React Interview Questions & Answers

Core React
1. What is React?
React is an open-source front-end JavaScript library that is used for building user interfaces, especially for single-page
applications. It is used for handling view layer for web and mobile apps. React was created by Jordan Walke, a software
engineer working for Facebook. React was first deployed on Facebook’s News Feed in 2011 and on Instagram in 2012.

2. What are the major features of React?

The major features of React are:
 It uses VirtualDOM instead of RealDOM considering that Real-DOM manipulations are expensive.
 Supports server-side rendering.
 Follows Unidirectional data flow or data binding.
 Uses reusable/composable UI components to develop the view.

3. What is JSX?
JSX is a XML-like syntax extension to ECMAScript (the acronym stands for JavaScript XML). Basically it just provides
syntactic sugar for the React.createElement() function, giving us expressiveness of JavaScript along with HTML like template
syntax.
In the example below text inside <h1> tag is returned as JavaScript function to the render function.jsx harmony class

4. What is the difference between Element and Component?

An Element is a plain object describing what you want to appear on the screen in terms of the DOM nodes or other
components. Elements can contain other Elements in their props. Creating a React element is cheap.
Once an element is created, it is never mutated.
The object representation of React Element would be as follows:

The above React.createElement() function returns an object:

And finally it renders to the DOM using ReactDOM.render():

Whereas a component can be declared in several different ways. It can be a class with a render() method or it can be defined
as a function. In either case, it takes props as an input, and returns a JSX tree as the
output:
5. How to create components in React?
There are two possible ways to create a component.
a. Function Components: This is the simplest way to create a component. Those are pure JavaScript functions that accept
props object as the first parameter and return React elements:

b. Class Components: You can also use ES6 class to define a component. The above function component can be written as:

6. When to use a Class Component over a Function Component?

If the component needs state or lifecycle methods then use class component otherwise use function component. However,
from React 16.8 with the addition of Hooks, you could use state , lifecycle methods and other
features that were only available in class component right in your function component. So, it is always recommended to use
Function components, unless you need a React functionality whose Function component equivalent is not present yet, like
Error Boundaries

7. What are Pure Components?

React.PureComponent is exactly the same as React.Component except that it handles the houldComponentUpdate() method
for you. When props or state changes, PureComponent will do a shallow comparison on both props and state. Component on
the other hand won’t compare current props and state to next out of the box. Thus, the component will re-render by default
whenever shouldComponentUpdate is called.

8. What is state in React?

State of a component is an object that holds some information that may change over the lifetime of the component. We should
always try to make our state as simple as possible and minimize the number of stateful components.
Let’s create a user component with message state,
 Figure 1: state
State is similar to props, but it is private and fully controlled by the component,i.e., it is not accessible to any other component
till the owner component decides to pass it.

9. What are props in React?

Props are inputs to components. They are single values or objects containing a set of values that are passed to components
on creation using a naming convention similar to HTML-tag attributes. They are data passed down from a parent component to
a child component.
The primary purpose of props in React is to provide following component functionality:
a) Pass custom data to your component.
b) Trigger state changes.
c) Use via this.props.reactProp inside component’s render() method.
For example, let us create an element with reactProp property:

This reactProp (or whatever you came up with) name then becomes a property attached to React’s native props object which
originally already exists on all components created using React library.
props.reactProp
10. What is the difference between state and props?
Both props and state are plain JavaScript objects. While both of them hold information that influences the output of render,
they are different in their functionality with respect to component. Props get passed to the component similar to function
parameters whereas state is managed within the component similar to variables declared within a function.

11. Why should we not update the state directly?

If you try to update the state directly then it won’t re-render the component.

Instead use setState() method. It schedules an update to a component’s state object. When state changes, the component
responds by rerendering.

Note: You can directly assign to the state object either in constructor or using latest javascript’s class field declaration syntax.

12. What is the purpose of callback function as an argument of setState()?

The callback function is invoked when setState finished and the component gets rendered. Since setState() is asynchronous
the callback function is used for any post action.
Note: It is recommended to use lifecycle method rather than this callback function.

13. What is the difference between HTML and React event handling?
Below are some of the main differences between HTML and React event handling,
a. In HTML, the event name usually represents in lowercase as a convention:

Whereas in React it follows camelCase convention:

 b. In HTML, you can return false to prevent default behavior:

Whereas in React you must call preventDefault() explicitly:

c. In HTML, you need to invoke the function by appending () Whereas in react you should not append () with the
function name. (refer “activateLasers” function in the first point for example)

14. How to bind methods or event handlers in JSX callbacks?

There are 3 possible ways to achieve this:
a) Binding in Constructor: In JavaScript classes, the methods are not bound by default. The same thing applies for React
event handlers defined as class methods. Normally we bind them in constructor.

b) Public class fields syntax: If you don’t like to use bind approach then public class fields syntax can be used to correctly
bind callbacks.

c) Arrow functions in callbacks: You can use arrow functions directly in the callbacks.

Note: If the callback is passed a prop to child components, those components might do an extra re-rendering. In those cases,
it is preferred to go with. bind() or public class fields syntax approach considering performance.

15. How to pass a parameter to an event handler or callback?

You can use an arrow function to wrap around an event handler and pass parameters:

This is an equivalent to calling. bind:

16. What are synthetic events in React?

 SyntheticEvent is a cross-browser wrapper around the browser’s native event. Its API is same as the browser’s native event,
including stopPropagation() and preventDefault(), except the events work identically across all browsers.

17. What are inline conditional expressions?

You can use either if statements or ternary expressions which are available from JS to conditionally render expressions. Apart
from these approaches, you can also embed any expressions in JSX by wrapping them in curly
braces and then followed by JS logical operator &&.

18. What is “key” prop and what is the benefit of using it in arrays of elements?
A key is a special string attribute you should include when creating arrays of elements. Key prop helps React identify which
items have changed, are added, or are removed.
Most often we use ID from our data as key:

When you don’t have stable IDs for rendered items, you may use the item index as a key as a last resort:

Note:
a. Using indexes for keys is not recommended if the order of items may change. This can negatively impact
performance and may cause issues with component state.
b. If you extract list item as separate component, then apply keys on list component instead of li tag.
c. There will be a warning message in the console if the key prop is not present on list items.

19. What is the use of refs?

The ref is used to return a reference to the element. They should be avoided in most cases, however, they can be useful when you
need a direct access to the DOM element or an instance of a component.
20. How to create refs?
There are two approaches
This is a recently added approach. Refs are created using React.createRef() method and attached to React elements via the
ref attribute. In order to use refs throughout the component, just assign the ref to the instance property within constructor.

You can also use ref callbacks approach regardless of React version. For example, the search bar component’s input element is
accessed as follows, jsx harmony class SearchBar extends Component
{ constructor(props) { super(props);
this.txtSearch = null; this.state = { term: ''}; this.setInputSearchRef = e => { this.txtSearch = e; } }
onInputChange(event) { this.setState({ term: this.txtSearch.value }); } render() { return ( <input
value={this.state.onChange={this.onInputChange.bind(this)} ref={this.setInputSearchRef}/> ); } }
You can also use refs in function components using closures. Note: You can also use inline ref callbacks even though it is not
a recommended approach.
21. What are forward refs?
Ref forwarding is a feature that lets some components take a ref they receive, and pass it further down to a child.
“‘jsx harmony const ButtonElement = React.forwardRef((props, ref) => ( {props.children} ));
// Create ref to the DOM button: const ref = React.createRef(); {‘Forward Ref’} “‘
22. Which is preferred option with in callback refs and find-DOMNode()?
It is preferred to use callback refs over findDOMNode() API. Because findDOMNode() prevents certain improvements in React in
the future.
The legacy approach of using findDOMNode:
 The recommended approach is:

23. Why are String Refs legacy?

If you worked with React before, you might be familiar with an older API where the ref attribute is a string, like ref={'textInput'}, and
the DOM node is accessed as this.refs.textInput. We advise against it because string refs have below issues, and are considered
legacy. String refs were removed in React v16.
a. They force React to keep track of currently executing component. This is problematic because it makes react module
stateful, and thus causes weird errors when react module is duplicated in the bundle.
b. They are not composable — if a library puts a ref on the passed child, the user can’t put another ref on it. Callback
refs are perfectly composable.
c. They don’t work with static analysis like Flow. Flow can’t guess the magic that framework does to make the string ref
appear on this.refs, as well as its type (which could be different). Callback refs are friendlier to static analysis.
d. It doesn’t work as most people would expect with the “render callback” pattern (e.g. ) “‘ jsx harmony class
MyComponent extends Component { renderRow = (index) => { // This won’t work. Ref will get attached
to DataTable rather than MyComponent: return <input ref={‘input-’ + index} />;
// This would work though! Callback refs are awesome.
return <input ref={input => this['input-' + index] = input} />;
}
render() { return } } “‘
24. What is Virtual DOM?
The Virtual DOM (VDOM) is an in-memory representation of Real DOM. The representation of a UI is kept in memory and synced
with the “real” DOM. It’s a step that happens between the render function being called and the displaying of elements on the
screen. This entire process is called reconciliation.

25. How Virtual DOM works?

The Virtual DOM works in three simple steps.
a. Whenever any underlying data changes, the entire UI is re-rendered in Virtual DOM representation.
 b. Then the difference between the previous DOM representation and the new one is calculated.
c. Once the calculations are done, the real DOM will be updated with only the things that have actually changed.

