How Does Technology Enable Competitive Advantage? Reviewing State of The Art and Outlining Future Directions
How Does Technology Enable Competitive Advantage? Reviewing State of The Art and Outlining Future Directions
How Does Technology Enable Competitive Advantage? Reviewing State of The Art and Outlining Future Directions
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1. INTRODUCTION
Recent decades have witnessed rapid growth in technological development (Torkayesh &
Torkayesh, 2021). Companies have modified and adapted their business models to an era where
technology can allow them to obtain higher returns and expand their businesses (Berman &
Dalzell-Payne, 2018). In this new connected era, the Internet is the center of business strategy, and
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2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Building competitive advantages using technology
Company managers face many risks and opportunities on the local and international levels
(Cao et al., 2021). In many industries, companies should identify competitive advantage to be
above their competitors, offer good services to consumers, as well as strengthen relationships
with suppliers. Similarly, the role of technology is linked to a global market where capitalism
has generated a multitude of opportunities focused on sustainability, environment, innovation,
creativity, or technological development (Lee et al., 2010).
In this paradigm, Stratopoulos and Wang (2022) demonstrated that, when adapting technology
to activate competitive advantage, companies typically face the following two challenges: (i)
reduction of costs and (ii) adaptation to market demands. Consumers need the interest to perceive
that technology of a new product or service is useful. At the same time, in order to adopt new
technologies that can improve prices or allow companies to produce more products, consumers
should be willing to sacrifice certain preferences in products and services (Stratopoulos & Wang,
2022; Bui & Lo, 2022).
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Tab. 1 – Strategic and tactical actions to boost competitive advantages. Source: own research
Strategies Actions Examples Authors
Market geographical expansions
Expansion into neglected markets Sioutis and
Entering new
Anagnosto-
markets Targeting rival markets poulos (2016)
Targeting new demographics
Imitating rival products
Addressing gaps in quality Chung et al.
New products Leveraging new technologies (2003)Chiu
introductions Leveraging brand name with related prod- and Yang
ucts (2019)
However, while different strategies and options to achieve competitive advantage using
technology are available, it remains unclear which characteristics a technology should possess
to help companies achieve a competitive advantage in the market. In this study, we explore this
issue using the methodology presented in the next section.
3. METHODOLOGY
Systematic literature review
Following Iden and Eikebrokk (2013), in this study, we conducted a systematic literature review.
To this end, we first developed a theoretical framework where the main characteristics of the
analyzed sector were highlighted. Indeed, considering that addressing current problems which
would cover a literature gap should be done in the first place (Saura, 2021), we linked the
theoretical framework to our research objectives.
As argued by Stieglitz et al. (2018), the relevance of the research topic must be directly linked to
an emerging concept in the scientific literature. Accordingly, in the present study, we focused
on previous research on the adoption of new technologies and their characteristics to achieve
a competitive advantage, assuming that our systematic literature review will be instructive for
future research. In structuring the process of our systematic literature review, we followed the
three-step procedure previously proposed by Webster and Watson (2002).
The first step in this procedure included identifying the main contributions made to date in
relation to the subject of our study as well as the problems that must be solved. Second, we
searched for the most relevant academic contributions in scientific databases. In the third step,
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4. ANALYSIS OF RESULTS
As discussed previously, in this study, we used a database-oriented approach to review all articles
indexed in the academic databases ACM Digital Library, AIS Electronic Library, IEEE Explore,
ScienceDirect, and Web of Science. After the searches were carried out, the following results
were obtained: ACM Digital Library—16 results (0 included in the sample); AIS Electronic
Library—9 results (3 included in the sample); IEEE Explore—34 results (0 included in the
sample); ScienceDirect—24 results in total (7 included in the sample), and, finally, Web of
Sciences—179 results (21 included in the sample). The total number of articles analyzed was 262;
of these, 31 studies were included in the sample.
For the final dataset, we selected only those studies directly linked to the proposed objectives.
These studies were selected because they met the selection criteria proposed in the methodology
development and PRISMA. First, the search criteria were formulated, and the results were tested
in relation to inappropriate or non-inclusive terms. In this step, inadequate terms were identified,
so the total number of articles dropped to 173. In the next step, the content of all remaining
studies, as well as the quality of the proposed assessment and description, was analyzed. This
reduced the dataset by 142 articles. Therefore, the final dataset was reduced to a total of 31
articles. These studies were analyzed in depth to complete the methodological process with the
MCA in R.
According to Kaciak and Louviere (1990), Gonzalez-Loureiro et al. (2015) and Kiessling et al.
(2019), HOMALS is a methodological approach used to build matrices from data. Although the
technique is known as MCA, the theoretical framework that justifies its application is defined
by HOMALS. These approximations can be programmed in different programming languages.
In MCA, based on descriptive statistics, the weights and lengths of the identified clusters that
explain the relevance of the sample among the concepts that compose it are identified on a
graphic map. If the descriptors appear far from the axes or between them, it means that they are
not relevant or linked to each other (D’Esposito et al., 2014). MCA proposes that variables are
categorically coded. The categorical variables in the present study were (i) technology and (ii)
competitive advantage. These categories were structured around sets of words that we classified.
