Al-Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University

Department of Mechanical Engineering

ME 325: HEAT TRANSFER LAB

Experiment No.1: Use of the Fourier Rate Equation

Student’s Name: ___________________________________

Student ID: ________________________________________
Date experiment is conducted: _______________________
Date lab report is submitted: _________________________
Instructor’s Name: _________________________________

Prepared by:

DR. SYED MUHAMMAD FAKHIR HASANI

ENG. ABDULAZIZ AL-ASIRI

-1-
-2-
Objective
To understand the use of the Fourier Rate Equation in determining rate of heat flow through solid
materials for one-dimensional steady flow of heat.

Method
To demonstrate Fourier’s Law for the linear conduction of heat along a simple bar, by measuring the
change in temperature with distance, at different rates of heat flow through the bar and using the
measurements to calculate the conductivity of the bar.

Equipment Required

Armfield Heat Transfer Service Unit HT10XC

Armfield Computer Compatible Linear Heat Conduction Accessory HT11C

PC installed with Windows

Equipment set-up
Before proceeding with the exercise, ensure that the equipment has been prepared as follows:

1) Set up the HT11C Linear Heat Conduction accessory (1) alongside the HT10XC Heat
Transfer Service Unit (20).

2) Clamp the intermediate Brass section (instrumented with two thermocouples) between the
heated and cooled section of the HT11C having lightly coated the mating faces with thermal
paste. Take care to locate the shallow shoulders on the sections before clamping.

3) Connect the eight thermocouples on the HT11C (3) to the appropriate sockets on the front of
the service unit (30). Ensure that the labels on the thermocouple leads (T1-T8) match the
labels on the sockets.

4) Set the VOLTAGE CONTROL potentiometer (23) on the HT10XC service unit to minimum
(anticlockwise) and the selector switch (22) to MANUAL then connect the power lead form
the HT11C to the socket marked OUTPUT 2 at the rear of the service unit (33).

5) Connect the cold water flow control valve (11) to the socket marked AUXILARY OUTPUT
(34) on the rear of the HT10XC console.

6) Connect the cold water flow rate sensor (9) to the socket marked Fw (36) on the front of the
HT10XC console.

7) Set the AUXILIARY CONTROL knob (26) on the service unit to minimum (anticlockwise)
then connect the power lead from the cold water flow control valve (11) to the AUXILIARY
POWER socket on the rear of the service unit (34).

8) Ensure that a cold water supply is connected to the inlet of the pressure regulating valve on
HT11C (13).

9) Ensure that the flexible cooling water outlet tube is directed to a suitable drain.

10) Ensure that the service unit is connected to an electrical supply.

-3-
 11) Switch on the MAINS switch on the service unit (21).
(

 Connect
onnect the USB socket on the HT10XC (29) to the computer using the USB cable
provided, and set the selector switch on the console (22) to REMOTE.

 If using a computer, start the HT11C software and select ‘Exercise B’. The software
includes full instructions
nstructions on how to use the software
software and perform the exercise.
exercise..

Theory/Background
Provided that the heated, intermediate and cooled sections are clamped tightly together, so that the
end faces are in good thermal contact, the three sections can be considered to be one continuous
wall of uniform cross section and material.

-4-
According to Fourier’s law of heat conduction:

If a plane wall of thickness ∆ and area (A) supports a temperature difference (∆ ) then the heat
transfer rate per unit time (Q) by conduction through the wall is found to be:

If the material of the wall

all is homogeneous and has a thermal conductivity k (the constant of
proportionality) then:

It should be noted that heat flow is positive in the direction of temperature fall hence the negative
sign in the equation.

For convenience the equation can be rearranged to avoid the negative sign as follows:

Note: In this exercise the HT11C is configured as a simple plane wall where k and A are constant
therefore the object is to show that the Fourier equation can be used to relate Q, ∆ and ∆ .

Procedure:
1) Check that the panel displays on the service console are illuminated. If the panel displays do
not illuminate check the RCD and circuit breakers at the rear of the service unit (35); all
switches at the rear should be up.

2) Check that the computer software indicates IFD OK in the bottom right hand corner of the
software window.

3) Turn on the cooling water.. The flow rate is controlled using the control box on the software
mimic diagram window. Enter a flow rate of 1.5 liters/min in thewindow
window and monitor it on the
software screen.

4) Set the heater voltage to 12 volts. Enter the voltage in the display box for the heater or use
the control box arrows.

5) Allow the HT11C to stabilize.

stabili Monitor
onitor the temperatures on the software mimic diagram
screen. (Iff operating the equipment manually from the console, use the lower selector switch
on the console to set the console display to each temperature sensor in turn).

6) When the temperatures are stable, click the icon on the computer screen to record the
following: T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, V, I, FW.

7) Set the Heater Voltage to 17 Volts.

8) Allow the HT11C to stabilize

stabiliz and then repeat the above readings

-5-
Recordable Data

For this exercise the raw data is tabulated under the following headings

Data Heater Heater TEMPERATURES (oC) Water flow

Set Voltage Current rate
#
‘V’ ‘I’ ‘Fw’
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8
(volts) (amperes) (liters/min)

Constants in the experiment

For this exercise the following constants are applicable:

Note: The distance between each thermocouple is 0.015 m .The distance between thermocouple
T3, T4, T5 or T6 and the end face is 0.0075 m

-6-
Calculations

For each set of readings the following calculations are performed:

Quantity Formula Data set Units

1 2 3

Cross-sectional area  D2
of the bar A=
4

Heat flow (Power to Q=V * I

heater)

Temp. Diff. in the Thot  T1 - T3

heated section

Conductivity in the x13Q

heated section k hot 
Thot A

Temp. Diff. in the Tint  T4 - T5

intermediate section

Conductivity in the x 45 Q
intermediate section k int 
Tint A

Temp. Diff. in the Tcold  T6 - T8

cooled section

Conductivity in the x 68 Q
cooled section k cold 
Tcold A

Summary of Results

Your summary of results must include the following:

1. An estimation the cumulative influence of the experimental errors on your calculated values
for Q, ∆ ,∆ (hot), ∆ (int), ∆ (cold) , k , k and k and measured values for D,
hot int cold
∆ (18), ∆ (13), ∆ (45) and ∆ (68) .

2. A comparison of the calculated value for the thermal conductivity of Brass in the three
sections at the same heat flow.

3. A comparison of the calculated value for the thermal conductivity of Brass in the three
sections at different heat flows.

4. A graph of temperature (T) against position (x) along the bar with the best straight line fit
through the data points. The graph should be similar to the diagram below:

-7-
 5. From the plotted graph, what conclusion can be drawn between the gradient of the line and
the heat flow?

6. Calculate the average conductivity of the brass bar using the gradient of each straight line
and the corresponding heat flow through the bar.
bar. Compare the value obtained with the
values previously obtained for each individual section of the bar and comment on any
difference.