26. What is the difference between Shadow DOM and Virtual DOM?
The Shadow DOM is a browser technology designed primarily for scoping variables and CSS in web components. The Virtual
DOM is a concept implemented by libraries in JavaScript on top of browser APIs.
 27. What is React Fiber?
Fiber is the new reconciliation engine or reimplementation of core algorithm in React v16. The goal of React Fiber is to increase its
suitability for areas like animation, layout, gestures, ability to pause, abort, or reuse work and assign priority to different types of
updates; and new concurrency primitives.

28. What is the main goal of React Fiber?

The goal of React Fiber is to increase its suitability for areas like animation, layout, and gestures. Its headline feature is incremental
rendering: the ability to split rendering work into chunks and spread it out over multiple frames.
from documentation
Its main goals are:
1. Ability to split interruptible work in chunks.
2. Ability to prioritize, rebase and reuse work in progress.
3. Ability to yield back and forth between parents and children to support
layout in React.
Ability to return multiple elements from render().
5. Better support for error boundaries.

29. What are controlled components?

A component that controls the input elements within the forms on subsequent user input is called Controlled Component, i.e, every
state mutation will have an associated handler function.
For example, to write all the names in uppercase letters, we use handleChange as below,

30. What are uncontrolled components?

 The Uncontrolled Components are the ones that store their own state internally, and you query the DOM using a ref to find its
current value when you need it. This is a bit more like traditional HTML.
In the below UserProfile component, the name input is accessed using ref. “‘jsx harmony class UserProfile extends
React.Component { constructor(props) { super(props) this.handleSubmit = this.handleSubmit.bind(this) this.input =
React.createRef() }
handleSubmit(event) { alert(‘A name was submitted:’ + this.input.current.value) event.preventDefault() }
render() { return (
{‘Name:’}
);
} } “‘
In most cases, it’s recommend to use controlled components to implement forms. In a controlled component, form data is handled
by a React component. The alternative is uncontrolled components, where form data is handled by the DOM itself.

31. What is the difference between createElement and cloneElement?

JSX elements will be transpiled to React.createElement() functions to create React elements which are going to be used for the
object representation of UI. Whereas cloneElement is used to clone an element and pass it new props.

32. What is Lifting State Up in React?

When several components need to share the same changing data then it is recommended to lift the shared state up to their closest
common ancestor. That means if two child components share the same data from its parent, then move the state to parent instead
of maintaining local state in both of the child components.

33. What are the different phases of component lifecycle?

The component lifecycle has three distinct lifecycle phases:
a. Mounting: The component is ready to mount in the browser DOM. This phase covers initialization from constructor(),
getDerivedStateFromProps(), render(), and componentDidMount() lifecycle methods.
b. Updating: In this phase, the component gets updated in two ways, sending the new props and updating the state
either from setState() or forceUpdate(). This phase covers getDerivedStateFromProps(), shouldComponentUpdate(),
render(), getSnapshotBeforeUpdate() and componentDidUpdate() lifecycle methods.
c. Unmounting: In this last phase, the component is not needed and gets unmounted from the browser DOM. This
phase includes componentWillUnmount() lifecycle method.
It’s worth mentioning that React internally has a concept of phases when applying changes to the DOM. They are
separated as follows
i. Render The component will render without any side effects. This applies to Pure components and in this
phase, React can pause, abort, or restart the render.
ii. Pre-commit Before the component actually applies the changes to the DOM, there is a moment that allows
React to read from the DOM through the getSnapshotBeforeUpdate().
iii. Commit React works with the DOM and executes the final lifecycles respectively componentDidMount() for
mounting, componentDidUpdate() for updating, and componentWillUnmount() for unmounting.
React 16.3+ Phases (or an interactive version)
Before React 16.3
34. What are the lifecycle methods of React?
Before React 16.3
 componentWillMount: Executed before rendering and is used for App level configuration in your root component.
 componentDidMount: Executed after first rendering and here all AJAX requests, DOM or state updates, and set up
event listeners should occur.
 componentWillReceiveProps: Executed when particular prop updates to trigger state transitions.
 shouldComponentUpdate: Determines if the component will be updated or not. By default it returns true. If you are
sure that the component doesn’t need to render after state or props are updated, you can return false value. It is a
great place to improve performance as it allows you to prevent a re-render if component receives new prop.
 componentWillUpdate: Executed before re-rendering the component when there are props & state changes
confirmed by shouldComponentUpdate() which returns true.
 componentDidUpdate: Mostly it is used to update the DOM in response to prop or state changes.
 componentWillUnmount: It will be used to cancel any outgoing network requests, or remove all event listeners
associated with the component.

React 16.3+
 getDerivedStateFromProps: Invoked right before calling render() and is invoked on every render. This exists for
rare use cases where you need a derived state. Worth reading if you need derived state.
 componentDidMount: Executed after first rendering and where all AJAX requests, DOM or state updates, and set
up event listeners should occur.
 shouldComponentUpdate: Determines if the component will be updated or not. By default, it returns true. If you are
sure that the component doesn’t need to render after the state or props are updated, you can return a false value. It is
a great place to improve
 performance as it allows you to prevent a re-render if component receives a new prop.
 getSnapshotBeforeUpdate: Executed right before rendered output is committed to the DOM. Any value returned by
this will be passed into componentDidUpdate(). This is useful to capture information from the DOM i.e. scroll position.
 componentDidUpdate: Mostly it is used to update the DOM in response to prop or state changes. This will not fire if
shouldComponentUpdate() returns false.
 componentWillUnmount It will be used to cancel any outgoing network requests, or remove all event listeners
associated with the component.

35. What are Higher-Order Components?

A higher-order component (HOC) is a function that takes a component and returns a new component. Basically, it’s a pattern
that is derived from React’s compositional nature.
We call them pure components because they can accept any dynamically provided child component but they won’t modify or
copy any behavior from their input components.

HOC can be used for many use cases:

a. Code reuse, logic and bootstrap abstraction.
b. Render hijacking.
c. State abstraction and manipulation.
d. Props manipulation.

36. How to create props proxy for HOC component?

You can add/edit props passed to the component using props proxy pattern like this:

37. What is context?

 Context provides a way to pass data through the component tree without having to pass props down manually at every level.
For example, authenticated users, locale preferences, UI themes need to be accessed in the application by many
components.

38. What is children prop?

Children is a prop (this.props.children) that allows you to pass components as data to other components, just like any other
prop you use. Component tree put between component’s opening and closing tag will be passed to that component as
children prop.
There are several methods available in the React API to work with this prop. These include React.Children.map,
React.Children.forEach, React.Children.count, React.Children.only, React.Children.toArray.
A simple usage of children prop looks as below,

39. How to write comments in React?

The comments in React/JSX are similar to JavaScript Multiline comments but are wrapped in curly braces.
Single-line comments:

Multi-line comments:

40. What is the purpose of using super constructor with props argument?
A child class constructor cannot make use of this reference until the super() method has been called. The same applies to ES6
sub-classes as well. The main reason for passing props parameter to super() call is to access this.props in your child
constructors.
Passing props:

Not passing props:

 The above code snippets reveals that this.props is different only within the constructor. It would be the same outside the
constructor.

41. What is reconciliation?

When a component’s props or state change, React decides whether an actual DOM update is necessary by comparing the
newly returned element with the previously rendered one. When they are not equal, React will update the DOM. This process
is called reconciliation.

42. How to set state with a dynamic key name?

If you are using ES6 or the Babel transpiler to transform your JSX code then you can accomplish this with computed property
names.

43. What would be the common mistake of function being called every time the component renders?
You need to make sure that function is not being called while passing the function as a parameter.
jsx harmony render() { // Wrong: handleClick is called instead of passed as a reference! return <button
onClick={this.handleClick()}>{'Click Me'}</button> }
Instead, pass the function itself without parenthesis:
jsx harmony render() { // Correct: handleClick is passed as a reference! return <button
onClick={this.handleClick}>{'Click
Me'}</button> }

44. Is lazy function supports named exports?

No, currently React.lazy function supports default exports only. If you would like to import modules which are named exports,
you can create an intermediate module that reexports it as the default. It also ensures that tree shaking keeps working and
don’t pull unused components. Let’s take a component file which exports multiple named components, javascript //
MoreComponents.js export const SomeComponent = /* ... */; export const UnusedComponent = /* ... */; and reexport
MoreComponents.js components in an intermediate file IntermediateComponent.js javascript // IntermediateComponent.js
export { SomeComponent as default } from "./MoreComponents.js"; Now you can import the module using lazy function as
below, javascript import React, { lazy } from 'react'; const SomeComponent = lazy(() => import("./IntermediateComponent.js"));

45. Why React uses className over class attribute?

class is a keyword in JavaScript, and JSX is an extension of JavaScript. That’s the principal reason why React uses
className instead of class. Pass a string as the className prop.
46. What are fragments?
It’s a common pattern in React which is used for a component to return multiple elements. Fragments let you group a list of
children without adding extra nodes to the DOM.

There is also a shorter syntax, but it’s not supported in many tools:

47. Why fragments are better than container divs?

Below are the list of reasons,
a. Fragments are a bit faster and use less memory by not creating an extra DOM node. This only has a real benefit on
very large and deep trees.
b. Some CSS mechanisms like Flexbox and CSS Grid have a special parent-child relationships and adding divs in the
middle makes it hard to keep the desired layout.
c. The DOM Inspector is less cluttered.

