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UNIT- IV

TRANSIENT CIRCUITS

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CONTENTS
4.1 INTRODUCTION
4.1.1 Initial conditions in Basic circuits
4.1.1.1 Resistor
4.1.1.2 Inductor
4.1.1.3 Capacitor
4.2 STEP RESPONSE OF RL SERIES CIRCUIT [with zero initial charge]
4.3 STEP RESPONSE OF RLC SEREIS CIRCUIT
4.4 RESPONSE OF SINUSOIDAL INPUT RL SERIES CIRCUIT
4.5 STEP RESPONSE OF SERIES RC CIRCUITS
4.6 INTRODUCTION TO PSPICE
4.7 APPLICATION TO ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS

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TECHNICAL TERMS

Transient response – The Response up to time period 3T and 4T is called transient response.
i.e. initial state of response
Steady response – The response after the time period 4T is called steady state response is called
steady state response.i.e.final state of response
Natural Response- The response of the circuit due to energy stored in capacitor and inductor
Forcing Response - The response due to the forcing function.
Forcing Function - The external energy source
Zero Input Response - Response of system with zero input
Zero State Response - Response of system with zero initial condition
Time constant – Time taken by the current through the element to reach steady value is called
time constant. i.e. in RL circuit time constant is L/R
PSpice - Personal Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis

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4.1 INTRODUCTION
A switching operation in a network causes transient conditions in the network. During the
transient period the current and voltage change from their former values to new values. The total
voltages & currents of the network can be written as a sum of two components. The first term is
the final value of that voltage and current. The second term is the transient term that finally
decays to zero. Though the transient periods are of short duration, it is during these periods that
some of the most serious operating problems occur.
An electric circuit consists of resistances inductances and capacitances in series and parallel.
When the circuit is switched on, there are two sources of energy, which leads to two different
responses.
 Natural response
 Forced response
Natural response
The responses of the circuit due to the energy stored in the inductances and capacitances
at the time of switching are called natural response.
Forced response
The response of the circuit due to the externally applied energy sources is called as forced
response. The external energy source is called forcing function. The forcing function may be
step, ramp, sinusoidal, exponential etc….
Transient analysis
Transient analysis involves solution of differential equation. The differential equation can
be solved by
 Integral differential equation method
 Laplace transformation method
Advantages of Laplace transformation method:
The Laplace transformation method is preferred the classical integral differential
equation method, due to the complexity involved in solving. in the classical method the
complementary function and particular integral have to be determined and finally the arbitrary
from known initial condition

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The Laplace transformation method is superior to the classical method due to the following
seasons
 If simplifies function- the exponential, trigonometric and differential function can be
transformed into simple algebraic function.
 If simplifies operations- it transforms integral differential equation which are easier to
handle.
 The arbitrary constants need not be determined separately. It gives the complete solution
to the differential equation
 It makes use of step and impulse response. If the response of a system to step or impulse
input is known, the response of the system to any other input can be determined.

Some properties of Laplace Transform:

 Shifting property
 Scaling property
 Real differential
 Real integration
 Complex translation
 Intimal value theorem

If F(s) is the Laplace transform of f(t) then initial values theorem states that

 `Final Value Theorem

If F(s) is the Laplace transform of f(t) then final value theorem states that

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4.1.1 Initial Conditions In Basic Circuit Elements

For higher order differential equation, the number of arbitrary constants equals the order
of the equation. If these unknowns are to be evaluated for particular solution, other conditions in
network must be known. A set of simultaneous equations must be formed containing general
solution and some other equations to match number of unknown with equations.
We assume that at reference time t=0, network condition is changed by switching action. Assume
that switch operates in zero time. The network conditions at this instant are called initial
conditions in network.
4.1.1.1 Resistor :

V  iR 1

Equ 1 is linear and also time dependent. This indicates that current through resistor
changes if applied voltage changes instantaneously. Thus in resistor, change in current is
instantaneous as there is no storage of energy in it.
4.1.1.2 .Inductor:

diL
VL  L  2
dt

If dc current flows through inductor, diL/dt becomes zero as dc current is constant with
respect to time. Hence voltage across inductor, VL becomes zero. Thus, as for as dc quantities
are considered, in steady stake, inductor acts as short circuit.