Note: Your results should give values in the range 110 - 128 W/m°C for the thermal
conductivity of Brass, assuming no heat loss from the equipment. Since a small amount of
heat loss is inevitable as the temperature of the bar increases, the calculated value for the
conductivity will increase at higher operating temperatures.
temperatu

Conclusions

Your conclusions must include the following:

1. How
ow the Fourier rate equation can be used to relate temperature difference, heat flow and
distance in a solid material of constant cross-sectional
cross sectional area and thermal conductivity. What
is the effect of heat flow (Q) on temperature gradient (ΔT) across the solid material?

2. Comment on the effect of measurement accuracy and heat loss from the equipment on your
calculated results and any differences between the results for each section.

-8-
 Al-Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University
Department of Mechanical Engineering

ME 325: HEAT TRANSFER LAB

Experiment No. 2: Determination of Overall Heat Transfer

Coefficient and Thermal Conductivity of an unknown material
using Different materials in series

Student’s Name: ___________________________________

Student ID: ________________________________________
Date experiment is conducted: _______________________
Date lab report is submitted: _________________________
Instructor’s Name: _________________________________

Prepared by:

DR. SYED MUHAMMAD FAKHIR HASANI

ENG. ABDULAZIZ AL-ASIRI

1
2
Objective
To measure the temperature distribution for steady-state conduction of energy through a
composite plane wall and determine the Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient and thermal
conductivity of an unknown material for the flow of heat through a combination of different
materials in series.

Method
By measuring the temperature distribution along a composite bar of different solid materials
(conductors) for one-dimensional steady flow of heat and using the Fourier Rate Equation
applied to each material to determine the Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient and the thermal
conductivity of an unknown material.

Equipment Required
Armfield Heat Transfer Service Unit HT10XC.

Armfield Computer Compatible Linear Heat Conduction Accessory HT11C.

PC installed with Windows.

Equipment set-up
Before proceeding with the exercise ensure that the equipment has been prepared as follows:

1) Set up the HT11C Linear Heat Conduction accessory (1) alongside the HT10XC Heat
Transfer Service Unit (20) on a suitable bench.

2) Clamp the intermediate Aluminum section (no instrumentation) between the heated
and cooled section of the HT11C having lightly coated the mating faces with thermal
paste. Take care to locate the shallow shoulders on the sections before clamping.

3
3) Connect the six thermocouples on the HT11C (3) to the appropriate sockets on the
front of the service unit (30). Ensure that the labels on the thermocouple leads (T1 –
T3) and (T6-T8) match the labels on the sockets.
Note: Readings from thermocouples T4 and T5 will not be used in this exercise.

4) Set the VOLTAGE CONTROL potentiometer (23) to minimum (anticlockwise) and the
selector switch (22) to MANUAL then connect the heater lead from the HT11C (4) to
the socket marked OUTPUT 2 at the rear of the service unit (33).

5) Connect the cold water flow control valve (11) to the socket marked AUXILARY
OUTPUT (34) on the rear of the HT10XC console.

6) Connect the cold water flow rate sensor (9) to the socket marked Fw (36) on the front
of the HT10XC console.

7) Set the AUXILIARY CONTROL knob (26) on the service unit to minimum
(anticlockwise) then connect the power lead from the cold water flow control valve (11)
to the AUXILIARY POWER socket on the rear of the service unit (34)
(34).

8) Ensure that a cold water supply is connected to the

the inlet of the pressure regulating
valve on HT11C (13).

9) Ensure that the flexible cooling water outlet tube is directed to a suitable drain.

10) Ensure that the service unit is connected to an electrical supply.

11) Switch on the MAINS switch on the service unit (21).

12) Connect
onnect the USB socket on the HT10XC (29) to the computer using the USB cable
provided, and set the selector switch on the console (22) to REMOTE.

Theory/Background

The heated, intermediate and cooled sections are clamped tightly together, so that the
end faces are in good thermal contact, and create a composite bar with a
an Aluminum
section sandwiched between two Brass sections.
sections

For continuity, the steady heat flow through the successive sections must be the same
so Fourier’s Law can be applied to the three sections as follows:

4
 Q k hot Thot k int Tint k cold Tcold
  
A x hot x int x cold

from which it follows that:

Q x hot x int x cold

(T1  T8 )  (Thot  Tint  Tcold )  (   )
A k hot k int k cold

Q 1 x hot x int x cold

or  U(T1  T8 ) where    R
A U k hot k int k cold

where U is the Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient and 1/U is the resistance to heat flow R.

Procedure
1) Turn on the cooling water. The flow rate is controlled using the control box on the
software mimic diagram window. Enter a flow rate of 1.5 liters/min and monitor it on the
software window.

2) Set the heater voltage to 9 volts. Enter the voltage in the display box for the heater, or
use the control box arrows.

3) Allow the HT11C to stabilize. Monitor the temperatures on the software mimic diagram
screen. (If operating the equipment manually from the console, use the lower selector
switch on the console to set the console display to each temperature sensor in turn).

4) When the temperatures are stable record the following: When the temperatures are
stable, select the icon to record the following: T1, T2, T3, T6, T7, T8, V, I, Fw.

5) Set the Heater Voltage to 12 Volts.

6) Allow the HT11C to stabilize then repeat the above readings.

Recordable Data

For this exercise the raw data is tabulated under the following headings

Data Heater Heater TEMPERATURES (oC) Water flow

Set Voltage Current rate
#
‘V’ ‘I’ ‘Fw’
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8
(volts) (amperes) (liters/min)

X X

5
 X X

X X

Constants in the experiment

For this exercise the following constants are applicable:

Calculations

For each set of readings the following calculations are performed:

Quantity Formula Data set Units

1 2 3

Cross-sectional area  D2
of the bar A=
4

Heat flow (Power to Q=V * I

heater)

Hot face temperature (T2 - T3)

Thotface  T3 -
2

Cold face (T6 - T7)

temperature Tcoldface  T6 +
2

Temp. Diff. in the Tint  Thotface - Tcoldface

intermediate section
(specimen)

6
Conductivity in the x int Q
intermediate section k int 
Tint A
(specimen)

Temp. Diff. in the hot Thot  T1 - Thotface

section

Conductivity of x hot Q
material in hot section k hot 
Thot A

Temp. Diff. in the cold Tcold  Tcoldface - T8

section

Conductivity of x cold Q
material in cold k cold 
Tcold A
section

Overall resistance to 1 x hot x int x cold

heat flow ‘R’   
U k hot k int k cold
R

Overall heat transfer 1

coefficient (1) U=
R
Q
(2) U=
A*(T1-T8)

Notes:

The distance between each thermocouple is 0.015m

The distance between thermocouple T3 or T6 and the end face is 0.0075m

The results of conductivity of the Brass sections (khot and kcold) should be approximately 121
W/m°C

The conductivity of the Aluminum section (kint) should be approximately 180 W/m°C

Summary of Results

Your summary of results must include the following:

1. An estimation of the cumulative influence of the experimental errors on your calculated

values for Q, ∆ 18 , R and U and measured values for,xhot ,xin ,xcold and D.