48. What are portals in React?

Portal is a recommended way to render children into a DOM node that exists outside the DOM hierarchy of the parent
component.

The first argument is any render-able React child, such as an element, string, or fragment. The second argument is a DOM
element.

49. What are stateless components?

If the behaviour of a component is independent of its state then it can be a stateless component. You can use either a function
or a class for creating stateless components. But unless you need to use a lifecycle hook in your components, you should go
for function components. There are a lot of benefits if you decide to use function components here; they are easy to write,
understand, and test, a little faster, and you can avoid the this keyword altogether.

50. What are stateful components?

If the behaviour of a component is dependent on the state of the component then it can be termed as stateful component.
These stateful components are always class components and have a state that gets initialized in the constructor.

React 16.8 Update:

Hooks let you use state and other React features without writing classes.
The Equivalent Functional Component
51. How to apply validation on props in React?
When the application is running in development mode, React will automatically check all props that we set on components to
make sure they have correct type. If the type is incorrect, React will generate warning messages in the console. It’s disabled in
production mode due to performance impact. The mandatory props are defined with isRequired.
The set of predefined prop types:
a. PropTypes.number
b. PropTypes.string
c. PropTypes.array
d. PropTypes.object
e. PropTypes.func
f. PropTypes.node
g. PropTypes.element
h. PropTypes.bool
i. PropTypes.symbol
j. PropTypes.any
We can define propTypes for User component as below:
“‘jsx harmony import React from ‘react’ import PropTypes from ‘proptypes’
class User extends React.Component { static propTypes = { name: Prop-
Types.string.isRequired, age: PropTypes.number.isRequired }
render() { return ( <> {Welcome, ${this.props.name}}
<h2>{`Age, ${this.props.age}`}</h2>
</>)
}}
**Note:** In React v15.5 *PropTypes* were moved from `React.PropTypes` to `prop-types` *The Equivalent Functional
Component*
```jsx harmony
import React from 'react'
import PropTypes from 'prop-types'
function User({name, age}) {
return (
<>
<h1>{`Welcome, ${name}`}</h1>
<h2>{`Age, ${age}`}</h2>
</>
)
}

User.propTypes = {
name: PropTypes.string.isRequired,
age: PropTypes.number.isRequired
}

52. What are the advantages of React?

Below are the list of main advantages of React,
a. Increases the application’s performance with Virtual DOM.
b. JSX makes code easy to read and write.
c. It renders both on client and server side (SSR).
d. Easy to integrate with frameworks (Angular, Backbone) since it is only a view library.
e. Easy to write unit and integration tests with tools such as Jest.
53. What are the limitations of React?
Apart from the advantages, there are few limitations of React too,
a. React is just a view library, not a full framework.
b. There is a learning curve for beginners who are new to web development.
c. Integrating React into a traditional MVC framework requires some additional configuration.
d. The code complexity increases with inline templating and JSX.
e. Too many smaller components leading to over engineering or boilerplate.

54. What are error boundaries in React v16?

Error boundaries are components that catch JavaScript errors anywhere in their child component tree, log those errors, and
display a fallback UI instead of the component tree that crashed.
A class component becomes an error boundary if it defines a new lifecycle method called componentDidCatch(error, info) or
static getDerivedStateFromError():
“‘jsx harmony class ErrorBoundary extends React.Component { constructor(props) { super(props) this.state = { hasError:
false } }
componentDidCatch(error, info) { // You can also log the error to an error
reporting service logErrorToMyService(error, info) }
static getDerivedStateFromError(error) { // Update state so the next render will show the fallback UI. return { hasError: true }; }
render() { if (this.state.hasError) { // You can render any custom fallback UI return
{‘Something went wrong.’}
}
return this.props.children
}}
After that use it as a regular component:
```jsx harmony
<ErrorBoundary>
<MyWidget />
</ErrorBoundary>

55. How are error boundaries handled in React v15?

React v15 provided very basic support for error boundaries using unstable_handleError method. It has been renamed to
componentDidCatch in React v16.

56. What are the recommended ways for static type checking?
Normally we use PropTypes library (React.PropTypes moved to a prop-types package since React v15.5) for type checking in
the React applications. For large code bases, it is recommended to use static type checkers such as Flow or TypeScript, that
perform type checking at compile time and provide auto-completion features.

57. What is the use of react-dom package?

The react-dom package provides DOM-specific methods that can be used at the top level of your app. Most of the components
are not required to use this module. Some of the methods of this package are:
a. render()
b. hydrate()
c. unmountComponentAtNode()
d. findDOMNode()
e. createPortal()

58. What is the purpose of render method of react-dom?

This method is used to render a React element into the DOM in the supplied container and return a reference to the
component. If the React element was previously rendered into container, it will perform an update on it and only mutate the
DOM as necessary to reflect the latest changes.
ReactDOM.render(element, container, [callback])
If the optional callback is provided, it will be executed after the component is rendered or updated.

59. What is ReactDOMServer?

The ReactDOMServer object enables you to render components to static markup (typically used on node server). This object
is mainly used for server-side rendering (SSR). The following methods can be used in both the server and browser
environments:
a. renderToString()
b. renderToStaticMarkup()
 For example, you generally run a Node-based web server like Express, Hapi, or Koa, and you call renderToString to render
your root component to a string, which you then send as response.

60. How to use innerHTML in React?

The dangerouslySetInnerHTML attribute is React’s replacement for using innerHTML in the browser DOM. Just like
innerHTML, it is risky to use this attribute considering cross-site scripting (XSS) attacks. You just need to pass a __html object
as key and HTML text as value.
In this example MyComponent uses dangerouslySetInnerHTML attribute for setting HTML markup:

61. How to use styles in React?

The style attribute accepts a JavaScript object with camelCased properties rather than a CSS string. This is consistent with the
DOM style JavaScript property, is more efficient, and prevents XSS security holes.
“‘jsx harmony const divStyle = { color: ‘blue’, backgroundImage: ‘url(’ +imgUrl + ‘)’ };
function HelloWorldComponent() { return
Hello World!
} “‘
Style keys are camelCased in order to be consistent with accessing the properties on DOM nodes in JavaScript (e.g.
node.style.backgroundImage).

62. How events are different in React?

Handling events in React elements has some syntactic differences:
a. React event handlers are named using camelCase, rather than lowercase.
b. With JSX you pass a function as the event handler, rather than a string.

63. What will happen if you use setState() in constructor?

When you use setState(), then apart from assigning to the object state React also re-renders the component and all its
children. You would get error like this: Can only update a mounted or mounting component. So we need to use this.state to
initialize variables inside constructor.

64. What is the impact of indexes as keys?

Keys should be stable, predictable, and unique so that React can keep track of elements.
In the below code snippet each element’s key will be based on ordering, rather than tied to the data that is being represented.
This limits the optimizations that React can do.

If you use element data for unique key, assuming todo.id is unique to this list and stable, React would be able to reorder
elements without needing to reevaluate them as much.

65. Is it good to use setState() in componentWillMount() method?

 Yes, it is safe to use setState() inside componentWillMount() method. But at the same it is recommended to avoid async
initialization in componentWillMount() lifecycle method. componentWillMount() is invoked immediately before mounting occurs.
It is called before render(), therefore setting state in this method will not trigger a re-render. Avoid introducing any side-effects
or subscriptions in this method. We need to make sure async calls for component initialization happened in
componentDidMount() instead of componentWillMount().

66. What will happen if you use props in initial state?

If the props on the component are changed without the component being refreshed, the new prop value will never be
displayed because the constructor function will never update the current state of the component. The initialization of state from
props only runs when the component is first created.
The below component won’t display the updated input value:

67. How do you conditionally render components?

In some cases you want to render different components depending on some state. JSX does not render false or undefined, so
you can use conditional short-circuiting to render a given part of your component only if a certain condition is true.

If you need an if-else condition then use ternary operator.

68. Why we need to be careful when spreading props on DOM elements?
When we spread props we run into the risk of adding unknown HTML attributes, which is a bad practice. Instead we can use
prop destructuring with ...rest operator, so it will add only required props.
For example,

69. How you use decorators in React?

You can decorate your class components, which is the same as passing the component into a function. Decorators are
flexible and readable way of modifying component functionality.

Note: Decorators are a feature that didn’t make it into ES7, but are currently a stage 2 proposal.

70. How do you memoize a component?

There are memoize libraries available which can be used on function components.
For example moize library can memoize the component in another component.
“‘jsx harmony import moize from ‘moize’ import Component from ‘./components/
Component’ // this module exports a non-memoized component
const MemoizedFoo = moize.react(Component)
const Consumer = () => {
{'I will memoize the following entry:'}
<MemoizedFoo/>
}
**Update:** Since React v16.6.0, we have a `React.memo`. It provides a higher order component ```js
const MemoComponent = React.memo(function MemoComponent(props) {
/* render using props */
});
OR
export default React.memo(MyFunctionComponent);

71. How you implement Server Side Rendering or SSR?

React is already equipped to handle rendering on Node servers. A special version of the DOM renderer is available, which
follows the same pattern as on the client side.
“‘jsx harmony import ReactDOMServer from ‘react-dom/server’ import
App from ‘./App’
ReactDOMServer.renderToString() “‘
This method will output the regular HTML as a string, which can be then placed inside a page body as part of the server
response. On the client side, React detects the pre-rendered content and seamlessly picks up where it left off.
72. How to enable production mode in React?
 You should use Webpack’s DefinePlugin method to set NODE_ENV to production, by which it strip out things like propType
validation and extra warnings. Apart from this, if you minify the code, for example, Uglify’s dead-code elimination to strip out
development only code and comments, it will drastically reduce the size of your bundle.