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We can express inductor current in terms of voltage developed across it as

1
L
iL  VL dt


In above eqn. The limit of integration is from -  to t 0 .  
Assuming that switching takes place at t=0, we can split limits into two intervals as -  to
 
t 0 .

t
1
i L   VL dt
L 

0 t
1 1
iL  
L 
VL dt   VL dt
L 0

 
t
1
L 0
iL  iL o   VL dt

 
iL 0  
1
L
VL dt
at t = 0t we can write iL(0+) =

iL(0+) = iL(0-)

I through inductor cannot change instantaneously.

4.1.1.3 .Capacitor

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dVC
iC  C
dt

dVC
If dc voltage is applied to capacitor, dt becomes zero as dc voltage is constant with
respect to time. Hence the current through capacitor iC becomes zero, Thus as far as dc
quantities are considered capacitor acts as open circuit.

1
C
VC  iC dt

t
1
C 
VC  iC dt

Splitting limits of integration

0 t
1 1
VC  
C 
iC dt   iC dt
C 0

At t(0+), equation is given by

0
 
VC 0 
 
1
 VC 0   iC dt


C 0

 
VC 0   VC 0   
Thus voltage across capacitor cannot change instantaneously.

4.2 STEP RESPONSE OF RL SERIES CIRCUIT [WITH ZERO INITIAL

CHARGE]
The response of RL series circuit for a step voltage of ‘e’ volt is to be determined.
Step 1:

Draw the RL series circuit

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Step 2:
The step voltage of E volt is applied by the switch at t=0. Write the Kirchhoff’s voltage law
equation of the circuit
By KVL,
E=iR+ Ldi/dt
Step 3:
Take Laplace transformation of the KVL equation.
By Laplace transformation
E/S=RI(s)+L[s I(s)-i(0)]
Step 4:
The initial charge of the circuit is zero hence there is initial current in the circuit
Thus
i(0)=0

Step 5:
Find I(s) from the equation

Thus
I(s) =

I(s)=

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I(s)=

Step 6
Apply partial fraction expansion to the I(s) equation

I(s)= +

Let s=0

A

Thus

Step 7 :
Take inverse Laplace transform of I(s) to obtain the response i(t)Type equation here.

Thus i(t)= [

= t

i(t)=

Thus the step response of RL series circuit with zero initial change is
i (t)=

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Time constant of RL series circuit

The time constant of RL series circuit is

T=

Thus
i(t)= ]

The current increase from its initial value 0 to final value E/R with time constant T
at t=T, the current is
i= ]

= ]

= 0.632 E/R
Thus in a circuit in which the current is increasing of a final steady value , the time T taken to
reach 63.2 % of the final value is called the time constant of the circuit

Rise of current in RL circuit excited by dc voltage E

Step 8:
To find the voltage across the resistance and inductance
= iR =R

= E[1- ]

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Example 1
In the circuit shown, the current in the inductance is -6 amps at t=0. Find the expression for
transient current .find also initial rate of grow of current.

Step 1
Write the KVL equation for the given circuit
By KVL
Ri+ L di/dt=E
5i+3di/dt=100
Step 2
Take Laplace transform on both sides
5I(s) +3s[I(s)- i(0)]=100/s
5I(s) +3sI(s)-3(-6)=100/s

(5+3s)I(s) =

I(s) =

I(s) =

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Step 3
Using partial fraction and expansion

= +

Let S=0

A=20
Let S= - 5/3

+ =

B= -26
Step 4
Tacking inverse Laplace transform of

I(s) = -

Thus current
i(t)=

Step 5
Rate of growth of current
di/dt =-
Initial rate of growth of current

di/dt =

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=43.3 A/

Thus initial rate of growth of current=43.3 A/

4.3 STEP RESPONSE OF RLC SERIES CIRCUIT

Step 1
Draw the RLC series circuit

Step 2
The voltage is applied to the circuit at t=0. Write the KVL equation

E=iR + L + +

Step 3
Take Laplace Transform

=RI(s) +L[sI(s)-i(0)]+ +

=RI(s) +LsI(s) + + [i(o) for L=0]

= I(s)[R+Ls+ ]+ [ i(o) for C is ]

I(s) = =

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= [

Consider and find the roots.