2. A comparison the two values obtained for the Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient U and
U= 1/R and comment on any difference in the values obtained.

7
 3. A comparison of the calculated value of thermal conductivity of Aluminum (kAl) to its
value available in literature (kAl=180 W/m°C)

4. A graph of temperature against position along the bar and draw the best straight line
through the points for the heated section and cooled section. Extrapolate each line to
the joint with the intermediate section then join these two points to give the gradient
through the intermediate section. Your graph should be similar to the diagram below:

5. What observation can you make about the temperature gradient in the Aluminum
(intermediate) section?

6. Your results should give values of approximately 180 W/m°C for the thermal
conductivity of Aluminum, assuming no heat loss from the equipment. As a small
amount of heat loss is inevitable as the temperature of the bar increases, the
calculated value for the conductivity will increase at higher operating temperatures.

7. What was the effect of varying the heater power (heat flow through the composite bar)?

Conclusions

Your conclusions must include the following:

1. How the Fourier rate equation can be used to determine the Overall Heat Transfer
Coefficient and the thermal conductivity of an unknown material using heat flow
through a composite plane wall of constant cross sectional area but differing thermal
conductivity.

2. Comment on the effect of measurement accuracy and heat loss from the equipment on
your calculated results and any differences between the calculated results and those
available in the literature.

8
Al-Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University
Department of Mechanical Engineering

ME 325: HEAT TRANSFER LAB

Experiment No. 3: Use of the Fourier Rate Equation for

Radial Conduction and determination of thermal
conductivity

Student’s Name: ___________________________________

Student ID: ________________________________________
Date experiment is conducted: _______________________
Date lab report is submitted: _________________________
Instructor’s Name: _________________________________

Prepared by:

DR. SYED MUHAMMAD FAKHIR HASANI

ENG. ABDULAZIZ AL-ASIRI

-1-
-2-
-3-
Objective
To understand the use of the Fourier Rate Equation in determining the rate of heat
flow for steady-state
state conduction of energy through the wall of a cylinder (radial
energy flow) and using the equation to determine the constant of proportionality (the
thermal
al conductivity k) of the disk material.

Equipment Required
HT10XC Heat Transfer Service Unit

HT12C Computer Compatible Radial Heat Conduction Accessory

PC installed with Windows

Method
By measuring the change in temperature between the inside radius (heated)
(heated) and
outside radius (cooled) of the disk at different rates of heat flow through the disk.

Equipment set-up

1) Place the HT12C Radial Heat Conduction accessory (1) alongside the
HT10XC Heat Transfer Service Unit (19).

2) Connect the six thermocouples on the HT12C (18) to the appropriate sockets
on the front of the service unit HT10XC (29). Ensure that the labels on the
thermocouple leads (T1 - T6) match the labels on the sockets.

3) On the console, set the VOLTAGE CONTROL potentiometer

potentiometer (22) to minimum
(anticlockwise) and the REMOTE/MANUAL selector switch (21) to MANUAL,
then connect the heater lead from the HT12C (11) to the socket marked
Output 2 at the rear of the service unit (35).

4) Connect the cold water flow control valve

valve (13) to the socket marked
AUXILIARY CONTROL (34) on the HT10XC console.

5) Connect the cold water flow rate sensor (7) to the socket marked Fw (36) on
the HT10XC console

6) switch on the console (21) back to REMOTE.

-4-
 7) Ensure that a cold water supply is connected
connected to the inlet of the pressure
regulating valve on HT12C (15). The water supply should be on.

8) Ensure that the flexible cooling water outlet tube is directed to a suitable
drain.

9) Ensure that the service unit is connected to an electrical supply.

Theory/Background

When
hen the inner and outer surfaces of a cylinder are each at a different uniform
temperature, heat flows radially through the wall of the cylinder.

The disk can be considered to be constructed as a series of successive layers as

shown in the figure above.
above

From continuity considerations the radial heat flow through each of the successive
layers in the wall must be constant if the flow is steady but since the area of the
successive layers increases with radius, the temperature gradient must decrease
with radius.

If a concentric layer (of thickness dR and radius R from the centre) in the wall of the
cylinder is considered, the area of heat flow is 2 R for a unit length of cylinder.

The temperature gradient normal to the axis of the cylinder is dT/dR.

According to Fourier's law:

Q=-2 R k (dT/dR) L

Since Q is independent of R, integration gives:

Q ln(R6/R1) = - 2 k (T6 - T1) L for heat flow through a unit length of the cyl
cylinder

(where R1 is the inside radius with corresponding temperature T1 and R6 is an outer

radius corresponding to temperature T6).

Considering a cylinder of length x and rearranging the equation to eliminate the -ve
sign gives:

-5-
rearranging the equation gives:

Q*ln(R6/R1)
k=
2 X *(T1-T6)

The heat flow path in the HT12C consists of a cylinder 3.2 mm long (thickness of disk
x) with inside radius R1 = 7 mm (where thermocouple T1 is located) and outer radius
R6 = 50 mm (where thermocouple T6 is located).

The object of this exercise is to determine the conductivity of the disk material from
measurements of temperature difference and heat flow through the cylindrical disk.

Procedure
1) Switch on the MAINS switch (21). (If the panel meters do not illuminate check
the RCD at the rear of the service unit (35), the switch should be up.)

2) Check that the software indicates IFD OK in the bottom right hand corner of
the software window on the computer screen.

3) Set the water flow rate to 1.5 liters/min in the control box on the mimic
diagram on the computer screen.

4) Set the Heater Voltage to 12 Volts on the computer screen using the control
box on the mimic diagram. If operating the equipment manually using the
HT10XC console, set the upper display selector switch to V (volts) and
observe the upper display panel while adjusting the AUXILIARY CONTROL
knob.

5) Allow the HT12C to stabilize. Monitor the temperatures on the mimic diagram.
If using the console, monitor the temperatures using the lower selector
switch/meter (27/26).

6) When the temperatures are stable, Click the (GO) icon in the software
window to save the set of results, or manually record the following if using the
console:

7) T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, V, I, Fw*

8) Set the heater voltage to 17 volts.

9) Allow the H12C to stabilize then repeat the above readings.

10) Set the Heater Voltage to 24 Volts.

11) Allow the HT12C to stabilize then repeat the above readings.