73. What is CRA and its benefits?

The create-react-app CLI tool allows you to quickly create & run React applications with no configuration step.
Let’s create Todo App using CRA:
# Installation
$ npm install -g create-react-app
# Create new project
$ create-react-app todo-app
$ cd todo-app
# Build, test and run
$ npm run build
$ npm run test
$ npm start
It includes everything we need to build a React app:
a. React, JSX, ES6, and Flow syntax support.
b. Language extras beyond ES6 like the object spread operator.
c. Autoprefixed CSS, so you don’t need -webkit- or other prefixes.
d. A fast interactive unit test runner with built-in support for coverage reporting.
e. A live development server that warns about common mistakes.
f. A build script to bundle JS, CSS, and images for production, with hashes and sourcemaps.

74. What is the lifecycle methods order in mounting?

The lifecycle methods are called in the following order when an instance of a component is being created and inserted into the
DOM.
a. constructor()
b. static getDerivedStateFromProps()
c. render()
d. componentDidMount()

75. What are the lifecycle methods going to be deprecated in React v16?
The following lifecycle methods going to be unsafe coding practices and will be more problematic with async rendering.
a. componentWillMount()
b. componentWillReceiveProps()
c. componentWillUpdate()
Starting with React v16.3 these methods are aliased with UNSAFE_ prefix, and the unprefixed version will be removed in
React v17.

76. What is the purpose of getDerivedStateFromProps() lifecycle method?

The new static getDerivedStateFromProps() lifecycle method is invoked after a component is instantiated as well as before it is
re-rendered. It can return an object to update state, or null to indicate that the new props do not require any state updates.

This lifecycle method along with componentDidUpdate() covers all the use cases of componentWillReceiveProps().

77. What is the purpose of getSnapshotBeforeUpdate() lifecycle method?

The new getSnapshotBeforeUpdate() lifecycle method is called right before DOM updates. The return value from this method
will be passed as the third parameter to componentDidUpdate().
 This lifecycle method along with componentDidUpdate() covers all the use cases of componentWillUpdate().

78. Do Hooks replace render props and higher order components?

Both render props and higher-order components render only a single child but in most of the cases Hooks are a simpler way to
serve this by reducing nesting in your tree.

79. What is the recommended way for naming components?

It is recommended to name the component by reference instead of using displayName.
Using displayName for naming component:

The recommended approach:

80. What is the recommended ordering of methods in component class?

Recommended ordering of methods from mounting to render stage:
1. static methods
2. constructor()
3. getChildContext()
4. componentWillMount()
5. componentDidMount()
6. componentWillReceiveProps()
7. shouldComponentUpdate()
8. componentWillUpdate()
9. componentDidUpdate()
10. componentWillUnmount()
11. click handlers or event handlers like onClickSubmit() or onChangeDescription()
12. getter methods for render like getSelectReason() or getFooterContent()
13. optional render methods like renderNavigation() or renderProfilePicture()
14. render()

81. What is a switching component?

A switching component is a component that renders one of many components. We need to use object to map prop values to
components.
For example, a switching component to display different pages based on page prop:
“‘jsx harmony import HomePage from ‘./HomePage’ import AboutPage from ‘./AboutPage’ import ServicesPage from ‘./ServicesPage’
import ContactPage from ‘./ContactPage’ const PAGES = { home: HomePage, about: AboutPage, services: ServicesPage, contact:
ContactPage }
const Page = (props) => { const Handler = PAGES[props.page] || ContactPage return <Handler {…props} /> }
// The keys of the PAGES object can be used in the prop types to catch dev-time errors. Page.propTypes = { page:
PropTypes.oneOf(Object.keys(PAGES)).isRequired } “‘

82. Why we need to pass a function to setState()?

The reason behind for this is that setState() is an asynchronous operation. React batches state changes for performance
reasons, so the state may not change immediately after setState() is called. That means you should not rely on the current
state when calling setState() since you can’t be sure what that state will be. The solution is to pass a function to setState(),
 with the previous state as an argument. By doing this you can avoid issues with the user getting the old state value on access
due to the asynchronous nature of setState().
Let’s say the initial count value is zero. After three consecutive increment operations, the value is going to be incremented only
by one.

If we pass a function to setState(), the count gets incremented correctly.

Why function is preferred over object for setState()?

React may batch multiple setState() calls into a single update for performance. Because this.props and this.state may be
updated asynchronously, you should not rely on their values for calculating the next state.
This counter example will fail to update as expected:

The preferred approach is to call setState() with function rather than object. That function will receive the previous state as the
first argument, and the props at the time the update is applied as the second argument.

83. What is strict mode in React?

React.StrictMode is a useful component for highlighting potential problems in an application. Just like <Fragment>,
<StrictMode> does not render any extra DOM elements. It activates additional checks and warnings for its descendants.
These checks apply for development mode only.

In the example above, the strict mode checks apply to <ComponentOne> and <ComponentTwo> components only.

84. What are React Mixins?

 Mixins are a way to totally separate components to have a common functionality. Mixins should not be used and can be
replaced with higher order components or decorators.
One of the most commonly used mixins is PureRenderMixin. You might be using it in some components to prevent
unnecessary re-renders when the props and state are shallowly equal to the previous props and state:

85. Why is isMounted() an anti-pattern and what is the proper solution?

The primary use case for isMounted() is to avoid calling setState() after a component has been unmounted, because it will
emit a warning.

Checking isMounted() before calling setState() does eliminate the warning, but it also defeats the purpose of the warning.
Using isMounted() is a code smell because the only reason you would check is because you think you might be holding a
reference after the component has unmounted.
An optimal solution would be to find places where setState() might be called after a component has unmounted, and fix them.
Such situations most commonly occur due to callbacks, when a component is waiting for some data and gets unmounted
before the data arrives. Ideally, any callbacks should be canceled in componentWillUnmount(), prior to unmounting.

86. What are the Pointer Events supported in React?

Pointer Events provide a unified way of handling all input events. In the old days we had a mouse and respective event
listeners to handle them but nowadays we have many devices which don’t correlate to having a mouse, like phones with touch
surface or pens. We need to remember that these events will only work in browsers that support the Pointer Events
specification.
The following event types are now available in React DOM:
1. onPointerDown
2. onPointerMove
3. onPointerUp
4. onPointerCancel
5. onGotPointerCapture
6. onLostPointerCapture
7. onPointerEnter
8. onPointerLeave
9. onPointerOver
10. onPointerOut

87. Why should component names start with capital letter?

If you are rendering your component using JSX, the name of that component has to begin with a capital letter otherwise React
will throw an error as an unrecognized tag. This convention is because only HTML elements and SVG tags can begin with a
lowercase letter. jsx harmony class SomeComponent extends Component { // Code goes here }
You can define component class which name starts with lowercase letter, but when it’s imported it should have capital letter.
Here lowercase is fine:
 What are the exceptions on React component naming? The component names should start with an uppercase letter but
there are few exceptions to this convention. The lowercase tag names with a dot (property accessors) are still considered as
valid component names. For example, the below tag can be compiled to a valid component,
jsx harmony render() { return ( <obj.component/>// `React.createElement(obj.component)` ) }

88. Are custom DOM attributes supported in React v16?

Yes. In the past, React used to ignore unknown DOM attributes. If you wrote JSX with an attribute that React doesn’t
recognize, React would just skip it.
For example, let’s take a look at the below attribute:
jsx harmony <div mycustomattribute={'something'} />
Would render an empty div to the DOM with React v15:

In React v16 any unknown attributes will end up in the DOM:

This is useful for supplying browser-specific non-standard attributes, trying new DOM APIs, and integrating with opinionated
third-party libraries.

89. What is the difference between constructor and getInitialState?

You should initialize state in the constructor when using ES6 classes, and getInitialState() method when using
React.createClass().

Note: React.createClass() is deprecated and removed in React v16. Use plain JavaScript classes instead.
90. Can you force a component to re-render without calling set-State?
By default, when your component’s state or props change, your component will re-render. If your render() method depends on
some other data, you can tell React that the component needs re-rendering by calling forceUpdate().

It is recommended to avoid all uses of forceUpdate() and only read from this.props and this.state in render().

91. What is the difference between super() and super(props) in React using ES6 classes?
When you want to access this.props in constructor() then you should pass props to super() method.
 Outside constructor() both will display same value for this.props.

92. How to loop inside JSX?

You can simply use Array.prototype.map with ES6 arrow function syntax.
For example, the items array of objects is mapped into an array of components:
jsx harmony <tbody> {items.map(item => <SomeComponent key={item.id} name={item.name} />)} </tbody>
But you can’t iterate using for loop:
jsx harmony <tbody> for (let i = 0; i < items.length; i++)
{ <SomeComponent key={items[i].id} name={items[i].name} /> } </tbody>
This is because JSX tags are transpiled into function calls, and you can’t use statements inside expressions. This may change
thanks to do expressions which are stage 1 proposal.

