Notes OF ICT

Azhar Fareed Tougervi

Chp (operating system and Digital Security)Are already Share in group (All are software Developers)

While other chapters are given below According to our Course outline

[ Communications and Networks:

Communication is how we share information, and networks are like pathways that help information
travel between computers and devices. It’s like talking or sending messages, but for computers!
Computers and devices connect to form a network, allowing them to share and exchange data.

LANs, MANs, WANs, and PANs:

LAN (Local Area Network): This is like a small community of connected devices, such as computers and
printers, within a limited area like a home, school, or office. LANs are great for sharing information
within a confined space.
MAN (Metropolitan Area Network): Expanding beyond a single building, a MAN covers a larger area like
a city. It connects multiple LANs across neighborhoods, enabling communication over a broader
distance.

WAN (Wide Area Network): WANs stretch across cities, countries, or even continents. They connect
LANs and MANs over long distances, forming a vast network for global communication. The internet is a
massive example of a WAN.

PAN (Personal Area Network): This is the smallest network, connecting devices like smartphones,
tablets, and laptops within an individual’s personal space. Bluetooth and other short-range technologies
often form PANs.

Network Architectures:

Networks have designs, just like buildings have blueprints. There are different architectures that
determine how computers and devices are organized and how they communicate. Common
architectures include client-server, where one computer serves others, and peer-to-peer, where all
computers have equal status and share resources.

Communications Software:

Communication between computers requires software that acts like translators, ensuring they
understand each other. Protocols and algorithms fall under communications software, enabling smooth
data exchange. Examples include TCP/IP, the language of the internet, and HTTP, which governs web
communication.

Communications Network:

A communications network is a collective of interconnected computers and devices that communicate

and share information. These networks can be local, like a home network, or global, like the internet.
Efficient communication within these networks is crucial for smooth information flow.

Communications Standards and Protocols:

Standards are like universally accepted rules that everyone follows to ensure compatibility. Protocols are
specific sets of rules dictating how data is transmitted and received. Common standards include Ethernet
for LANs and Wi-Fi for wireless connections. Protocols, such as TCP/IP, define the step-by-step process
for effective communication, ensuring a common language for devices worldwide.

In summary, communications and networks involve the exchange of information among connected
devices. LANs, MANs, WANs, and PANs represent different-sized networks. Architectures dictate the
organization, software facilitates communication, and standards and protocols ensure a seamless and
universally understood exchange of data. It’s akin to a vast team of computers collaborating and
communicating on a global scale!

[ Communications Lines and Transmission Media:

Introduction:

Communication lines are pathways that transmit data from one point to another.

Transmission media are the physical channels through which data is transmitted.

Physical Transmission Media:

Twisted-Pair Cable:

Description: Consists of pairs of insulated copper wires twisted together.

Use Cases: Commonly used in telephone networks and local area networks (LANs).

Advantages: Affordable, suitable for short to medium distances.

Limitations: Susceptible to electromagnetic interference over longer distances.

Coaxial Cable:

Description: Features a central copper conductor surrounded by insulating layers and a metal shield.

Use Cases: Used for cable television, internet connections, and data transmission in LANs.

Advantages: Offers better bandwidth and performance compared to twisted-pair cables.

Limitations: More expensive than twisted-pair cables.

Fiber-Optic Cable:
Description: Transmits data using light signals through thin glass or plastic fibers.

Use Cases: Widely used in long-distance communication, high-speed internet, and backbone networks.

Advantages: High-speed transmission, immune to electromagnetic interference, and capable of carrying

large amounts of data.

Limitations: Installation and maintenance costs can be higher than other types of cables.

Wireless:

Infrared:

Description: Uses infrared light for short-range communication.

Use Cases: Commonly found in remote controls, short-distance data transfer, and some wireless
peripherals.

Advantages: Simple implementation, cost-effective for short-range applications.

Limitations: Requires a clear line-of-sight between devices, susceptible to interference from obstacles.

Broadcast Radio:

Description: Utilizes radio waves for broadcasting information.

Use Cases: AM and FM radio transmissions, broadcasting news, music, and other content.

Advantages: Provides wide coverage, suitable for mass communication.

Limitations: Susceptible to interference, especially in areas with many electronic devices.