-6-
Recordable Data

For this exercise the raw data is tabulated under the following headings:

o
Data Heater Heater TEMPERATURES ( C) Water Flow rate
Set # Voltage Current
‘Fw’
‘V’ ‘I’
(liters / min)
(volts) (amperes) T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6

Constants in the experiment

Radius where thermocouple T1 is located R1 = 0.007 (m)

Radius where thermocouple T6 is located R6 = 0.050 (m)

Thickness of disk (cylinder length) x = 0.0032 (m)

Calculations

For each set of readings the following calculations are performed:

Quantity Formula Data set Units

1 2 3

Heat flow (Power to Q=V * I

heater)

Conductivity of the Q*ln(R6/R1)

cylindrical disk material k
2 X *(T1-T6)

Summary of Results

Your summary of results must include the following

1. An estimation of the cumulative influence of the experimental errors on your

calculated values for Q and k and measured values for R1, R6 and x.

-7-
 o
2. Your results should give an approximate value of 125 W/m C for the thermal
conductivity of Brass disk.

3. Compare the values obtained for the Thermal Conductivity of Brass at

different settings of heat flow through the specimen.

4. Calculate the thermal conductivity

conductivity of the Brass disk using two different radii
and corresponding temperatures. Compare the value obtained with the
original value at the same heat flow based on the maximum radial distance
and the maximum temperature difference i.e. the values at R1,T1 and R6, T6.
.

5. Plot a log/linear graph of radius on the logarithmic axis and temperature on

the linear axis then draw the best straight line through the points. The result
should be a straight line similar to the diagram below:

6. What observation
ation do you make about the temperature profile as a function of
the radial distance R? What is the effect of radial heat flow Q on the
temperature gradient dT/d(ln R)?

Conclusions
Your conclusions must include the following:
following
1. How
ow the Fourier rate equation
equation can be applied to the radial flow of heat
through a thick walled cylinder and how the conductivity of the material can
be determined from the knowledge of the radial heat flow through the disk,
the thickness of the disk and the change in temperature between
between two different
radii in the disk.

2. Comment on the effect of measurement accuracy and heat loss from the
equipment on your calculated results and any differences between the
calculated results and those available in the literature.

-8-
Al-Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University
Department of Mechanical Engineering

ME 325: HEAT TRANSFER LAB

Experiment No. 5: Contribution of convective and

radiative coefficients to total heat transfer

Student’s Name: ___________________________________

Student ID: ________________________________________
Date experiment is conducted: _______________________
Date lab report is submitted: _________________________
Instructor’s Name: _________________________________

Prepared by:

DR. SYED MUHAMMAD FAKHIR HASANI

ENG. ABDULAZIZ AL-ASIRI

1
2
Objective
To compare the contribution of heat transfer by convection with heat transfer by
radiation and to show from the measurements the domination of the convective heat
transfer coefficient H at low surface temperatures and the domination of the radiation
c
heat transfer coefficient Hr at high surface temperatures.

Method
By measuring the temperature on the surface of a horizontal cylinder subjected to
heat loss by combined natural convection and radiation. Compare the relative heat
loss contributions of convection and radiation.

Equipment Required
Armfield Computer Compatible Heat Transfer Service Unit HT10XC

Armfield Combined Convection and Radiation Accessory HT14C

PC installed with Windows

Equipment set-up
1) Place the HT14C Combined Convection and Radiation accessory alongside
the HT10XC Heat Transfer Service Unit on a suitable bench.

2) Ensure that the horizontal cylinder is located at the top of the metal duct with
the thermocouple located on the side of the cylinder. (The cylinder can be
rotated by releasing the thumb screw on the top of the mounting
arrangement. Ensure that the thumb screw is securely tightened after
adjustment.)

3) Connect the thermocouple attached to the heated cylinder to socket T10 on

the front of the service unit.

4) Connect the thermocouple located in the vertical duct to socket T9 on the

service unit.

5) Set the manual/remote selector switch on the console to MANUAL.

6) Set the VOLTAGE CONTROL potentiometer to minimum (anticlockwise) and

the selector switch to MANUAL then connect the power lead from the heated
cylinder on HT14C to the socket marked Output 2 at the rear of the service
unit.
7) Ensure that the service unit is connected to an electrical supply.
8) Connect the HT10XC console to the PC via the USB socket, ensure that the
manual/remote selector switch on the console is set to REMOTE, and run the
HT14C software Exercise B.

Theory/Background
When a horizontal cylinder, with its surface at a temperature above that of its
surroundings, is located in stationary air then heat loss from the cylinder will
be a combination of natural convection to the air (air surrounding the cylinder
becomes less dense and rises when it is heated) and radiation to the
surroundings.

3
 Note: Heat loss due to conduction is minimized by the design of the
equipment and measurements mid way along the heated section of the
cylinder can be assumed to be unaffected by conduction at the ends of the
cylinder. Heat loss by conduction would normally be included in the analysis
of a real application.

The heat transfer contributions due to natural convection and radiation can be
determined as follows:

The heat transfer coefficients Hc and Hr can be calculated using the following
relationships

(Ts  Ta ) 0.25
H c  1.32 [Source: Heat Transmission by McAdams, 3rd ed.
d
McGraw Hill, NY, 1959]

(Ts4  Ta4 )
H r   F
(Ts  Ta )

where:

= Stefan Boltzmann constant ( = 5.67 x 10-8 Wm -2 K -4)

= Emmisivity of surface (=0.95)

F = Radiation View Factor (=1.0)

T = Surface temperature of cylinder (K)

s

T = Ambient temperature (K)

a

Actual power supplied to the heated cylinder Q = V I (Watts)

in

Procedure
1) Switch on the front Mains switch (if the panel meters do not illuminate check
the RCD at the rear of the service unit, the switch should be up).

2) Set the Heater Voltage to 5 Volts. If using the HT14C software, adjust the
heater setting using the control box on the mimic diagram screen. If operating
the accessory manually using the console then set the heater voltage by
adjusting the VOLTAGE CONTROL potentiometer to give a reading of 5 Volts
on the top panel meter with the selector switch set to position V.

4
 3) Allow the HT14C to stabilize. If using the software then monitor the surface
temperature of the cylinder T10 on the mimic diagram screen. If operating the
accessory manually then monitor T10 using the lower selector switch/meter
on the console.

 When the temperatures are stable select the (GO) icon on the top
software toolbar to record the following: T9, T10, V, I.
4) Set the Heater Voltage to 8 Volts.
5) Allow the HT14C to stabilize then repeat the above readings.
6) Set the Heater Voltage to 12 Volts.
7) Allow the HT14C to stabilize then repeat the above readings.
8) Set the Heater Voltage to 15 Volts.
9) Allow the HT14C to stabilize then repeat the above readings.
10) Set the Heater Voltage to 20 Volts.
11) Allow the HT14C to stabilize then repeat the above readings.

CAUTION: Do not set the heater voltage in excess of 20 Volts when

operating the cylinder in natural convection (no forced airflow). The life of the
heating element will be considerably reduced if operated at excessive
temperature.