93. How do you access props in attribute quotes?

React (or JSX) doesn’t support variable interpolation inside an attribute value. The below representation won’t work:
jsx harmony <img className='image' src='images/{this.props.image}'/>
But you can put any JS expression inside curly braces as the entire attribute value. So the below expression works:
jsx harmony <img className='image' src={'images/' + this.props.image}/>
Using template strings will also work:
jsx harmony <img className='image' src={`images/${this.props.image}`}/>

94. What is React proptype array with shape?

If you want to pass an array of objects to a component with a particular shape then use React.PropTypes.shape() as an
argument to React.PropTypes.arrayOf().

95. How to conditionally apply class attributes?

You shouldn’t use curly braces inside quotes because it is going to be evaluated as a string.
jsx harmony <div className="btn-panel {this.props.visible ? 'show' : 'hidden'}">
Instead you need to move curly braces outside (don’t forget to include spaces between class names):
jsx harmony <div className={'btn-panel ' + (this.props.visible? 'show' : 'hidden')}>
Template strings will also work:
jsx harmony <div className={`btn-panel ${this.props.visible? 'show' : 'hidden'}`}>

96. What is the difference between React and ReactDOM?

 The react package contains React.createElement(), React.Component, React.Children, and other helpers related to elements
and component classes. You can think of these as the isomorphic or universal helpers that you need to build components. The
react-dom package contains ReactDOM.render(), and in react-dom/server we have server-side rendering support with
ReactDOMServer.renderToString() and ReactDOMServer.renderToStaticMarkup().

97. Why ReactDOM is separated from React?

The React team worked on extracting all DOM-related features into a separate library called ReactDOM. React v0.14 is the
first release in which the libraries are split. By looking at some of the packages, react-native, react-art, react-canvas, and
react-three, it has become clear that the beauty and essence of React has nothing to do with browsers or the DOM.
To build more environments that React can render to, React team planned to split the main React package into two: react and
react-dom. This paves the way to writing components that can be shared between the web version of React and React Native.

98. How to use React label element?

If you try to render a <label> element bound to a text input using the standard for attribute, then it produces HTML missing that
attribute and prints a warning to the console.
jsx harmony <label for={'user'}>{'User'}</label> <input type={'text'} id={'user'} />
Since for is a reserved keyword in JavaScript, use htmlFor instead.
jsx harmony <label htmlFor={'user'}>{'User'}</label> <input type={'text'} id={'user'} />

99. How to combine multiple inline style objects?

You can use spread operator in regular React:
jsx harmony <button style={{...styles.panel.button, ...styles.panel.submitButton}}>{'Submit'}</>
If you’re using React Native then you can use the array notation:
jsx harmony <button style={[styles.panel.button, styles.panel.submitButton]}>{'Submit'}</>

100.How to re-render the view when the browser is resized?

You can listen to the resize event in componentDidMount() and then update the dimensions (width and height). You should
remove the listener in componentWillUnmount() method.

101.What is the difference between setState() and replaceState() methods?

 When you use setState() the current and previous states are merged. replaceState() throws out the current state, and replaces
it with only what you provide. Usually setState() is used unless you really need to remove all previous keys for some reason.
You can also set state to false/null in setState() instead of using replaceState().

102.How to listen to state changes?

The componentDidUpdate lifecycle method will be called when state changes. You can compare provided state and props
values with current state and props to determine if something meaningful changed.
componentDidUpdate(object prevProps, object prevState)
Note: The previous releases of ReactJS also uses componentWillUpdate(object nextProps, object nextState) for state
changes. It has been deprecated in latest releases.

103.What is the recommended approach of removing an array element in React state?

The better approach is to use Array.prototype.filter() method.
For example, let’s create a removeItem() method for updating the state.

104.Is it possible to use React without rendering HTML?

It is possible with latest version (>=16.2). Below are the possible options:
jsx harmony render() { return false }
jsx harmony render() { return null }
jsx harmony render() { return [] }
jsx harmony render() { return <React.Fragment></React.Fragment> }
jsx harmony render() { return <></> }
Returning undefined won’t work.

105.How to pretty print JSON with React?

We can use <pre> tag so that the formatting of the JSON.stringify() is retained:
“‘jsx harmony const data = { name: ‘John’, age: 42 }
class User extends React.Component { render() { return (
)
}}
React.render(, document.getElementById(‘container’)) “‘

106.Why you can’t update props in React?

The React philosophy is that props should be immutable and top-down. This means that a parent can send any prop values to
a child, but the child can’t modify received props.

107.How to focus an input element on page load?