Cellular Radio:

Description: Forms the basis for mobile phone communication.

Use Cases: Enables mobile devices to communicate seamlessly while moving within designated cellular
network areas.

Advantages: Allows for continuous communication during movement, efficient use of frequency
spectrum.

Limitations: Network congestion during peak times, limited bandwidth for each user.

Microwaves:
Description: Uses high-frequency radio waves for point-to-point communication.

Use Cases: Common in long-distance communication links and backbone networks.

Advantages: High data transfer rates, suitable for long-distance communication.

Limitations: Requires a clear line-of-sight, vulnerable to atmospheric conditions such as rain and f

Backing Up — The Ultimate Safeguard:

Backing up your files is like creating a spare copy of your important stuff. It’s like having a safety net for
your digital things. In case something goes wrong, like your computer acting up or a naughty virus
messing things up, you have a backup to rescue your precious data.

Wireless Security:

Imagine your Wi-Fi is like a castle with invisible walls. Wireless security is about making sure only the
right knights (devices) can enter. You put strong passwords and guards (encryption) in place to keep the
bad guys (hackers) away.

Ethics and Society:

Ethics is like a guidebook for doing the right thing. In the digital world, it means being a good online
citizen. Treat others well, don’t be mean, and respect people’s privacy. It’s like playing fair in the online
playground.

Information Accuracy:

Think of information like a story. When you share it, make sure it’s not like a game of telephone where
details get mixed up. Check facts before spreading them. Accuracy is about being a reliable storyteller in
the big book of information.

Intellectual Property Rights:

Imagine you draw a cool superhero. It’s yours! Intellectual Property Rights say, “Hey, that’s theirs. Don’t
copy without permission!” It’s like giving credit for the awesome things people create.

Codes of Conduct:

Codes of conduct are like rules for the online neighborhood. They help everyone get along and play nice.
It’s about being a good friend and treating others how you want to be treated.
Cookies:

Cookies are like friendly notes your computer leaves behind when you visit a website. They remember
your preferences, like your favorite ice cream. But be careful, too many cookies can make your digital
snack a bit too crowded!

Phishing:

Phishing is like a sneaky fishing trick. Bad guys pretend to be trustworthy to catch your personal
information. Be careful not to get hooked by fake emails or messages!

Spyware and Adware:

Spyware and adware are like little digital spies and annoying salespeople on your computer. They watch
what you do or try to sell you things you don’t need. Use tools to shoo them away!

Social Engineering:

Social engineering is like a digital magic trick. Tricky people try to fool you into giving away secrets. Be
cautious and don’t fall for their illusions. It’s like guarding your digital magic hat.

Privacy Laws:

Privacy laws are like guardians of your secrets. They make sure companies and people play by the rules
when handling your personal information. It’s like having a digital superhero protecting your privacy.

Employee Monitoring:

Employee monitoring is like having a supervisor in the digital office. It helps bosses keep an eye on work
progress. But it’s important to balance it, ensuring fairness and respecting privacy.

Content Filtering:

Content filtering is like having a guardian at the entrance of the internet. It blocks harmful or
inappropriate content, making sure your online journey is safe and enjoyable. It’s like a friendly bouncer
for the web!

CHP#10

What is a Database and Database Management System (DBMS):

A database is like a digital warehouse where we store information, like a giant digital filing cabinet.

Database Management System (DBMS) is like the caretaker of this warehouse. It helps us organize,
retrieve, and manage all the information efficiently.

Evolution of Database Management:

Imagine databases evolving like phones. In the past, it was like a basic phone for simple tasks. Now, it's
like a super-smartphone, capable of handling complex data and tasks.

The evolution involves making databases smarter, faster, and more user-friendly over time.

Data Concepts and Characteristics:

Data is like the building blocks of information – it can be numbers, words, or images.

Characteristics of data include being accurate (correct), relevant (useful), and timely (up-to-date). It’s like
having reliable and fresh ingredients for a recipe.

Data Organization:

Data organization is like arranging your toys neatly in different boxes. It helps in finding things quickly.

Think of it like a library – books are organized by genres, making it easier to find the right one. Similarly,
data is organized for efficient retrieval and use.

☺️☺️AZHAR FAREED TOUGERVI ☺️☺️