Perception

Group: 3 section: A
Perception

Perception is process by which individuals organize and

interpret their sensory impression in order to give meaning
environment
Basic components of percepy

 Perception made by three main tbing

 s1- experience
 2- belief
 3-knowledge
Example

 For example: a perfume bottle A person like its fragrance but it

does n't means the other person like the fragrance of the the same
perfume its the perception .Person may have same perception or
different pwrception.
Bottom up processing

 Bottom-up processing refers to the fact that perceptions are built

from sensory input.
Top down processing

 how we interpret those sensations is influenced by our available

knowledge, our experiences, and our thoughts.
Stages of perception

 Stage 1: Sensory Stimulation and Selection

 Sensory stimulation is self defining: our senses are bombarded by
stimuli. We hear, touch, taste, see, or smell something. The
neurological receptors associated with these senses are stimulated,
and this stimuli races to the brain for processing.
Sensory sensation:

 Sensory selection is the process of determining which stimulus gets

our attention and which stimuli we ignore.
 In this stage we have to notice about the following terms.
 Needs. We pay far more attention to things which fill a need or
requirement. When hungry, we are far more likely to notice places
to eat.
 Interests. We pay far more attention to those things we
enjoy. Scanning channels on television is a good illustration of this
process.
 Expectations. We pay more attention to those things we believe
we are supposed to experience.
 Physiological Limitations. Physiological limitations refer to basic
sensory limitations; one or more of our senses is limited as to how
well it will function.
Stage:2 Organization

Once our senses have been stimulated, we move to the

second stage of perception, organization. Organization
is the process of taking the stimuli and putting it into some
pattern we can recognize. As an analogy, when we
come home from the grocery story with several bags, we
sort those bags into the appropriate cabinets, organizing
the items so their placement makes sense for later use.
In this stage we have to notice about the following terms.
 Patterns. Patterns are pre-existing "templates" we use to
order stimuli. These are ways of organizing the stimuli that
we have learned and carry with us. As children we are
taught basic shapes, like "square," "triangle," and "circle,"
so when we experience a stimulus fitting those templates,
we can make sense of what we see.
Proximity

 Proximity refers to how we see one object in relation to what is

around it. We do not just see a person; we see the person within
their surroundings which affects our interpretation of that person. A
specific dynamic of proximity is the figure-ground relationship. The
figure-ground relationship posits that as our focus on the object (the
figure) and the background (the surroundings) change,
interpretation changes.
Simplicity:

 s we now know, we are driven to lower uncertainty and make sense

of the world around us. In lowering uncertainty, we tend to favor
the easiest, least confusing perception of a person or event; we like
simple perceptions. First impressions are so powerful because once
we have created an initial perception, it is far simpler to keep it
than change it. It is hard for us to change our perceptions because
changing our minds causes complexity, and the drive for simplicity
is a powerful, countering force.
Closure:

 Closure is the psychological drive for completeness. Again, with our

powerful need to lower uncertainty, it is much more comfortable to
perceive a whole, complete picture than partial images that do
not seem to make sense. As a result, we will fill in missing stimuli to
make the incomplete appear whole.
Stage:3 interpretation

 The interpretation stage is where we make sense of what we have

experienced; we determine what it means to us. From the
communication model, we know how we interpret input is
determined by our field of experience; we learn how to see the
world. There are a number of processes impacting how we
interpret the stimuli.
Factors of perception:

 The subjective factor in perception is the manner with which we take in experiences and
store them in our memory. Some of us feel strongly about an experience, some do not.
 The objective factor is how we use ourpast experiences and apply them to form
perceptions of new experiences.
 The perception social relates to the way people think and give meaning to other
people:
 how they form impressions, draw conclusions and try to explain the behavior of
others, sometimes called social cognition or the study of “naive psychology », This
type of perception focuses on the factors that influence the ways in which
people understand other people and how people process, organize and
remember information about others.
Types of perception:

1 Form Perception;
Form perception refers to our ability to visually perceive objects in the world in response to the
patterns of light that they caste on our retinas.
2. Perception of Movement;
process through which humans and other animals orient themselves to their own or others'
physical movements.
Time perception:

Time Perception
Time perception is a fundamental element of human awareness. Our
consciousness, our ability to perceive the world around us and,
ultimately, our very sense of self are shaped upon our perception of time
in loop connecting memories of the past, present sensations and
expectations about the future.
4. Depth and Space of Perception;
the ability to perceive the world in three dimensions (3D) and to judge the
distance of objects. Your brain achieves it by processing different pictures
from each eye and combining them to form a single 3D image.
Definition of illusion:

 an instance of a wrong or misinterpreted perception of

a sensory experience.
 Illusions are special perceptual experiences in which information arising
from “real” external stimuli leads to an incorrect perception, or false
impression, of the object or event from which the stimulation comes.
 Illusions are altered perceptions in which a real external object is
combined with imagery to produce a false internal percept.
Causes of illusion:

 Many common visual illusions are perceptual: they result from the
brain's processing of ambiguous or unusual visual information. Other
illusions result from the aftereffects of sensory stimulation or from
conflicting sensory information. Still others are associated with
psychiatric causes.
 Illusions are associated with inattention when external sensory
stimuli are meager or when attention is impaired due to delirium
 Illusions are also associated with prevailing affect, thus shadows
may appear like human figures to a frightened individual.
 Illusions almost always disappear when sensory stimuli increase or
when attention improves.
Causes of illusion:

 The movement or refraction of light. Changes in the length of sound

waves. The contextual information surrounding the object being
perceived. Interference from other senses and their perceptions.
How to treat person with illusion disorder:

 Encourage the person to verbalize feelings of anxiety, fear, and

insecurity – offer concern and protection to prevent injury to
themselves or others. Convey acceptance of the need for the false
belief.
How to handle mental illusion

 Identify the problem

 Develop strategies
 Evaluate and refine solutions
 If all else fails, ask for guidance
Thank you