You can do it by creating ref for input element and using it in componentDidMount():
“‘jsx harmony class App extends React.Component{ componentDid-Mount() { this.nameInput.focus() }
render() { return (
<div>
<input defaultValue={'Won\'t focus'} />
<input ref={(input) => this.nameInput = input} defaultValue={'Will focus'} />
</div>
)} }
ReactDOM.render(, document.getElementById(‘app’))
Also in Functional component (react 16.08 and above)
```jsx harmony
import React, {useEffect, useRef} from 'react';
const App = () => {
const inputElRef = useRef(null)
useEffect(()=>{
inputElRef.current.focus()
 }, [])
return(
<div>
<input defaultValue={'Won\'t focus'}/>
<input ref={inputElRef} defaultValue={'Will focus'}/>
</div>
)}
ReactDOM.render(<App />, document.getElementById('app'))
108. What are the possible ways of updating objects in state?
a. Calling setState() with an object to merge with state:
 Using Object.assign() to create a copy of the object:

 Using spread operator:

b. Calling setState() with a function:

109.How can we find the version of React at runtime in the browser?

You can use React.version to get the version.
“‘jsx harmony const REACT_VERSION = React.version
ReactDOM.render({React version: ${REACT_VERSION}}, document.getElementById(‘app’) ) “‘
110. What are the approaches to include polyfills in your create-react-app?
There are approaches to include polyfills in create-react-app,
Manual import from core-js:
Create a file called (something like) polyfills.js and import it into root index.js file. Run npm install core-js or yarn add
core-js and import your specific required features.

Using Polyfill service:

Use the polyfill.io CDN to retrieve custom, browser-specific polyfills by adding this line to index.html:
<script src='https://cdn.polyfill.io/v2/polyfill.min.js?features=default,Array.prototype>
In the above script we had to explicitly request the Array.prototype.includes feature as it is not included in the default feature
set.

111.How to use https instead of http in create-react-app?

You just need to use HTTPS=true configuration. You can edit your package.json scripts section:

or just run set HTTPS=true && npm start

112.How to avoid using relative path imports in create-react-app?

Create a file called .env in the project root and write the import path:
NODE_PATH=src/app
After that restart the development server. Now you should be able to import anything inside src/app without relative paths.

113.How to add Google Analytics for React Router?

 Add a listener on the history object to record each page view:

114.How to update a component every second?

You need to use setInterval() to trigger the change, but you also need to clear the timer when the component unmounts to
prevent errors and memory leaks.

115.How do you apply vendor prefixes to inline styles in React?

React does not apply vendor prefixes automatically. You need to add vendor prefixes manually.
jsx harmony <div style={{ transform: 'rotate(90deg)', WebkitTransform: 'rotate(90deg)', // note the capital 'W'
here msTransform: 'rotate(90deg)' // 'ms' is the only lowercase vendor prefix }} />

116.How to import and export components using React and ES6?

You should use default for exporting the components
“‘jsx harmony import React from ‘react’ import User from ‘user’ export default class MyProfile extends React.Component
{ render(){ return ( //… ) } } “‘
With the export specifier, the MyProfile is going to be the member and exported to this module and the same can be imported
without mentioning the name in other components.
117.Why is a component constructor called only once?
React’s reconciliation algorithm assumes that without any information to the contrary, if a custom component appears in the
same place on subsequent renders, it’s the same component as before, so reuses the previous instance rather than creating a
new one.

118.How to define constants in React?

You can use ES7 static field to define constant.

119.How to programmatically trigger click event in React?

You could use the ref prop to acquire a reference to the underlying HTMLInputElement object through a callback, store the
reference as a class property, then use that reference to later trigger a click from your event handlers using the
HTMLElement.click method.
This can be done in two steps:
a. Create ref in render method:
jsx harmony <input ref={input => this.inputElement =input} />
b. Apply click event in your event handler:

120.Is it possible to use async/await in plain React?

If you want to use async/await in React, you will need Babel and transform-async-to-generator plugin. React Native ships with
Babel and a set of transforms.

121.What are the common folder structures for React?

There are two common practices for React project file structure.
a. Grouping by features or routes:
One common way to structure projects is locate CSS, JS, and tests together, grouped by feature or route.
 common/
Avatar.js
Avatar.css
APIUtils.js
APIUtils.test.js
feed/
index.js
Feed.js
Feed.css
FeedStory.js
FeedStory.test.js
FeedAPI.js
profile/
index.js
Profile.js
ProfileHeader.js
ProfileHeader.css
ProfileAPI.js
b. Grouping by file type:
Another popular way to structure projects is to group similar files together.
api/
APIUtils.js
APIUtils.test.js
ProfileAPI.js
UserAPI.js
components/
Avatar.js
Avatar.css
Feed.js
Feed.css
FeedStory.js
FeedStory.test.js
Profile.js
ProfileHeader.js
ProfileHeader.css

122.What are the popular packages for animation?

React Transition Group and React Motion are popular animation packages in React ecosystem.

123.What is the benefit of styles modules?

It is recommended to avoid hard coding style values in components. Any values that are likely to be used across different UI
components should be extracted into their own modules.
For example, these styles could be extracted into a separate component:

And then imported individually in other components:

 124.What are the popular React-specific linters?
ESLint is a popular JavaScript linter. There are plugins available that analyse specific code styles. One of the most common
for React is an npm package called eslint-plugin-react. By default, it will check a number of best practices, with rules checking
things from keys in iterators to a complete set of prop types.
Another popular plugin is eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y, which will help fix common issues with accessibility. As JSX offers slightly
different syntax to regular HTML, issues with alt text and tabindex, for example, will
not be picked up by regular plugins.

125.How to make AJAX call and in which component lifecycle methods should I make an AJAX call?
You can use AJAX libraries such as Axios, jQuery AJAX, and the browser built-in fetch. You should fetch data in the
componentDidMount() lifecycle method. This is so you can use setState() to update your component when the data is
retrieved.
For example, the employees list fetched from API and set local state:
“‘jsx harmony class MyComponent extends React.Component { constructor( props) { super(props) this.state = { employees:
[], error: null } }
componentDidMount() { fetch(‘https://api.example.com/items’) .then(res => res.json()) .then( (result) =>
{ this.setState({ employees: result.employees }) }, (error) => { this.setState({ error }) } )
}
render() { const { error, employees } = this.state if (error) { return
Error: {error.message} ; } else { return (
{employees.map(employee => (
{employee.name}-{employee.experience} ))} ) } } } “‘

126.What are render props?

Render Props is a simple technique for sharing code between components using a prop whose value is a function. The below
component uses render prop which returns a React element.
jsx harmony <DataProvider render={data => ( <h1>{`Hello ${data.target}`}</h1> )}/>
Libraries such as React Router and DownShift are using this pattern.
React Router
127.What is React Router?
React Router is a powerful routing library built on top of React that helps you add new screens and flows to your application
incredibly quickly, all while keeping the URL in sync with what’s being displayed on the page.

128.How React Router is different from history library?

React Router is a wrapper around the history library which handles interaction with the browser’s window.history with its
browser and hash histories. It also provides memory history which is useful for environments that don’t have global history,
such as mobile app development (React Native) and unit testing with Node.

129.What are the <Router> components of React Router v4?

React Router v4 provides below 3 <Router> components:
 <BrowserRouter>
 <HashRouter>
 <MemoryRouter>
The above components will create browser, hash, and memory history instances. React Router v4 makes the properties and
methods of the history instance associated with your router available through the context in the router object.

130.What is the purpose of push() and replace() methods of history?

A history instance has two methods for navigation purpose.
 push()
 replace()
If you think of the history as an array of visited locations, push() will add a new location to the array and replace() will replace
the current location in the array with the new one.

131.How do you programmatically navigate using React Router v4?

There are three different ways to achieve programmatic routing/navigation within components.
1. Using the withRouter() higher-order function:
The withRouter() higher-order function will inject the history object as a prop of the component. This object provides push()
and replace() methods to avoid the usage of context.
“‘jsx harmony import { withRouter } from ‘react-router-dom’ // this also works with ‘react-router-native’ const Button =
withRouter(({ history }) => ( <button type=‘button’ onClick={() => { history.push(‘/new-location’) }} > {‘Click Me!’} )) “‘
 2. Using <Route> component and render props pattern:
The <Route> component passes the same props as withRouter(), so you will be able to access the history methods through
the history prop.
“‘jsx harmony import { Route } from ‘react-router-dom’ const Button = () => ( <Route render={({ history }) => ( <button
type=‘button’ onClick={() => { history.push(‘/new-location’) }} > {‘Click Me!’} )} /> ) “‘
3. Using context:
This option is not recommended and treated as unstable API.
“‘jsx harmony const Button = (props, context) => ( <button type=‘button’ onClick={() => {
context.history.push(‘/newlocation’)
}} > {‘Click Me!’} ) Button.contextTypes = { history: React.PropTypes.shape({ push: React.PropTypes.func.isRequired }) }
“‘

132.How to get query parameters in React Router v4?

The ability to parse query strings was taken out of React Router v4 because there have been user requests over the years to
support different implementation. So the decision has been given to users to choose the implementation they like. The
recommended approach is to use query strings library.

You can also use URLSearchParams if you want something native:

You should use a polyfill for IE11.

133.Why you get “Router may have only one child element” warning?
You have to wrap your Route’s in a <Switch> block because <Switch> is unique in that it renders a route exclusively.
At first you need to add Switch to your imports:

Then define the routes within <Switch> block:

jsx harmony <Router> <Switch> <Route {/* ... */} /><Route {/* ... */} /> </Switch> </Router>
134.How to pass params to history.push method in React Router v4?
While navigating you can pass props to the history object:

The search property is used to pass query params in push() method.

135.How to implement default or NotFound page?

A <Switch> renders the first child <Route> that matches. A <Route> with no path always matches. So you just need to simply
drop path attribute as below
jsx harmony <Switch> <Route exact path="/" component={Home}/> <Route path="/user" component={User}/> <Route
component={NotFound}/> </Switch>

136.How to get history on React Router v4?

Below are the list of steps to get history object on React Router v4,
a. Create a module that exports a history object and import this module across the project.
For example, create history.js file:

b. You should use the <Router> component instead of built-in routers. Import the above history.js inside index.js file:
 “‘jsx harmony import { Router } from ‘react-router-dom’ import history from ‘./history’ import App from ‘./App’
ReactDOM.render(( ), holder) “‘
c. You can also use push method of history object similar to built-in history object:

137.How to perform automatic redirect after login?

The react-router package provides <Redirect> component in React Router. Rendering a <Redirect> will navigate to a new
location. Like server-side redirects, the new location will override the current location in the history stack.
React Internationalization
138.What is React Intl?
The React Intl library makes internationalization in React straightforward, with off-the-shelf components and an API that can
handle everything from formatting strings, dates, and numbers, to pluralization. React Intl is part of FormatJS which provides
bindings to React via its components and API.

139.What are the main features of React Intl?

Below are the main features of React Intl,
1. Display numbers with separators.
2. Display dates and times correctly.
3. Display dates relative to “now”.
4. Pluralize labels in strings.