Overall, this study included two multivariate groupings (technology and competitive advantage)
and 16 individual variables of a total of 30 investigations based on our systematic review of the
literature. The set of these variables and their arrangement structure the dimensions of the map.
The identified variables are the groupings of words identified in the review (Kiessling et al.,
2019). We also computed chi-square, p-value, variance, % of variance, and cumulative percentage
of variance. In this study, the variable chi-square of independence between the two variables
amounted to 342.9701. As concerns the p-value, it was 1. This means that if the results of chi-
square were greater than the critical value calculated from df= (row−1) (column−1) degrees and
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Fig 1. Eigenvalues / Variances results using MAC and HOMALS analysis with R (Source: own research)
Figure 2 shows the biplot of the individual variables and categorical variables, showing small
variations in the content of the identified clusters. Dimension 1 represents 14.82% of the sample,
while Dimension 2 represents 22.14%. As in Figure 1, cos2 presents the relevance of each variable
in relation to the center of the axes.
Based on the results of the analyses, a total of four clusters directly linked to technology to enable
competitive advantage were identified. These clusters have direct relationships with the research
topic. Therefore, the clusters closer to the axis are more directly linked to technology and the
enabling of competitive advantage. The themes and clusters further away from the axis are those
that, in principle, have less influence on technology and competitive advantage.
In Cluster 1 (C1), a link was identified between Specialization, Integration, Universality, Cost
and Scalability. The last two concepts are also part of Cluster 3. This can be explained by the fact
that cost and scalability share a direct relationship with the themes linked in Cluster 3, but also
with those presented in C1. Therefore, C1 is focused on the ability to integrate new technologies
through specialization to enable competitive advantage by focusing on the compatibility of
these new technologies globally with other existing products and services and, thereby, enable
competitive advantages.
Similarly, Cluster 2 (C2) is focused on understanding and highlighting the innovation capacity
of technologies, their applicability and flexibility for certain industries and fields, as well as
understanding that these features are unimportant if there is no current demand for a technological
product or service. Cluster 3 (C3) is directly linked to productivity and the sources necessary for
the development of a technology that allows the achievement of competitive advantage. Both
sustainability and energy, as well as cost and its long-term scalability, allow us to understand
the existing connection in this cluster. Finally, in Cluster 4 (C4), the themes are farthest from
the central axis, suggesting the characteristics of the technologies that are not directly linked to
competitive advantage; this includes connectivity, complexity, and usefulness. These last two
concepts are related to competitive advantage as a company can manage to develop a complete
technology to improve its products or boost the value of its company, while other companies fail
to identify that complexity or solve it in an applied way in their strategies.
5. DISCUSSION
In the present study, two data-centric methodological approaches were developed to explore
whether technology promotes the development of competitive advantage. As argued by
Stratopoulos and Wang (2022), it was previously identified that technology and competitive
advantages are directly linked to cost and the scalability of said cost in the medium and long
term. Technology, However, in order to promote specific characteristics of products or services
that can create a competitive advantage, technology, as noted by Sony and Naik (2019), should
specialize in a specific sector (Sony & Naik, 2019; Dana et al., 2022).
Technology integration and universality are some of the most important points that enable
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6. CONCLUSION
In this study, we conducted a systematic review of the literature and an MCA by which a total of
four clusters composed of 15 characteristics of the technology needed to promote competitive
advantage were identified. Based on the results, we formulated 30 future research questions,
which, in further research, will provide a deeper understanding of the development of technology
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Theoretical implications
The theoretical implications of this study are directly linked to the clusters identified as
fundamental pillars of achieving competitive advantage afforded by technology. Based on a
review of previously published research, we identified characteristics of the technology that,
in future research, could be used as variables and constructs of empirical models. From the
theoretical perspective, different questions for future research formulated in this study and the
characteristics of the technology to enable competitive advantage identified in our analyses will
improve the understanding of these links in the current scientific literature. Furthermore, the
methodological process developed in the R programming language will allow other researchers
to extract new methodological approaches to identify themes in an exploratory way.
Practical implications
As concerns practical implications of the present study, companies can take the characteristics of
the technology we identified as a guide to verify the adoption of technologies in their business
models. In the context of the exponential development of technology, companies can rely on the
14 characteristics of the technology identified in relation to competitive advantage. Furthermore,
the results of this study can be used by both public institutions and companies focused on
analyzing the market to develop new products or services, exporting, or importing raw materials,
optimizing logistical processes, and improving production structures, among others. Similarly,
the identified clusters can be useful for practitioners prior to the adoption of technologies to
identify possible linkages after their adoption in relation to competitive advantage.
References
1. Ali, O., Murray, P. A., Muhammed, S., Dwivedi, Y. K., & Rashiti, S. (2022). Evaluating
organizational level IT innovation adoption factors among global firms. Journal of Innovation &
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Contact information
Assoc. Prof. José Ramón Saura, Ph.D. Samuel Ribeiro-Navarrete, Ph.D.
Rey Juan Carlos University ESIC University (Spain), Visiting professor
Faculty of Economics and Business Sciences University of Economics and Human Sciences in
Department of Business Economics, Spain Warsaw
E-mail: [email protected] Poland
ORCID: 0000-0002-9457-7745 Email: [email protected]
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