S=

The response of the circuit depends on the nature of the roots.

Case 1

The roots are real and distinct & the response is over damped.

Case 2

The roots are real & equal and the response is critically damped

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Case 3

( <

The roots are complex conjugate & the response is under damped . For the under damped case
the roots are

S=

Critical resistance
The value of resistance for critical damping is critical resistance denoted as .
Thus for critical damping
=

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=2

Damping ratio
Damping ratio is the ratio of actual value of R to critical resistance

ε=
= =

ε= (or) R=2 ᶓ

Nature frequency
The nature frequency of a RLC circuit is given as

Consider

= = =ε

= =
Damping frequency

Thus for under damped case, the roots can be

Thus

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I(s) =

=[ [multiplying & dividing by ]

By taking inverse Laplace transform,

i(t) =

1. A series RLC circuit with R=1000Ω, L=0.1H, C=0.4μF is supplied with a DC voltage of
200V at t=0 through a switch. Find the transient current.
Solution
Draw the RLC series circuit

Apply KVL to the circuit

Taking Laplace transform

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Taking Inverse Laplace we get

Thus the transient current is

4.4 RESPONSE OF SINUSOIDAL INPUT RL SERIES CIRCUIT

Step1
Draw the RL series circuit
Step 2
The voltage is applied by closing the switch at the time t=0. Write the KVL equation.

Ri+L =Em sinωt

Step 3
Take Laplace transform

RI(s) +L[sI(s) - i(0)=

Step 4
Assume initial inductance current is zero. i(0)=0.

RI(s)+LsI(s)=

I(s)[R+L(s)]=

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I(s)=

Step 5
Apply partial fraction method

= +

Put s=-R/L

=A( +(Bs+C)(

=A[ ]

= A

A=

Put s=0

=A +

=( ) +

- =

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[ ]=

=C

C=

C=

On Comparing co.efficient
A+B=0
B = -A
Thus

B=

Step 6

I(s) =

I(s) =

Step 7
Taking inverse Laplace transform

i(t)=

i(t)=

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PROBLEMS :

1. In the series RL circuit shown in fig the applied Vge is E=100 .find the resulting current
and initial rate of change of current.

Step 1
Apply KVL
50i+0.5L

Step 2
Take replace transform
50I(s)+0.5[sI(s)-i(0)]=

Step 3
Assume initial current is zero. i(0)=0
I(s)[50+0.5s]=

I(s)=

Step 4
Take partial fraction
=

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Put s=-100
200=-50B
B= -4
Puts=-50
200=50A
A=4

I(s) =

Step 5
Taking inverse Laplace transform

Step 6
To fiend initial rate of change of current
=

= -200-(-400)
= 200amps/second
2. A series RC circuit shown in figure. Calculate the response of the circuit

Step 1
Write KVL eqn:

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Step 2
Take Laplace transform

I(s)=

Step 3
Take partial fraction
= +

S=A(s+2)+Bs+1)
Puts=-1
-1=A
A=-1
A=-1
Put s=-2
B=2

I(s) = +

Step 4

Take inverse Laplace transform

i(t)=

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3. From the series RLC circuit, find the resistance current.

Step1
Apply KVL equation

Step 2
Take Laplace transform

I(s) [ =

I(s) =

Step 3
Take partial fraction
1.5s=A(s+1)(s+4)+B(s+2)(s+4)+C(s+1)(s+2)
Put s=-1
-1.5=3B

B=-0.2
Put s=-4
-6=C(-3)(-2)
C=-1

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Put s=-2
-3=A(-1)(2)
A=0.5
Step 4
I(t)=1.5

4.5 STEP RESPONSE OF SERIES RC CIRCUITS.

Consider series RC circuit as shown in fig. The switch k is in open state initially. There is no
charge on condenser and A0 voltage across it. At instant t = 0, switch k is closed.

