Traversing

TRAVERSING
Definition:
A traverse is a series of connected lines whose lengths and directions are to be
measured and the process of surveying to find such measurements is known as
traversing. In general, chains are used to measure length and compass, or
theodolite is used to measure the direction of traverse lines.

Objective:
The objective of the project was to calculate the length in between each
established point and measure the interior angle and azimuth and find the
coordinates accordingly. The figure formed is a closed traverse whereby checks
can be accordingly applied.
Traversing

Apparatus:
 Theodolite
 Measuring tape
 Compass
 Tripod Stand
 Targets

Methodology:
 Initially, we conducted comprehensive survey of our designated area,
identifying & marking the mutual visible points.
 Subsequently a benchmark was established whose coordinates are (0,0)
with in the green region of the SAGE.The theodolite was then positioned
on the bench mark by Zaman.
 While Sajid set the target at point “A” and Huraira rotated the theodolite
clockwise and took the bearing of line “OA”.
 After that M Taha, Zaman & Arif did ranging to obtain a straight line. And
then measured the distance of “OA” line.
 After ranging Arif and Fazl e Raziq measured the distance of line “OA” &
Huraira noted down the reading.
 Then M Taha set theodolite at point “A” while Fazl e Raziq & Huraira set the
target at point “B” &” C”.
 Then Taha positioned the theodolite towards point “C” & sets it on
“00°00’0” & rotated it towards “B” to obtain the interior angle and Fazl e
Raziq noted down the reading.
 After that Zaman, Sajid & Huraira did ranging to obtain a straight line. After
that Arif, Fazl e Raziq & Zaman measured the distance of “AB” line.
 Then Sajid, M Taha & Huraira measured the distance of “AC” line & Arif
noted down the reading.
 Then Huraira set theodolite at point B & measured the interior angle
between AB and BC. M Taha and Sajid set the targets at point A&C. Fazl E
Raziq, Arif &Zaman did ranging and measured the distance of BC and AC
line. Taha note down the readings.
Traversing

 Then Huraira set theodolite at point C and Zaman and Arif set the target at
point B & D and then Taha, Sajid & Fazle Raziq did ranging & measured
distance of BC & CD line & Huraira noted down the interior angle.
 Arif set the theodolite at point D and Taha & Fazle Raziq set the target at
point C & D. Sajid, Huraira & Zaman did the ranging and measured distance
of line CD & DE. Taha noted down the interior angle and measured the
distance.
 Sajid set the theodolite at point E. Zaman and Arif set the target at point D
&F. Taha, Huraira and Fazle Raziq did the ranging and measured the
distance of line EF & DE.
 Zaman set the theodolite at point F & Taha and Arif set the target at point
G &E. Sajid, Huraira & Fazal e Raziq did ranging of line FG & FE & Taha
measured the distance and note the interior angle.
 Taha set the theodolite at point G. Arif & Sajid set the targets at point A &
F. Fazle Raziq, Zaman & Huraira did ranging and measured the distance of
line AG & GF and Sajid note the distance and the interior angle.
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station Measured interior Average correction Adjusted angles Bearing angles

angles
OA 312°2’07”
AB 80°02’00” 00°31’01” 80°33’01” 356°05’08”
BC 116°03’05” 00°31’01” 116°34’06” 292°19’14”
CD 243°05’08” 00°31’01” 243°36’09” 356°15’23”
DE 71°03’00” 00°31’01” 71°34’01” 247°49’24”
EF 109°03’06” 00°31’01” 109°34’07” 177°23’31”
FG 117°04’09” 00°31’01” 117°35’10” 114°58’04”
GA 160°02’25” 00°31’01” 160°33’26” 95°32’07”
∑I.A=896°22’53” ∑AVG=03°37’07” ∑A.A=900°00’00”
Collected Data and calculation and correction.
OA IS REFERENCE POINT AND COORDINATES OF OA (0,0).
Adjustment of Interior angles.

 Sum of Interior Angles: (n-2)180° and n = 7.

