& P2 and S1& S2 are
wound on the same core, but are well insulated with each other.Note that
the both the coils are insulated from the core, the source of alternating
e.m.f. is connected to P1P2 the primary coil and a load resistance R is
connected to S1 S2, the secondary coil through an open switch S.Thus, there
can be no current through the secondary coil so long as the switch is open.

For an ideal transformer, we assume that the resistance of the primary

& secondary winding is negligible. Further, the energy loses due to
magnetic the iron core is also negligible.
THEORY & WORKING OF .
TRANSFORMER

When an alternating e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coil P1P2, an

alternating current starts falling in it. The altering current in the
Primary produces a changing magnetic flux, which induces altering
voltage in the primary as well as in the secondary. In a good-
transformer , whole of the magnetic flux linked with primary is
also linked with the secondary,and then the inducede.m.f.
induced in each turn of the secondary is equal to that induced in
each turn of the primary.
Thus, if Ep and Es be the instantaneous values of the e.m.f.’s
induced in the primary and the secondary and Np and Ns are the
number of turns of the primary secondary coils of the transformer
and DΦ/dt= rate of change of flux in each turn off the coil at
this instant, we have
Ep= -NpdΦ/dt ………………………..(1)
Es= -NsdΦ/dt …………………………..(2)
Since the above relation are true at every instant, so by
dividing 2 by 1, we get
Es/Ep= -Ns/Np ……………………..(3)
As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f. induced in the
primary coil P1, so the instantaneous current in the primary
coil, is due to the difference(E – Ep) in the instantaneous
values of the applied and back e.m.f. further if Rp is the
resistance o,P1P2 coil, then the instantaneous current Ip in
the primary coil is given by:
 Ip = E – Ep/Rp
E- Ep = IpRp
When the resistance of the primary is small, RpIp can be
neglected, so therefore,
E-Ep= 0 or Ep=E
Thus , back e.m.f. = input e.m.f.
Hence, the equation (3) can be written as
Es/Ep =Es/E =output e.m.f./input e.m.f. = Ns/Np=k
Where K is constant, called turn ratio or transformation ratio.
In a step down transformer
Es<E so K<1, hence Ns<Np
If Ip = value of primary current at the same instant t
And Is = value of secondary current at this instant , then
Input power at the instant = EsIp and
Output power at the same instant = EsIs
If there are no losses of power in the transformer , then
Input power = output power Or
EpIp =EsIs Or
Es/Ep = Ip/Is = k
 In a step-up transformer
As K<1, so Ip>Is or Is<Ip
i.e. current in sec . is weaker when secondary voltage is
higher .
hence , whatever we gain in voltage , we lose in current in
the same ratio .
similiarly it can be shown, that in a step down
transformer ,whatever we lose in voltage , we gain in current
in the same ratio.
Thus , a step up transformer in reality steps down the current
& a step down transformer steps up the current.
 EFFICIENCY

Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of output power

to the input power i.e.

η = output power / input power = EsIs/EpIp

Thus, in an ideal transformer where there is no power
losses,η =1.But in actual practice, there are many power
losses; therefore, the efficiency of transformer is less than
one.
ENERGY LOSSES
Following are the major sources of energy loss in a transformer:
1.Copper lossis the energy loss in the form of heat in the copper
coils of a transformer . This is due to joule heating of conducting
wires.
2.Iron loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the iron core
of the transformer. This is due to formation of eddy current in iron
core. It is minimized by taking laminated cores.
3.Leakage of magnetic flux occurs inspite of best insulations.
Therefore, rate of change of magnetic flux linked with each turns
of S1S2 is less than the rate of change of magnetic flux linked with
each turn of P1P2.
4.Hysteretic loss is the loss of energy due to repeated
magnetization and demagnetization of the iron core when A.C. is
fed to it
5.Magnetostrictionas the transformer works, its core lengthens
and shortens during each cycle due to a phenomenon called
magnetostriction I.e. humming noise of a transformer.
 USES OF TRANSFORMER
 A transformer is used in almost all a.c. operations.
 In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator, computer,
conditioner etc.
 In the induction furnaces:
a) A step down transformer is used for welding puposes.
b) A step down transformer is used for obtaining large
current.
c) A step up transformer is used for the production of X-ray
and neon advertisement.
d) Transformer are used in voltage regulator and stabilized
power supplies.
e) Transformer are used in the transmission of a.c. over long
distance.
f) Small transformer are used in Radio sets, telephones, loud
speaker and electric bells, etc.
 BIBILIOGRAPHY
 NCERT Physics Textbook Class XII
 www.google.co.in
 www.electricaleasy.com