Immediately after closing a switch, the capacitor acts as a short circuit, so current at the
time of switching is high. A voltage across capacitor is zero at t = 0+. As capacitor acts as a short
circuit, the current is maximum and is given by

V
i amp
R

+
The current is maximum at t=0 which is charging current. As the capacitor starts
charging, the voltage across capacitor VC starts increasing and charging current starts decreasing.
After some time, when the capacitor charges to V volts, it achieves steady state. In steady state, it
acts as a open circuit so current will be zero finally.

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After switching instant applying Kirchoff’s voltage law.

V  VR  VC

Where VR is voltage across resistor and VC is voltage across capacitor.

V  iR  VC

But i can be written as

dVC
iC
dt

Substituting value of i in equation of voltage V

dVC
V  RC  VC
dt

This is the first order linear differential equation.

Rearranging the terms in above equation,

dVC
V  VC  RC
dt

Separating the variables,

dt dVC

RC V  VC

Integrating both sides of above equation, we have

  ln V  VC   k '
t
RC

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Where k’ is constant of integration

At t = 0, there is no voltage across capacitor

VC=0

Substituting in above eqn. We have

0   ln V   k '

 k ' ln V 

General solution becomes,

  ln V  VC   ln V 
t
RC

t  V 
  ln  
RC V  VC 

f
V
  e RC
V  VC

t

V  VC  V  e RC

t

VC  V _ V  e RC

t

VC  V _ V  e RC

Solution for voltage across capacitor

V- Steady state value of voltage across capacitor

e-t/RC – transient portion of voltage across capacitor.

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When the steady state is achieved, total charge on the capacitor is Q coulombs.

Q
V 
C

q
VC 
c Where q is instant charge

q Q 
t

 1  e RC 
c C 

 
t

q  Q 1  e RC 
Therefore  

Thus the charge on the capacitor also behaves similar to voltage across capacitor.

Now current can be expressed as

iR  V  VC

Above equation can be written using KVL

  
t

iR  V  V 1  e RC 

  

t
V  RC
i  e
R

V
So at t = 0, i = R is maximum current and in steady state it becomes zero.

The variation of voltage across capacitor and charging with respect to time is shown in fig.

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The term RC in equation of VC is called time constant and denoted by measured in

seconds

When

t  RC 

Then


VC  V 1  e 1 
VC  0.632V

So time constant of series RC circuit is defined as time required by capacitor voltage to rise from
zero to 0.632 of its final steady state value during charging.

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Thus, time constant of RC circuit can be defined as time in seconds, during which the voltage
across capacitor would reach its final steady state value of its rate of change was maintained
constant at its initial value throughout charging period.

1. An alternating current of frequency 60Hz has a maximum value of 12A

(i) Write down value of current for instantaneous values
(ii) Find the value of current after 1∕360 second
(iii) Time taken to reach 9.6A for the first time.
In the above cases assume that time is reckoned as zero when current wave is passing
through zero and increase in positive direction.

Solution:

Given:

F = 60Hz

Im = 12A

W = 2πf = 2π x 60 = 377 rad∕sec

(i). Equation of instantaneous value is

i = Im Sin wt

i = 12 Sin 377t

(ii). t = 1∕360sec

i = 12 Sin (377∕360) = 12 Sin 1.0472 = 10.3924 A

i = 10.3924 A

(iii). i = 9.6 A

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9.6 = 12 Sin 377t

Sin377t = 0.8

377t = 0.9272

t = 2.459 x 10-3sec

2. An alternating current i= 414 Sin (2π x 50 x t) A is passed through a series circuit of a

resistance of 100  and an inductance of 0.31831 H. find the expression for the
instantaneous values of voltage across, (MAY-08)

i. The resistance ,
ii. Inductance
iii. Capacitance
Solution:

Given

i = 414 Sin (2π x 50 t) A

R = 100 

L = 0.31831 H

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XL = 2π x 50 x 0.31831 = 100 

(i) Voltage across Resistance:

VR = iR = 1.414 sin (2π x 50 t) x 100

VR = 141.4 Sin (2π x 50 t) V

R.m.s value of VR = 141.4∕ 2 = 100 V

  0

VR = 1000  100  j 0 V

(ii) Voltage across Inductance:

VL = i XL = 1.414 Sin (2π x 50 t + 900) x 100

VL = 141.4 Sin (2π x 50 t + 900) V

R.m.s value of VL = 141.4∕ 2 = 100 V ,   90

VL = 10090  0  j100 V

V = VR + VL = 100 + j 0 + 0 + 100j

V = 100 + j100 = 141.42  450 V

Vm = 2 x 141.42 = 200 V

V = 200 Sin (2π x 50 t + 450) V

7. The wave form of the voltage and current of a circuit are given by

e= 120 Sin (314 t)

i= 10 Sin (314 t + π∕6)

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3. Calculate the value of resistance, capacitance which is connected in series to form the
circuit. Also, Draw wave forms for current, voltage and phasor diagram. Calculate power
consumed by the circuit.

Solution:

Given:

V = 120 Sin (314 t) ; Vm = 120 V; 2πf = 314; f = 50 Hz

i = 10 Sin (314 + π∕6) ; Im = 10 A ;   30

V = Vm∕ 2 = 120∕ 2 = 84.85 V

I = Im∕ 2 = 10∕ 2 = 7.07 A

Z = V∕I = 84.45∕7.07 =12 

Z  12  30  As current leads by 30

Ckt is RC series Circuit is capacitive nature.

 = -Ve

Z = 12  30  10.393  j 6 use P  R

Z = R – j Xc

R = 10.393; Xc = 6 

Xc = 1∕2πfC

6 = 1∕(2π x50 x C)

C = 530.45 uF

P = VI Cos  = 84.85 x 7.07 xCos 300

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P = 519.52

4. A resistance of 120  and a capacitive reactance of 250  are connected in series across
a AC voltage source. If a current 0.9 A is flowing in the circuit find out,

(i). Power factor

(ii). Supply voltage

(iii). Voltage across resistance and capacitance

(iv). Active power and reactive power (JUN-09)

Solution:

Given:

R = 120 

Xc = 250 

I = 0.9 A.

Z = R – j Xc = 120 – 250j = 277.308  64.358

Power factor:

Cos  Cos(64.358)  0.4327 Leading

Supply Voltage:

V = IZ = 0.9 x 277.308   64.358

V = 249.5772   64.358 V

VR and Vc:

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VR = IR 0.9 x 120 = 108 V

Vc = I Xc = 0.9 x 250 = 225 V

Active power and Reactive power:

P = VI Cos  = 249.5772 x 0.9 x 0.4327 = 97.1928 W

Q = VI Sin  = 247.5772 x 0.9 x Sin(-64.3580) = -202.498 VAR

- Ve Sign  leading nature

5. A series circuit consisting of 25  resistor, 64mH inductor and 80uF capacitor to a 110V,
50Hz, Single phase supply as shown in fig. Calculate the current, Voltage across individual
element and overall p.f of the circuit. Draw a neat phasor diagram showing

I , VR, VL , Vc and V

Solution:

R = 25 

L = 64mH

C = 80uF

XL = 2πfL = 2π x 50 x 64 x 10-3 = 20.10 

Xc = 1∕2πfC = 1∕(2π x 50 x 80 x 10-6 ) = 39.78 

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Z = R + j XL – j Xc

= 25 + j 20.10 – j 39.78

Z = (25 – j 19.68) 

I = V∕Z = 1100 = 1100 ∕( 31.81  38.20 )

25  j19.68

Z = (25 – j 19.68)