Recordable Data

Measured Units Data Set Data Set Data Set Data Set Data Set
Quantity #1 #2 #3 #4 #5

Heater Volts
Voltage (V)

Heater Amps
Current (I)
o
Upstream Air C
Temp. (T9)

Upstream Air K
Temp. (T9)
o
Cylinder C
Surface
Temp. (T10)
Cylinder K
Surface
Temp. (T10)

Constants in the Experiment

For this exercise the following constants are applicable:

Diameter of cylinder d = 0.01 (m)

Heated length of cylinder L = 0.07 (m)

5
Calculations

For each set of readings the the following calculations are performed:

Heater Surface Area (As) = =

Quantity Formula Units Data Sets

1 2 3 4 5
Heat Flow Qin=V I
(Power to
Heater
Natural (Ts  Ta )0.25
convection H c  1.32
heat transfer d
coefficient
Radiation (Ts4  Ta4 )
heat transfer H r   F
coefficient (Ts  Ta )
Heat Qc=Hc As (Ts – Ta)
transferred
by natural
convection
Heat Qr=Hr As (Ts – Ta)
transferred
by radiation
Total heat Qtot = Qc + Qr
transferred

Summary of Results

Your summary of results must include the following:

1. An estimation of the cumulative influence of the experimental errors on your

calculated values for A , H , H , Q , Q , Q and Q and measured values for
s c r c r tot in
T9, T10, L and D.

2. A comparison of the calculated heat transfer due to convection Qc with the

calculated heat transfer due to radiation Q by plotting graphs of H and H
r c r
against the surface temperature Ts = T10+273

Your graph should be similar to the diagram below:

6
Conclusions

Your conclusions must include the following:

1. How natural convection and radiation affect the total heat loss from a hot
surface.
2. How the temperature difference between the hot surface and ambient air/
surroundings affect the convective, radiative and total heat transfer values.
3. What conclusions can you draw from the above graph?

7
 Al-Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University
Department of Mechanical Engineering

ME 325: HEAT TRANSFER LAB

Experiment No. 6: Forced Convection Heat Transfer

Student’s Name: ___________________________________

Student ID: ________________________________________
Date experiment is conducted: _______________________
Date lab report is submitted: _________________________
Instructor’s Name: _________________________________

Format developed by:

DR. SYED MUHAMMAD FAKHIR HASANI

ENG. ABDULAZIZ AL-ASIRI

Objective

To study forced convection heat transfer from the surface of a hot cylinder by varying
the air velocity.

To demonstrate the relationship between air velocity and surface temperature for a
cylinder subjected to forced convection.

Method

The temperatures on the surface of a horizontal cylinder subjected to heat loss by

combined radiation and forced convection are measured and then compared with the
results obtained from a theoretical analysis.

Equipment Required

HT14C Combined Convection and Radiation Accessory

HT10XC Computer Compatible Heat Transfer Service Unit

PC installed with Windows

Equipment set-up

1) Place the HT14C Combined Convection and Radiation accessory alongside

the HT10XC Heat Transfer Service Unit on a suitable bench.
2) Ensure that the horizontal cylinder is located at the top of the metal duct with
the thermocouple located on the side of the cylinder (the cylinder can be
rotated by releasing the thumb screw on the top of the mounting
arrangement. Ensure that the thumb screw is securely tightened after
adjustment).
3) Connect the thermocouple attached to the heated cylinder to socket T10 on
the front of the service unit.
4) Connect the thermocouple located in the vertical duct to socket T9 on the
service unit.
5) Set the manual/remote selector switch on the console to MANUAL.
6) Set the VOLTAGE CONTROL potentiometer to minimum (anticlockwise) and
the selector switch to MANUAL, then connect the power lead from the heated
cylinder on HT14C to the socket marked Output 2 at the rear of the service
unit.
7) Ensure that the service unit is connected to an electrical supply.
8) Connect the HT10XC console to the PC via the USB socket, ensure that the
manual/remote selector switch on the console is set to REMOTE, and run the
HT14C software Exercise C.
9) Connect the main lead from the fan (terminated at the connection box
alongside the fan) to the socket marked Output 1 at the rear of the HT10XC
service unit.
10) Connect the lead from the anemometer in the vertical duct to the socket
marked Ua on the front of the HT10XC service unit.
 Theory/Background

In free/natural convection the heat transfer rate from a surface is limited by

the small movements of air which are generated by changes in the density of
the air as the air is heated by the surface. In forced convection the air
movement can be greatly increased resulting in improved heat transfer rate
from a surface. Therefore a surface subjected to forced convection will have a
lower surface temperature than the same surface subjected to free
convection, for the same power input.

If a surface, at a temperature above that of its surroundings, is located in

moving air at the same temperature as the surroundings then heat will be
transferred from the surface to the air and the surroundings. This transfer of
heat will be a combination of forced convection to the air (heat is transferred
to the air passing the surface) and radiation to the surroundings. A horizontal
cylinder is used in this exercise to provide a simple shape from which the heat
transfer can be calculated.

Note: Heat loss due to conduction is minimized by the design of the

equipment and measurements mid way along the heated section of the
cylinder can be assumed to be unaffected by conduction at the ends of the
cylinder. Heat loss by conduction would normally be included in the analysis
of a real application.

The heat transfer coefficients Hfm due to forced convection and Hrm due to
radiation can be calculated using the following relationships:

= Stefan Boltzmann constant (= 5.67 x 10-8 Wm -2 K-4)

= Emissivity of surface (=0.95)

F= Radiation View Factor (=1 for this geometry)

Ts = Surface temperature of cylinder (K)

Ta = Ambient temperature (K)

where:

k = conductivity of the air (Wm-1K-1)

D = diameter of the cylinder (m)

Num = Average Nusselt number (Dimensionless)

An empirical formula can be used to calculate the value for Num as follows:

where:

Re = Reynolds number = Uc D /  (dimensionless)

Pr = Prandtl number for air (dimensionless)
Uc = Corrected air velocity (m/s)

Corrected air velocity Uc = 1.22 Ua (m/s)

(The cylinder causes a blockage in the duct resulting in a local increase in the air
velocity.)

Values for k,  and Pr depend on the temperature of the air and can be found using
the table included in the HT14C teaching manual.