5. Support for 150+ languages.
6. Runs in the browser and Node.
7. Built on standards.

140.What are the two ways of formatting in React Intl?

The library provides two ways to format strings, numbers, and dates:
a. Using react components:
jsx harmony <FormattedMessage id={'account'} defaultMessage={'The amount is less than minimum balance.'} />
b. Using an API:

141.How to use <FormattedMessage> as placeholder using React Intl?

The <Formatted... /> components from react-intl return elements, not plain text, so they can’t be used for placeholders, alt text,
etc. In that case, you should use lower level API formatMessage(). You can inject the intl object into your component using
injectIntl() higherorder component and then format the message using formatMessage() available on that object.
“‘jsx harmony import React from ‘react’ import { injectIntl, intlShape } from ‘react-intl’
const MyComponent = ({ intl }) => { const placeholder = intl.formatMessage({id: ‘messageId’}) return }
MyComponent.propTypes = { intl: intlShape.isRequired } export default injectIntl(MyComponent) “‘

142.How to access current locale with React Intl?

You can get the current locale in any component of your application using injectIntl():

143.How to format date using React Intl?

The injectIntl() higher-order component will give you access to the formatDate() method via the props in your component. The
method is used internally by instances of FormattedDate and it returns the string representation of the formatted date.
“‘jsx harmony import { injectIntl, intlShape } from ‘react-intl’ const stringDate = this.props.intl.formatDate(date, { year:
‘numeric’,
month: ‘numeric’, day: ‘numeric’ }) const MyComponent = ({intl}) => ( {The formatted date is ${stringDate}} )
MyComponent.propTypes = { intl: intlShape.isRequired }
export default injectIntl(MyComponent) “‘
React Testing
144.What is Shallow Renderer in React testing?
Shallow rendering is useful for writing unit test cases in React. It lets you render a component one level deep and assert facts
about what its render method returns, without worrying about the behavior of child components, which are not instantiated or
rendered.
For example, if you have the following component:

Then you can assert as follows:

“‘jsx harmony import ShallowRenderer from ‘react-test-renderer/shallow’ // in your test const renderer = new
ShallowRenderer() renderer.render() const result = renderer.getRenderOutput() expect(result.type).toBe(‘div’)
expect(result.props.children).toEqual([{‘Title’}, {‘Description’}]) “‘

145.What is TestRenderer package in React?

This package provides a renderer that can be used to render components to pure JavaScript objects, without depending on
the DOM or a native mobile environment. This package makes it easy to grab a snapshot of the platform view hierarchy
(similar to a DOM tree) rendered by a ReactDOM or React Native without using a browser or jsdom.
“‘jsx harmony import TestRenderer from ‘react-test-renderer’ const Link = ({page, children}) => {children}
const testRenderer = TestRenderer.create( {‘Facebook’} )
console.log(testRenderer.toJSON()) // { // type: ‘a’, // props: { href: ‘https://www.facebook.com/’ }, // children:
[ ‘Facebook’ ] // } “‘
146.What is the purpose of ReactTestUtils package?
ReactTestUtils are provided in the with-addons package and allow you to perform actions against a simulated DOM for the
purpose of unit testing.

147.What is Jest?
Jest is a JavaScript unit testing framework created by Facebook based on Jasmine and provides automated mock creation
and a jsdom environment. It’s often used for testing components.

148.What are the advantages of Jest over Jasmine?

There are couple of advantages compared to Jasmine:
 Automatically finds tests to execute in your source code.
 Automatically mocks dependencies when running your tests.
 Allows you to test asynchronous code synchronously.
 Runs your tests with a fake DOM implementation (via jsdom) so that your tests can be run on the command line.
 Runs tests in parallel processes so that they finish sooner.

149.Give a simple example of Jest test case

Let’s write a test for a function that adds two numbers in sum.js file:

export default sum

Create a file named sum.test.js which contains actual test:

Finally, run yarn test or npm test and Jest will print a result:
R
React Redux
150.What is flux?
Flux is an application design paradigm used as a replacement for the more traditional MVC pattern. It is not a framework or a
library but a new kind of architecture that complements React and the concept of Unidirectional Data Flow. Facebook uses this
pattern internally when working with React.
The workflow between dispatcher, stores and views components with distinct inputs and outputs as follows:

Figure 7: flux

151.What is Redux?
Redux is a predictable state container for JavaScript apps based on the Flux design pattern. Redux can be used together with
React, or with any other view library. It is tiny (about 2kB) and has no dependencies.

152.What are the core principles of Redux?

Redux follows three fundamental principles:
 Single source of truth: The state of your whole application is stored in an object tree within a single store. The single state
tree makes it easier to keep track of changes over time and debug or inspect the application.
 State is read-only: The only way to change the state is to emit an action, an object describing what happened. This ensures
that neither the views nor the network callbacks will ever write directly to the state.
 Changes are made with pure functions: To specify how the state tree is transformed by actions, you write reducers.
Reducers are just pure functions that take the previous state and an action as parameters and return the next state.

153.What are the downsides of Redux compared to Flux?

Instead of saying downsides we can say that there are few compromises of using Redux over Flux. Those are as follows:
 You will need to learn to avoid mutations: Flux is unopinionated about mutating data, but Redux doesn’t like mutations
and many packages complementary to Redux assume you never mutate the state. You can enforce this with dev-only
packages like redux-immutable-state-invariant, Immutable.js, or instructing your team to write non-mutating code.
 You’re going to have to carefully pick your packages: While Flux explicitly doesn’t try to solve problems such as
undo/redo, persistence, or forms, Redux has extension points such as middleware and store enhancers, and it has
spawned a rich ecosystem.
 There is no nice Flow integration yet: Flux currently lets you do very impressive static type checks which Redux doesn’t
support yet.

154.What is the difference between mapStateToProps() and mapDispatchToProps()?

mapStateToProps() is a utility which helps your component get updated state (which is updated by some other components):

mapDispatchToProps() is a utility which will help your component to fire an action event (dispatching action which may cause
change of application state):
 It is recommended to always use the “object shorthand” form for the mapDispatchToProps.
Redux wraps it in another function that looks like (…args) => dispatch( onTodoClick(…args)), and pass that wrapper function
as a prop to your component.

155.Can I dispatch an action in reducer?

Dispatching an action within a reducer is an anti-pattern. Your reducer should be without side effects, simply digesting the
action payload and returning a new state object. Adding listeners and dispatching actions within the reducer can lead to
chained actions and other side effects.

156.How to access Redux store outside a component?

You just need to export the store from the module where it created with createStore(). Also, it shouldn’t pollute the global
window object.

157. What are the drawbacks of MVW pattern?

a. DOM manipulation is very expensive which causes applications to behave slow and inefficient.
b. Due to circular dependencies, a complicated model was created around models and views.
c. Lot of data changes happens for collaborative applications(like Google Docs).
d. No way to do undo (travel back in time) easily without adding so much extra code.

158.Are there any similarities between Redux and RxJS?

These libraries are very different for very different purposes, but there are some vague similarities.
Redux is a tool for managing state throughout the application. It is usually used as an architecture for UIs. Think of it as an
alternative to (half of) Angular. RxJS is a reactive programming library. It is usually used as a tool to accomplish asynchronous
tasks in JavaScript. Think of it as an alternative to Promises. Redux uses the Reactive paradigm because the Store is reactive.
The Store observes actions from a distance, and changes itself. RxJS also uses the Reactive paradigm, but instead of being
an architecture, it gives you basic building blocks, Observables, to accomplish this pattern.

159.How to dispatch an action on load?

You can dispatch an action in componentDidMount() method and in render() method you can verify the data.
160.How to use connect() from React Redux?
You need to follow two steps to use your store in your container:
a. Use mapStateToProps(): It maps the state variables from your store to the props that you specify.
b. Connect the above props to your container: The object returned by the mapStateToProps function is connected to
the container. You can import connect() from react-redux.
“‘jsx harmony import React from ‘react’ import { connect } from ‘react-redux’ class App extends
React.Component { render() { return {this.props.containerData} } }
function mapStateToProps(state) { return { containerData: state.data } }
export default connect(mapStateToProps)(App) “‘

161.How to reset state in Redux?

You need to write a root reducer in your application which delegate handling the action to the reducer generated by
combineReducers().
For example, let us take rootReducer() to return the initial state after USER_LOGOUT action. As we know, reducers are
supposed to return the initial state when they are called with undefined as the first argument, no matter the action.

In case of using redux-persist, you may also need to clean your storage. redux-persist keeps a copy of your state in a storage
engine. First, you need to import the appropriate storage engine and then, to parse the state before setting it to undefined and
clean each storage state key.
162.Whats the purpose of at symbol in the Redux connect decorator?
The **@** symbol is in fact a JavaScript expression used to signify decorators. Decorators make it possible to annotate and
modify classes and properties at design time.
Let’s take an example setting up Redux without and with a decorator.
 Without decorator:

 With decorator:
 The above examples are almost similar except the usage of decorator. The decorator syntax isn’t built into any JavaScript
runtimes yet, and is still experimental and subject to change. You can use babel for the decorators support.

163.What is the difference between React context and React Redux?

You can use Context in your application directly and is going to be great for passing down data to deeply nested components
which what it was designed for.
Whereas Redux is much more powerful and provides a large number of features that the Context API doesn’t provide. Also,
React Redux uses context internally but it doesn’t expose this fact in the public API.

164.Why are Redux state functions called reducers?

Reducers always return the accumulation of the state (based on all previous and current actions). Therefore, they act as a
reducer of state. Each time a Redux reducer is called, the state and action are passed as parameters. This state is then
reduced (or accumulated) based on the action, and then the next state is returned. You could reduce a collection of actions
and an initial state (of the store) on which to perform these actions to get the resulting final state.

165.How to make AJAX request in Redux?

You can use redux-thunk middleware which allows you to define async actions.
Let’s take an example of fetching specific account as an AJAX call using fetch API:
export function fetchAccount(id) {
return dispatch => {
dispatch(setLoadingAccountState()) // Show a loading spinner
fetch(`/account/${id}`, (response) => {
dispatch(doneFetchingAccount()) // Hide loading spinner
if (response.status === 200) {
dispatch(setAccount(response.json)) // Use a normal function to set the received } else {
dispatch(someError)
}
})
}
}
function setAccount(data) {
return { type: 'SET_Account', data: data }
}

166.Should I keep all component’s state in Redux store?

Keep your data in the Redux store, and the UI related state internally in the component.

167.What is the proper way to access Redux store?

The best way to access your store in a component is to use the connect() function, that creates a new component that wraps
around your existing one. This pattern is called Higher-Order Components, and is generally the preferred way of extending a
 component’s functionality in React. This allows you to map state and action creators to your component, and have them
passed in automatically as your store updates.
Let’s take an example of <FilterLink> component using connect:

Due to it having quite a few performance optimizations and generally being less likely to cause bugs, the Redux developers