I = V∕Z = 3.4580 A

VR = IR ( 3.458038.20 )(25) = 86.4538.20 V

VL = I j XL = ( 3.458038.20 )(j 20.10)

= ( 3.458038.20 )( 20.1090

VL = 69.50 128.12 V

Vc = I(-j Xc) = ( 3.458038.20 )(- j 39.78)

= ( 3.458038.20 )( 38.78  90 )

= 134.10   15.9 V

V = 1100 Volts

Cos  Cos38.20  0.7858 Leading

6. A series circuit having pure resistance of 40  , pure inductance of 50.07mH and a

capacitance is connected across a 400V, 50Hz Ac supply. This R, L, C combination draws a
current of 10A. Calculate (JUN-09)

1. Power factor of circuit

2. Capacitor value

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Solution:

Given:

R = 40 

L = 50.07mH

C = ?.

V = 400 V

f = 50 Hz

I = 10 A

XL = XL = 2πfL = 2π x 50 x 50.07 x 10-3 = 15.73 

Xc = 1∕2πfC

Z= R  j ( XL  Xc )

Z = √(R2 + (XL – Xc)2)

Z = V ∕ I = 400∕10 = 40 

40 = √( 402 + (15.73 – Xc)2)

402 = 402 + (15.73 – Xc) 2

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Xc = 15.73 

1∕2πfC = 15.73  C = 1∕(2πf x 15.73)

C = 2.023 x 10-4 F

Z = 40 + j( 15.73 – 15.73) = 40 + j0 

Z = 40 0

Power factor Cos  = Cos 0  1 .

4.6 INTRODUCTION TO PSPICE

PSpice is a SPICE circuit simulator application for simulation and verification of analog and
mixed-signal circuits. PSpice is an acronym for Personal Simulation Program with Integrated
Circuit Emphasis. A primary purpose of this software is to become familiar with the use of
PSpice and to learn to use it to assist you in the analysis of circuits. In PSpice the program we
run in order to draw circuit schematics is called CAPTURE. The program that will let us run
simulations and see graphic results is called PSPICE. There are a lot of things we can do with
PSpice, but the most important things to learn are
 Design and draw circuits
 Simulate circuits
 Analyze simulation results (Probe for older versions)

The devices that we will use are resistors, inductors, capacitors and various
independent/dependent sources. It is good to know that CAPTURE has extensive symbol
libraries and includes a fully integrated symbol editor for creating your own symbols or
modifying existing symbols.
The main tasks in CAPTURE are
 Creating and editing designs
 Creating and editing symbols

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 Creating and editing hierarchical designs

 Preparing your design for simulation
To create a simple DC circuit and know how to start working with PSpice.

The goal is to find the current value in the resistor labeled R1.
1. Run the CAPTURE program.
2. Select File/New/Project from the File menu.
3. On the New Project window select Analog or Mixed A/D, and give a name to your project
then click OK. 4. The Create PSpice Project window will pop up, select Create a blank project,
and then click OK.
5. Now you will be in the schematic environment where you are to build your circuit.
6. Select Place/Part from the Place menu.
7. Click ANALOG from the box called Libraries:, then look for the part called R. You can do it
either by scrolling down on the Part List: box or by typing R on the Part box. Then click OK.
8. Use the mouse to place the resistor where you want and then click to leave the resistor there.
You can continue placing as many resistors as you need and once you have finished placing the
resistors right-click your mouse and select end mode.
9. To rotate the components there are two options:
 Rotate a component once it is placed: Select the component by clicking on it then CtrlR
 Rotate the component before it is placed: Just Ctrl-R.
10. Select Place/Part from the Place menu.
11. Click SOURCE from the box called Libraries:, then look for the part called VDC. You can
do it either by scrolling down on the Part List: box or by typing VDC on the Part box, and then