The actual power supplied to the heated cylinder Qin = V I (W)

Procedure
1) Switch on the front Mains switch (if the panel meters do not illuminate check
the RCD at the rear of the service unit, the switch should be up).
 If controlling the accessory manually using the console then set the upper
selector switch on HT10XC to position Ua to indicate the air velocity in the
duct.
2) Start the centrifugal fan by pressing the switch on the connection box.
Set the fan to give an air flow rate of 0.5 m/s. If using the software then the
fan speed may be set using the control box on the mimic diagram screen. If
operating the accessory manually then the fan speed may be adjusted using
the AUXILIARY CONTROL knob to give a reading of 0.5 m/s on the top panel
meter with the selector switch set to m/s.
3) Set the Heater Voltage to 20 Volts. If using the software then the heater may
be controlled using the control box on the mimic diagram screen. If operating
the accessory manually using the HT10XC console then adjust the VOLTAGE
CONTROL potentiometer to give a reading of 20 Volts on the top panel meter
with the selector switch set to position V.
 4) Allow the HT14C to stabilize. If using the software then monitor the
temperature T10 on the mimic diagram screen. If operating the accessory
manually then monitor the surface temperature of the cylinder T10 using the
lower selector switch/meter on the HT10XC console.
5) When the temperatures are stable select the (GO) icon on the top toolbar to
record the following: Ua, T9, T10, V, I.
 If operating the accessory manually then record these values from the
HT10XC console using the display meters/switches to select each required
value.
 Adjust the fan to give an air velocity of 1.0 m/s.
6) Allow the HT14C to stabilize then repeat the above readings.
7) Repeat the above procedure changing the air velocity in steps of 1.0 m/s until
the air velocity is 7.0 m/s.

Recordable Data

Record the data in the following table

Measured Units Data Set
Quantity
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Heater Volts
Voltage (V)
Heater Amps
Current (I)
Air Velocity m/s
(Ua)

Corrected m/s
Air Velocity
(Uc=1.22*Ua)
o
Upstream C
Air Temp.
(T9)
Upstream K
Air Temp.
(T9)
o
Cylinder C
Surface
Temp. (T10)
Cylinder K
Surface
Temp. (T10)

Constants in the experiment

For this exercise the following constants are applicable:

Diameter of cylinder D = 0.01 (m)

Length of cylinder L = 0.07 (m)

Calculations

For each set of readings the the following calculations are performed:

Heater Surface Area (As) = =

Heat Flow (Power to Heater) ‘Qin’ = V I

Quantity Formula Units Data Sets

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Corrected air UC = 1.22 * Ua
velocity (UC)
Reynolds Re = Uc D / 
number (Re) (Table in Appendix)
Prantdl Table in Appendix
number (Pr)
Nusselt Empirical eqn.
number (Num) given in theory
section
Forced k
convection Hf m  Nu m
D
heat transfer
(Table in Appendix)
coefficient
Radiation heat (Ts4  Ta4 )
transfer Hrm   F
coefficient (Ts  Ta )
Heat Qf=Hfm As (Ts – Ta)
transferred by
natural
convection
Heat Qr=Hrm As (Ts – Ta)
transferred by
radiation
Total heat Qtot = Qf + Qr
transferred

Summary/Discussion of Results

Your summary/discussion of results must include the following:

1. Estimate the cumulative influence of the experimental errors on your

calculated values for Uc, As, Hfm, Hrm, Qf, Qr, Qtot and Qin and measured
values for Ua, T9 and T10.
2. Compare the theoretical value obtained for Qtot with the measured value for
Qin and explain any difference in the two values.
3. Compare the calculated heat transfer due to forced convection Qf and
radiation Qr.
4. Plot a graph of surface temperature T10 against corrected air velocity Uc.
Your graph should be similar to the diagram below:
 5. Plot a graph of Hfm and Hrm versus corrected air velocity UC.
6. Discuss what happens to the surface temperature of the cylinder as the air
velocity increases for a fixed heat input Qin.
7. Explain why the surface temperature decreases more rapidly at low air
velocities and less rapidly at high air velocities.
8. Discuss the possible sources of error in the experiment.

Conclusions

Your conclusions must include the following:

1. How the forced convection and radiation heat transfer affect the total heat
transfer.
2. How the air velocity affect the surface temperature and the total heat transfer.
3. How the air velocity affect the respective convective and radiative
contributions to total heat transfer.
Appendix
Table of physical properties for air at atmospheric pressure

film(K)  (m2s-1) k(Wm-1K-1) Prdimensionless)




 x    


 x    


 x    


 x    


 x    


 x    


 x    
Al-Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University
Department of Mechanical Engineering

ME 325: HEAT TRANSFER LAB

Experiment No. 8: The Stefan-Boltzmann Law

Student’s Name: ___________________________________

Student ID: ________________________________________
Date experiment is conducted: _______________________
Date lab report is submitted: _________________________
Instructor’s Name: _________________________________

Format developed by:

DR. SYED MUHAMMAD FAKHIR HASANI

ENG. ABDULAZIZ AL-ASIRI

Objective
To demonstrate the validity of the Stefan Boltzmann Law by showing that the intensity of
radiation varies as the fourth power of the source temperature (To).

Method
By measuring the thermal radiation received by the radiometer at a fixed distance from the heat
source with the source at different surface temperatures.

Equipment Required
HT13 Laws of Radiant Heat Transfer and Radiant Heat Exchange accessory

HT10XC Computer Compatible Heat Transfer Service Unit

PC installed with Windows

Note: If required, the black heated plate may be sooted to ensure that the surface finish has an
emissivity close to unity. The plate should be masked using cardboard then held above a candle
and moved around until the surface is uniformly covered with soot.

The heated plate may be used unsooted but the emissivity will be slightly less than unity.
Equipment Setup
Before proceeding with the exercise ensure that the equipment has been prepared as follows:

Place the HT13 'Laws of Radiant Heat Transfer and Radiant Heat Exchange' accessory
alongside the HT10XC Heat Transfer Service Unit. If not already fitted, attach the heated plate
to the left hand end of the track. Ensure the bracket is located on the dowels then secure it
using the thumb screw. Attach the radiometer to the right hand carriage using the front mounting
rod and secure it using the thumb screw. Position the carriage with the radiometer at a distance
of 900mm from the heated plate. Connect the lead from the radiometer to the socket marked R
on the front of the HT10XC service unit. Allow the radiometer to stabilize at room temperature
(reading on top panel meter steady with selector switch set to position R) then adjust the zero
potentiometer (adjacent to the socket marked R on the front of HT10XC) until the reading on
HT10XC is zero. Connect the thermocouple on the heated plate to the socket marked T10 on
the front of the service unit.

1. Connect the thermocouple on the polished plate to the socket marked T9 on the front of
the service unit and place the plate in a suitable location adjacent to the equipment
where it will not be subjected to sources of radiation (the plate will be used to provide a
measurement of the ambient temperature of the surroundings Ta).

2. Set the VOLTAGE CONTROL potentiometer to minimum (anticlockwise) and the

manual/remote selector switch to MANUAL then connect the power lead from the heated
plate on the HT13 to the socket marked OUTPUT 2 (HT10XC) at the rear of the service
unit.