 ∑ Interior angles = (7-2)180° = 900°
 ∑ Interior angles = 896°22’53”
 Error = 900°00’00” - 896°22’53” = 03°37’07”
 Average correction=03°37’07”/7
 Average correction=00°31’01”
Traversing

Traverse Linear Misclosure & Relative Precision

 Linear misclosure= √ (departure misclosure) ²+ (latitude misclosure) ²
 Relative Precision= 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑀𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 / 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟

Stations Bearing Length Departure Latitude

OA 312°02’07” 81.166 -60.285 54.348
AB 356°05’08” 343’ -23.416 342.199
BC 292°19’14” 186.833’ -172.418 71.980
CD 356°15’23” 294.833’ -19.312 294.203
DE 247°49’24” 371.083 -343.632 -140.070
EF 177°23’31” 430.500 19.58 -430.05
FG 114°58’04” 242.166 219.516 -102.259
GA 95°32’07” 322.166 320.663 -31.075
∑L=2190.581 Dep miscl=1.054 Lat miscl=4.905

 Liner misclosure=√ (1.054) ²+(4.905) ²

 Liner misclosure =5.017
 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟=2190.581
 Relative Precision=5.017/2190.581
 Relative Precision=0.002
 Traversing

Traverse adjustment by Bowditch’s method

Station Bearings length Unbalanced Balanced
departure latitude departure latitude
OA 312°02’07” 81.166’ -60.285 54.348
A (-0.165) (-0.768)
356°05’08” 347’ -23.416 342.199 -23.581 341.432
B
B (-0.09) (-0.418)
292°19’14” 186.833’ -172.418 71.980 -172.509 71.543
C
C (-0.142) (-0.661)
356°15’23” 294.833’ -19.312 294.203 -19.392 293.543
D
D (-0.178) (-0.831) -140.901
247°49’24” 371.083 -343.632 -140.070 -343.810
E
E (-0.207) (-0.964)
177°23’31” 430.500 19.58 -430.05 19.382 -431.018
F
F (-0.117) (-0.542)
114°58’04” 242.166 219.516 -102.259 219.400 -102.802
G
G (-0.155) (-0.721)
95°32’07” 322.166 320.663 -31.075 320.510 -31.797
A
A

∑ =2190.59 ∑=1.054 ∑=4.905 ∑=0.000 ∑=0.000

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Rectangular Coordinates
CALCULATION AND CORRECTION OF LATITUDE AND DEPERATURE:
O is reference point whose coordinates are(0,0)and
bearing of OA is 312°02’07”
Station Bearings length Unbalanced Balanced Coordinates
departur latitude departure latitude X Y
e
OA 312°02’07” 81.166 -60.285 54.348 0 0
A (-0.165) (-0.768) -60.285 54.348
356°05’08” 343’ -23.416 342.199 -23.581 341.432
B
B (-0.090) (-0.418) -83.866 395.780
292°19’14” 186.833’ -172.418 71.980 -172.509 71.543
C
C (-0.142) (-0.661) -256.375 467.323
356°15’23” 294.833’ -19.312 294.203 -19.392 293.543
D
D (-0.178) (-0.831) -275.767 760.866
247°49’24” 371.083 -343.632 -140.070 -343.810 -140.901
E
E (-0.207) (-0.964) -619.577 619.965
177°23’31” 430.500 19.58 -430.05 19.382 -431.018
F
F (-0.117) (-0.542) -60.195 188.947
114°58’04” 242.166 219.516 -102.259 219.400 -102.802
G
G (-0.155) (-0.721) -380.795 86.145
95°32’07” 322.166 320.663 -31.075 320.510 -31.797
A
A --60.285 54.348

∑=2190.58 ∑=1.054 ∑=4.905 ∑=0.00 ∑=0.00

Traversing

Formulas that are used for the correction of dep and lat:
 Dep correction=Total dep misclosure *length of that line
 Traverse perimeter
 lat correction=Total lat misclosure *length of that line
 Traverse perimeter

Conclusion:

There was a slight error in the calculation of angles which were adjusted using the
average angle correction method. The departure and latitude values indicated a
misclosure in the traverse which was removed using Bowditch’s method.

Recommendations:
1) The instruments were slightly faulty, and an error accumulated throughout
the project survey.
2) At least two days for each task as the area was large.
3) Practical work should be at the end of week (Saturday) with each respective
topic.