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click OK. Place the Source. 12. Repeat steps 10 - 12 to get and place a current source named
IDC.
13. Select Place/Wire and start wiring the circuit. To start a wire click on the component terminal
where you want it to begin, and then click on the component terminal where you want it to
finish. You can continue placing wires until all components are wired. Then right-click and
select end wire.
14. Select Place/Ground from the Place menu, click on GND/CAPSYM. Now you will see the
ground symbol. EE/CE 3111 Electronic Circuits Laboratory Spring 2015 Professor Y. Chiu 3
15. Type 0 on the Name: box and then click OK. Then place the ground. Wire it if necessary.
16. Now change the component values to the required ones. To do this you just need to double-
click on the parameter you want to change. A window will pop up where you will be able to set a
new value for that parameter.
17. Once you have finished building your circuit, you can move on to the next step – prepare it
for simulation.
18. Select PSpice/New Simulation Profile and type a name, this can be the same name as your
project, and click Create.
19. The Simulations Settings window will now appear. You can set up the type of analysis you
want PSpice to perform. In this case it will be Bias Point. Click Apply then OK.
20. Now you are ready to simulate the circuit. Select PSpice/Run and wait until the PSpice
finishes. Go back to Capture and see the voltages and currents on all the nodes.
21. If you are not seeing any readout of the voltages and currents then select PSpice/Bias
Point/Enable Bias Voltage Display and PSpice/Bias Point/Enable Bias Current Display. Make
sure that PSpice/ Bias Point/Enable is checked.

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Question Bank

PART -A
1. Find the Laplace transform of x(t) = u(t) + δ(t). ( MAY/JUNE 2009)
2. Write the integral differential equation of RLC series circuit with supply voltage E.
(MAY/JUNE 2009)
3. Define the term ‘time constant’. (Nov/Dec 2009)
4. In the series RLC circuit L=2 H and C=5 µF. Determine the value of R to give critical
damping. (Nov/Dec 2009)
5. A series RL circuit with R=100Ω and L=20H has a dc voltage of 200V applied through a
switch at t=0. Assuming the initial current through the inductor at t=0 is zero, find the
current at t=0.5 sec. ( June 2010)
6. What is the condition to be present in a series RLC circuit to make the circuit critically
damped? ( June 2010)
7. Give the expressions of time constants of (a) series RL circuit, and (b) series RC circuit.
(May/June-2011)
8. What are free and forced responses? (May/June-2011)
9. Determine the Laplace transform for the unit step function u (t). (Nov/Dec 2012)
10. Write down the condition for critically damped response of a series RLC circuit excited by
a sinusoidal AC source. (Nov/Dec 2012)
11. The transients are due to the presence of energy storing elements in the circuit –True or
false.
12. What is a step function?
13. What is an initial condition?
14. What is a transient?
15. What is the steady state value?
16. Write the transient current equation when RL series circuit is connected to a step voltage
of volts.
17. A DC voltage of 100 volts is applied to a series RL circuits with R = 25 ohm what will be
the current in the circuit in the circuits at twice the time constant?
18. Sketch the current given by I (t) = 5 – 4 e-20 t.
19. Distinguish between free and forced response. (May/June 2014)
20. Draw the equivalent circuit for inductor and capacitor at t = 0+ when there is no initial
energy.

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21. Define a time constant of a RL circuit. (May/June 2014)

22. Draw the equivalent circuits for the inductor and capacitor at t=0+ with presence of initial
energy.
23. Distinguish between the steady state and the transient response of an electrical circuit.
24. Define a time constant of a RC circuit. (May/June 2014)
25. Draw the equivalent circuit at t = 0+ for a capacitor with initial charge of q0.
26. Sketch the response of RC network for a unit step input.
27. What are the periodic inputs?
28. What are critical frequencies? Why are they so called?
29. Draw the transient response of R-L circuits for step input.
30. Define the time constant of a transient response.
31. Find the time constant of RL circuits having R = 10 ohm and L = 0.1 mH.
32. What is meant by critical damping?
PART- B
1. A series circuit consists of R-C in series with switch and supply voltage E, the capacitance
has initial charge Eo. Find the transient voltage Vc(t) when the switch is closed at t=0. (
MAY/JUNE 2009)
2. A sinusoidal voltage of frequency 25Hz is connected in series with switch and R=10 Ω and
L=0.1H. Calculate the transient current i (t). (MAY/JUNE 2009)
3. In the series circuit shown in fig (14. a) the switch is closed on position 1 at t=0.At t=1
milli Second, the switch is moved to position 2. Obtain the equation for the equation for
the current in both intervals and draw the transient current curve. (Nov/Dec 2009)