3. Ensure that the service unit is connected to an electrical supply.

Theory
The Stefan-Boltzmann Law states that for a black body:
4 4
q = σ (Ts - Ta )
b

where:
-2
q = Energy emitted by unit area of a black body surface (Wm )
b

-8 -2 -4
σ = Stefan Boltzmann constant (= 5.67 x 10 Wm K )

Ts = Surface temperature of heated plate (K)

Ta = Temperature surroundings including radiometer (K)

If the distance between the heat source and the radiometer is fixed then the reading on
the radiometer will be related to the radiation emitted from the plate by a constant factor
F. (F=qb/R). This factor F should remain constant if the Stefan Boltzmann relationship is
satisfied, i.e. q is related to the fourth power of the temperatures.
b
Procedure
CAUTION: The heat source used in this exercise will become extremely hot in operation. Take
care not to burn yourself on the hot surfaces.

1. Switch on the front Mains switch. (If the panel meters do not illuminate check the RCD at
the rear of the service unit, the switch should be up.)

2. If operating the equipment remotely from a PC, check that the PC is connected to the
HT10XC console via the USB socket. Set the manual/remote selector switch to
REMOTE. Check that the USB indicator lights on the console are both lit, and run the
HT13 software. (if operating the equipment manually using the HT10XC console then
leave the selector switch set to MANUAL).

3. Set the Heater Voltage to 4 Volts. If operating remotely using a PC then set the heater
voltage using the control box on the software mimic diagram screen. If operating
manually from the HT10XC console then adjust the VOLTAGE CONTROL potentiometer
to give a reading of 4 Volts on the top panel meter with the selector switch set to position
V.

4. Allow the HT13 to stabilize. If operating with a PC then monitor temperature T10 on the
software screen. If operating manually using the HT10XC console then monitor
temperature T10 using the lower selector switch/meter. When the temperature of the
plate is almost stable, move the radiometer to a position 300 mm away from the plate
(move the carriage, do not hold the radiometer body).

5. Allow the radiometer to stabilize (approximately 90 seconds). Monitor temperature T10

and radiometer R on the software screen (or, if operating manually, monitor T10 using
the lower selector switch/meter and the radiometer R using the upper selector
switch/meter).

6. When T10 and R are stable select the ‘Go’ icon on the software toolbar to record the
following:
o
Temperature of heated plate T10 ( C)
o
Temperature of surroundings T9 ( C)

Radiometer reading R (m)

7. If operating the equipment manually using the HT10XC console then use the upper and
lower selector switches to display each required variable, and manually record the
values.

8. Move the radiometer away from the heated plate to the far end of the track (to avoid
heating of the radiometer body). Set the Heater Voltage to 8 Volts. Wait for the
temperature of the plate T10 to stabilize then move the radiometer back to the 300mm
position.

9. Allow the reading from the radiometer to stabilize then record T10 and R.

10. Repeat the procedure, increasing the voltage to the heated plate in steps of 4 Volts until
the Heater Voltage is set to 24 Volts. (The radiometer must be moved away from the
 heat source and returned to the 300mm position for each reading to avoid heating of the
radiometer body.)

11. After taking the last reading move the radiometer to the far end of the track (away from
the heated plate) and set the Heater Voltage to zero.

CAUTION: As the heat source will be extremely hot following operation DO NOT attempt to
remove it from the end of the track until it has cooled sufficiently.

Recordable Data

Dimensionless radiometer correction factor ‘C’ =

Note: A calibration factor is supplied with the radiometer to give improved accuracy of results.
Each radiometer reading can be corrected as follows:

C = 30.12/calibration factor
-2
Corrected radiometer reading R (Wm ) = R . C
c

Assume C = 1 if correction factor is not available.

Quantity Units Data set

1 2 3 4 5 6

Heater Voltage (V) volts

Heater current (I) amps

Temperature of heated plate (Ts) (T10) oC

Temperature of surroundings (Ta) (T9) oC

Distance from the heated plate (x) meters

Radiometer reading (R) Wm-2

Calculations
-8 -2 -4
σ = 5.67 x 10 Wm K

Quantity Formula Data Set

1 2 3 4 5 6
Temperature of heated plate (Ts) (K)
T10 +273

Ts4 (K)4 (T10+273)4

Temperature of surroundings (Ta) (K) T9 +273

Ta4 (K)4 (T9+273)4

Net Blackbody radiation flux(qb’’) (Wm-2) 4

σ (Ts - Ta )
4

Corrected radiometer reading (Wm-2) Rc

Fraction of radiation flux received at qb’’/Rc

radiometer ‘F’ – (dimensionless)

Discussion/Summary of Results

Your discussion/summary of results must include the following:

1. An Estimation of the cumulative influence of the experimental errors on your calculated
4 4
values for Ts , Ta , qb’’ and F.
2. A Comparison of the value obtained for F at different surface temperatures of the heated
black plate and comment on the validity of the Stefan Boltzmann relationship.

Conclusion
Conclusion must include an statement indicating the validity of the Stefan Boltzmann
Law within the experimental constraints and the fact that small experimental errors in the
measurements become significant when raised to the fourth power.
Al-Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University
Department of Mechanical Engineering

ME 325: HEAT TRANSFER LAB

Experiment No. 9: Emissivity of Radiating Surfaces

Student’s Name: ___________________________________

Student ID: ________________________________________
Date experiment is conducted: _______________________
Date lab report is submitted: _________________________
Instructor’s Name: _________________________________

Format developed by:

DR. SYED MUHAMMAD FAKHIR HASANI

ENG. ABDULAZIZ AL-ASIRI

Objective
To determine the emissivity of radiating surfaces with different finishes, namely polished and
grey (silver anodized) compared with matt black.

Method
By comparing the thermal radiation received by the radiometer from target plates with different
surface finishes which are heated by radiation from the heat source.

Equipment Required
 HT13 Laws of Radiant Heat Transfer and Radiant Heat Exchange accessory

 HT10XC Computer Compatible Heat Transfer Service Unit

Note: If required, the black plate used for this demonstration may be sooted to ensure that
the surface finish has an emissivity close to unity. The plate should be held above a candle
and moved around until the surface is uniformly covered with soot.

The plate may be used unsooted but the emissivity will be slightly less than unity.

 PC installed with Windows software.

Equipment Setup
Before proceeding with the exercise ensure that the equipment has been prepared as follows:

1. Place the HT13 'Laws of Radiant Heat Transfer and Radiant Heat Exchange' accessory
alongside the HT10XC Heat Transfer Service Unit.

2. If not already fitted, attach the heated plate to the left hand end of the track. Ensure the
bracket is located on the dowels then secure it using the thumb screw.

3. Attach the radiometer to the right hand carriage using the rear mounting rod and secure
it using the thumb screw.
 4. Position the carriage with the radiometer at a distance of 900mm from the heated plate.
Connect the lead from the radiometer to the socket marked R on the front of the
HT10XC service unit. Allow the radiometer to stabilize at room temperature (reading on
top panel meter steady with selector switch set to position R) then adjust the zero
potentiometer (adjacent to the socket marked R on the front of HT10XC) until the
reading on HT10XC is zero.Connect the thermocouple on the heated plate to the socket
marked T10 on the front of the service unit.