almost always recommend using connect() over accessing the store directly (using context API).

168.What is the difference between component and container in React Redux?

Component is a class or function component that describes the presentational part of your application.
Container is an informal term for a component that is connected to a Redux store. Containers subscribe to Redux state
updates and dispatch actions, and they usually don’t render DOM elements; they delegate rendering to presentational child
components.

169.What is the purpose of the constants in Redux?

Constants allows you to easily find all usages of that specific functionality across the project when you use an IDE. It also
prevents you from introducing silly bugs caused by typos – in which case, you will get a ReferenceError immediately.
Normally we will save them in a single file (constants.js or actionTypes.js).

In Redux, you use them in two places:

1. During action creation:
 2. In reducers:

170.What are the different ways to write mapDispatchToProps()?

There are a few ways of binding action creators to dispatch() in mapDispatchToProps().
Below are the possible options:

The third option is just a shorthand for the first one.

171.What is the use of the ownProps parameter in mapStateToProps() and mapDispatchToProps()?

If the ownProps parameter is specified, React Redux will pass the props that were passed to the component into your connect
functions. So, if you use a connected component:
“‘jsx harmony import ConnectedComponent from ‘./containers/ConnectedComponent’;
The `ownProps` inside your `mapStateToProps()` and `mapDispatchToProps()` functions will ```javascript
{ user: 'john' }
You can use this object to decide what to return from those functions.

172.How to structure Redux top level directories?

Most of the applications has several top-level directories as below:
 Components: Used for dumb components unaware of Redux.
 Containers: Used for smart components connected to Redux.
 Actions: Used for all action creators, where file names correspond to part of the app.
  Reducers: Used for all reducers, where files name correspond to state key.
 Store: Used for store initialization.
This structure works well for small and medium size apps.

173.What is redux-saga?
redux-saga is a library that aims to make side effects (asynchronous things like data fetching and impure things like accessing
the browser cache) in React/Redux applications easier and better.
It is available in NPM:
$ npm install --save redux-saga

174.What is the mental model of redux-saga?

Saga is like a separate thread in your application, that’s solely responsible for side effects. redux-saga is a redux middleware,
which means this thread can be started, paused and cancelled from the main application with normal Redux actions, it has
access to the full Redux application state and it can dispatch Redux actions as well.

175.What are the differences between call() and put() in reduxsaga?

Both call() and put() are effect creator functions. call() function is used to create effect description, which instructs middleware
to call the promise. put() function creates an effect, which instructs middleware to dispatch an action to the store.
Let’s take example of how these effects work for fetching particular user data.
function* fetchUserSaga(action) {
// `call` function accepts rest arguments, which will be passed to `api.fetchUser` function.
// Instructing middleware to call promise, it resolved value will be assigned to `userData` const userData = yield
call(api.fetchUser, action.userId)
// Instructing middleware to dispatch corresponding action.
yield put({
type: 'FETCH_USER_SUCCESS',
userData
})
}

176.What is Redux Thunk?

Redux Thunk middleware allows you to write action creators that return a function instead of an action. The thunk can be used
to delay the dispatch of an action, or to dispatch only if a certain condition is met. The inner function receives the store
methods dispatch() and getState() as parameters.

177.What are the differences between redux-saga and redux-thunk?

Both Redux Thunk and Redux Saga take care of dealing with side effects. In most of the scenarios, Thunk uses Promises to
deal with them, whereas Saga uses Generators. Thunk is simple to use and Promises are familiar to many developers,
Sagas/Generators are more powerful but you will need to learn them. But both middleware can coexist, so you can start with
Thunks and introduce Sagas when/if you need them.

178.What is Redux DevTools?

Redux DevTools is a live-editing time travel environment for Redux with hot reloading, action replay, and customizable UI. If
you don’t want to bother with installing Redux DevTools and integrating it into your project, consider using Redux DevTools
Extension for Chrome and Firefox.

179.What are the features of Redux DevTools?

Some of the main features of Redux DevTools are below,
 Lets you inspect every state and action payload.
 Lets you go back in time by cancelling actions.
 If you change the reducer code, each staged action will be reevaluated.
 If the reducers throw, you will see during which action this happened, and what the error was.
 With persistState() store enhancer, you can persist debug sessions across page reloads.

180.What are Redux selectors and why to use them?

Selectors are functions that take Redux state as an argument and return some data to pass to the component.
For example, to get user details from the state:

These selectors have two main benefits,

 The selector can compute derived data, allowing Redux to store the minimal possible state
 The selector is not recomputed unless one of its arguments changes
181.What is Redux Form?
Redux Form works with React and Redux to enable a form in React to use Redux to store all of its state. Redux Form can be
used with raw HTML5 inputs, but it also works very well with common UI frameworks like Material UI, React Widgets and
React Bootstrap.

182.What are the main features of Redux Form?

Some of the main features of Redux Form are:
 Field values persistence via Redux store.
 Validation (sync/async) and submission.
 Formatting, parsing and normalization of field values.

183.How to add multiple middlewares to Redux?

You can use applyMiddleware().
For example, you can add redux-thunk and logger passing them as arguments to applyMiddleware():

184.How to set initial state in Redux?

You need to pass initial state as second argument to createStore:

185.How Relay is different from Redux?

Relay is similar to Redux in that they both use a single store. The main difference is that relay only manages state originated
from the server, and all access to the state is used via GraphQL queries (for reading data) and mutations (for changing data).
Relay caches the data for you and optimizes data fetching for you, by fetching only changed data and nothing more.

186.What is an action in Redux?

Actions are plain JavaScript objects or payloads of information that send data from your application to your store. They are the
only source of information for the store. Actions must have a type property that indicates the type of action being performed.
For example, let’s take an action which represents adding a new todo item:
React Native
187.What is the difference between React Native and React?
React is a JavaScript library, supporting both front end web and being run on the server, for building user interfaces and web
applications. React Native is a mobile framework that compiles to native app components, allowing you to build native mobile
applications (iOS, Android, and Windows) in JavaScript that allows you to use React to build your components, and
implements React under the hood.

188.How to test React Native apps?

React Native can be tested only in mobile simulators like iOS and Android. You can run the app in your mobile using expo app
(https://expo.io) Where it syncs using QR code, your mobile and computer should be in same wireless network.

189.How to do logging in React Native?

You can use console.log, console.warn, etc. As of React Native v0.29 you can simply run the following to see logs in the
console:
$ react-native log-ios
$ react-native log-android

190.How to debug your React Native?

Follow the below steps to debug React Native app:
1. Run your application in the iOS simulator.
2. Press Command + D and a webpage should open up at http://localhost:8081/debugger-ui.
3. Enable Pause On Caught Exceptions for a better debugging experience.
4. Press Command + Option + I to open the Chrome Developer tools, or open it via View -> Developer -> Developer Tools.
5. You should now be able to debug as you normally would.
React supported libraries & Integration
191.What is reselect and how it works?
Reselect is a selector library (for Redux) which uses memoization concept. It was originally written to compute derived data
from Redux-like applications state, but it can’t be tied to any architecture or library.
Reselect keeps a copy of the last inputs/outputs of the last call, and recomputes the result only if one of the inputs changes. If
the the same inputs are provided twice in a row, Reselect returns the cached output.
It’s memoization and cache are fully customizable.

192.What is Flow?
Flow is a static type checker designed to find type errors in JavaScript.
Flow types can express much more fine-grained distinctions than traditional type systems. For example, Flow helps you catch
errors involving null, unlike most type systems.

193.What is the difference between Flow and PropTypes?

Flow is a static analysis tool (static checker) which uses a superset of the language, allowing you to add type annotations to all
of your code and catch an entire class of bugs at compile time.
PropTypes is a basic type checker (runtime checker) which has been patched onto React. It can’t check anything other than
the types of the props being passed to a given component. If you want more flexible typechecking for your entire project
Flow/TypeScript are appropriate choices.

194.How to use Font Awesome icons in React?

The below steps followed to include Font Awesome in React:
a. Install font-awesome:
$ npm install --save font-awesome
b. Import font-awesome in your index.js file:
import 'font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css'
c. Add Font Awesome classes in className:

195.What is React Dev Tools?

React Developer Tools let you inspect the component hierarchy, including component props and state. It exists both as a
browser extension (for Chrome and Firefox), and as a standalone app (works with other environments including Safari, IE, and
React Native).
The official extensions available for different browsers or environments.
 Chrome extension
 Firefox extension
 Standalone app (Safari, React Native, etc)

196.Why is DevTools not loading in Chrome for local files?

If you opened a local HTML file in your browser (file://...) then you must first open Chrome Extensions and check Allow access
to file URLs.

197.How to use Polymer in React?

You need to follow below steps to use Polymer in React,
a. Create a Polymer element:
jsx harmony <link rel='import' href='../../bower_components/polymer/polymer.html'/> Polymer({ is: 'calender-element',
ready: function() { this.textContent = 'I am a calender'} })
b. Create the Polymer component HTML tag by importing it in a HTML document, e.g. import it in the index.html of your
React application:
<link rel='import' href='./src/polymer-components/calender-element.html'>
c. Use that element in the JSX file:
198.What are Styled Components?
styled-components is a JavaScript library for styling React applications. It removes the mapping between styles and
components, and lets you write actual CSS augmented with JavaScript.

199.Give an example of Styled Components?

Lets create <Title> and <Wrapper> components with specific styles for each.
import React from 'react'
import styled from 'styled-components'
// Create a <Title> component that renders an <h1> which is centered, red and sized at const Title = styled.h1`
font-size: 1.5em;
text-align: center;
color: palevioletred;
`
// Create a <Wrapper> component that renders a <section> with some padding and a papayawhip const Wrapper =
styled.section`
padding: 4em;
background: papayawhip;
`

These two variables, Title and Wrapper, are now components that you can render just like any other react component.

200.What is Relay?
Relay is a JavaScript framework for providing a data layer and client-server communication to web applications using the
React view layer.

201.How to use TypeScript in create-react-app application?

Starting from [email protected] or higher, there is a built-in support for typescript. i.e, create-react-app now supports
typescript natively. You can just pass --typescript option as below
npx create-react-app my-app --typescript
# or
yarn create react-app my-app --typescript
But for lower versions of react scripts, just supply --scripts-version option as react-scripts-ts while you create a new project.
react-scripts-ts is a set of adjustments to take the standard create-react-app project pipeline and bring TypeScript into the mix.
Now the project layout should look like the following:
my-app/
.gitignore
images.d.ts
node_modules/
public/
src/
...
package.json
tsconfig.json
tsconfig.prod.json
tsconfig.test.json
tslint.json