4. A series RC circuit with R=100 Ὠ and C= 25 µF is supplied with a source of 200 sin(500
t)V. Find the current in the circuit. Assume initial charge on the capacitor is zero.
(Nov/Dec 2009)

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5. In the circuit shown in figure 14(a), the switch S is closed at time t=0 in position 1 and
changed over to position 2 after 2 after one millisecond. Find the time at which the current
is zero and reversing its direction. Assume that the changeover of switch from position 1 to
2 takes place in zero time. ( June 2010)

6. In the circuit shown in figure 14(b), find the expression for current if the switch is closed
at t=0 and the value of current at t=1 millisecond. Assume initial charge on the capacitor is
zero. ( June 2010)

7. Using Laplace transform, obtain the expression for and in the circuit shown below,
when dc voltage source is applied suddenly. Assume that the initial energy stored in the
circuit is zero. (May/June-2011)

8. In the circuit shown below, find the expression for the transient current. The initial current
is as shown in the figure. (May/June-2011)

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9. In the circuit shown below, find the transient current after switch is closed at time t=0,
given that an initial charge of 100µC is stored in the capacitor. (May/June-2011)

10. Derive the transient response of a series R-L circuit with DC input. Sketch the variation of
current and of the voltage across the inductor. (Nov/Dec 2012)
11. Solve for i and V as function of time in the circuit shown below, when the switch is closed
at time t=0. (Nov/Dec 2012)

12. Derive the expression for the complete solution of the current response of RC series circuit
with an excitation of V cos (wt + Φ). Briefly explain the signification of phase angle in the
solution. (Nov/Dec 2012)
13. Obtain the step response of series RL circuit
14. Obtain the step response of series RC circuit
15. Obtain the step response of series RLC circuit (Nov 2011)
16. Obtain the sinusoidal response of series RL circuit
17. Obtain the sinusoidal response of series RC circuit
18. Obtain the sinusoidal response of series RLC circuit

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19. A series RL circuit with R=100Ώ and L=20 H has DC voltage of 200 volts applied through
switch at t=0.find the current and voltage equation across different elements. The current
at 0.5 seconds
20. The at which = (Nov 2010)

ANS: i(t)=

i(t)=1.834A
t=0.1386 sec
21. In a circuit having a resistance of 2 ohm and inductance of 10H is excited by 20V DC
source ,Find the time constant.

ANS: i(t)=[ - ]

22. A series RL circuit with R =300Ω and L=15H has a constant voltage V=60v applied at t=0
as shown in fig 14(a). Determine the current I, the voltage across resistor and the voltage
across the inductor. (May/June 2014)

23. The circuit shown in fig 14(b) consists of resistance, inductance and capacitance in series
with 100v DC when the switch is closed at t=0. Find the current transient. (May/June
2014)

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24. A series RL circuit is shown in figure. Switch is in closed position and switch is

closed at t=0. After 4ms switch opens. Calculate the current in the intervals 0<t<4ms,
t=4ms
ANS:

25. Derive the expression for the current i(t) in RLC circuit or RLC response for critically
damped case.

ANS:
26. A series RLC circuit has R=20Ω, L=10H and C=5F. A constant of 100V is impressed

upon the circuit at t=0. Find compression for transient current. Assume initially released
condition.

ANS:
27. In the RC circuit, the capacitor has a initial charge =2.5* with polarity as

marked in diagram. V= is applied to the circuit at the time

corresponding to ϕ= . Determine the expression for current i.

ANS: i(t)= .

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