5. Attach the plate holder to the left hand carriage and position the carriage with the left
hand index mark 70 mm from the heated plate.

6. Locate one of the blackened plates in the left hand slot of the plate holder (closest to the
heated plate).

7. Connect the thermocouple on the blackened plate to the socket marked T7 on the front
of the service unit.

8. Connect the thermocouple on the polished plate to the socket marked T9 on the front of
the service unit and place the plate in a suitable location adjacent to the equipment
where it will not be subjected to sources of radiation (the plate will be used to provide a
measurement of the ambient temperature of the surroundings Ta).

9. Set the VOLTAGE CONTROL potentiometer to minimum (anticlockwise) and the

selector switch to MANUAL then connect the power lead from the heated plate on the
HT13 to the socket marked OUTPUT 2 (HT10XC) at the rear of the service unit.

10. Ensure that the service unit is connected to an electrical supply.

Theory
The Stefan-Boltzmann Law states that:
4 4
qb’’ = ε F σ (Ts - Ta ) where ε is the emissivity of the radiating surface and ε=1 for a black
body.

The view factor F can be determined using the blackened plate

where ε≈1 and F=qb’’/R

R pc
then for the non-black plates: ε =
 (Tp4  Ta4 )F
 where:
-2
qb’’ = Energy emitted by unit area of a black body surface (Wm )
-2
qn’’ = Energy emitted by unit area of a non-black body surface (Wm )
-8 -2 -4
σ = Stefan Boltzmann constant (σ = 5.67 x 10 Wm K )

Ts = Surface temperature of black body (K)

Ta = Temperature of radiometer and its surroundings (K)

Tp = Surface temperature of metal plate (K)

ε = Emissivity of radiating surface (Dimensionless)

-2
R = Reading from radiometer (Wm )

F = View factor (Dimensionless)

Procedure
1. Switch on the front Mains switch. (If the panel meters do not illuminate check the RCD at
the rear of the service unit, the switch should be up.)

2. If operating the equipment remotely from a PC, check that the PC is connected to the
HT10XC console via the USB socket. Set the manual/remote selector switch to
REMOTE. Check that the USB indicator lights on the console are both lit, and run the
HT13 software. (if operating the equipment manually using the HT10XC console then
leave the selector switch set to MANUAL).

3. Set the Heater Voltage to 20 Volts. If operating remotely using a PC then set the heater
voltage using the control box on the software mimic diagram screen. If operating
manually from the HT10XC console then adjust the VOLTAGE CONTROL potentiometer
to give a reading of 20 Volts on the top panel meter with the selector switch set to
position V.

4. Allow the HT13 to stabilize. If using a computer then monitor the temperatures T7 and
T10 on the software screen. If operating the equipment manually using the HT10XC
console then monitor temperatures T10 and T7 using the lower selector switch/meter.
When the temperature T7 of the blackened metal plate is almost stable, move the
radiometer as close as possible to the heated plate (move the carriage, do not hold the
radiometer body).

5. Allow the radiometer reading to stabilize for approximately 90 seconds. If using the
computer then monitor temperature T7 and the radiometer output R on the software
screen. If operating the equipment manually then monitor T7 on the HT10XC console
using the lower selector switch/meter, monitor the radiometer R using the upper selector
switch/meter.
 6. When T7 and R are stable select the ‘Go’ icon on the software toolbar to record the
following:
o
Temperature of heat source (constant) T10 ( C)
o
Temperature of surroundings (constant) T9 ( C)
o
Temperature of blackened plate T7 ( C)
-2 -4
Radiometer reading R (Wm K )

7. If operating the equipment manually then use the upper and lower selector switches to
display each required variable on the console, and record the values.
8. Move the radiometer away from the blackened plate to the far end of the track (to avoid
heating of the radiometer body).

9. Carefully remove the hot blackened plate taking care not to burn yourself. Place the
plate in a safe location.

10. Place the grey plate (anodized aluminum) in the left hand slot of the plate carrier then
connect the thermocouple to socket T8 on the HT10XC.

11. Allow the HT13 to stabilize. If using a computer then monitor the temperatures T8 and
T10 on the software screen. If operating the equipment manually, then monitor
temperatures T10 and T8 using the console selector switches/displays. When the
temperature of the grey metal plate is almost stable, move the radiometer as close as
possible to the heated plate (move the carriage, do not hold the radiometer body).

12. Allow the radiometer reading to stabilize then record T10, T8 and R.

13. After taking the last reading move the radiometer to the far end of the track (away from
the heated plate) and set the Heater Voltage to zero.

CAUTION: As the heat source will be extremely hot following operation DO NOT attempt to
remove it from the end of the track until it has cooled sufficiently.

Recordable Data
Heater voltage (V) = Heater Current (I) =

Quantity Units Exp. with black plate Exp. with grey plate
o
Temperature of the heated plate C T10 = T10 =
o
Temperature of surroundings (Ta) C T9 = T9 =
o
Temperature of the black plate (Ts) C T7 = ------
o
Temperature of the grey plate (Tp) C ------ T8 =

Distance from the heated plate (x) meters

Radiometer reading Wm-2 Rb = Rp =

Calculations
Note: Each reading using the radiometer can be corrected as follows:

Radiometer correction factor C (Dimensionless)

-2
Corrected radiometer reading (= R.C) Rc (Wm )

Note: A calibration factor is supplied with the radiometer to give improved accuracy of results.
Assume C = 1 if correction factor is not available.

C = 30.12/calibration factor
-8 -2 -4
σ = 5.67 x 10 Wm K

Quantity Formula
Temperature of black plate (Ts) ~ K
T7 +273

Ts4 ~ (K)4 (T7+273)4

Temperature of surroundings (Ta) ~ K T9 +273

Ta4 ~ (K)4 (T9+273)4

Net Blackbody radiation flux(qb’’) ~ Wm-2 4

σ (Ts - Ta )
4

Corrected radiometer reading for black Rbc

plate ~ Wm-2

Fraction of radiation flux received at qb’’/Rbc

radiometer ‘F’ ~ (dimensionless)
Temperature of black plate (Tp) ~ K
T8 +273

Tp4 ~ (K)4 (T8+273)4

Corrected radiometer reading for grey Rpc

plate ~ Wm-2

Emissivity of grey plate R pc

ε=
 (T  Ta4 )F
4
p
Discussion and Summary of Results

Estimate the cumulative influence of the experimental errors on your calculated values for F, Tp
and ε.

Observe that the temperature of the heat source changes when plates of different emissivity are
placed in front of it. Explain the changes in the temperature of the heat source.

Conclusion
The emissivity of the grey plate is found to be _____________