ARCH

If a circular pizza is cut using only A certain book has 500 pages num- A speaker was so boring that one-half
straight cuts and yields seven pieces, bered 1, 2, 3, and so on. How many of the audience left after a few
what is the minimum number of cuts times does the digit 1 appear in the minutes. Five minutes later, one-third
that are made? page numbers? of the remaining audience left. Ten
minutes later, one-fourth of those
remaining left, leaving only nine
people in the audience. How many
people were in the audience at the
beginning of the lecture?

Each letter represents a different An airline allows a passenger's luggage Tom can beat Dick by one-tenth of a What is the area of the set of points
number. Identical letters represent to weigh x pounds and charges an adru- mile in a five-mile race. Dick can beat I - iy I ~ 1 and
(x, y ) such that lx
identical numbers. Rewrite the multi- tional fee for each excess pound. Mr. Harry by one-fifth of a mile in a five- IYI ~ 1?
plication example using the correct and Mrs. Byrd had a combined luggage mile race. By how far can Tom beat
numbers. weight of 105 pounds and were charged Harry in a five-mile race?
$1.00 and $1.50, respectively. A third pas-
SPACER
senger also had 105 pounds of luggage
x3
and was charged $6.50 for the excess
PACERS
weight. How many pounds are allowed
free of charge for each passenger?

1\vo noncongruent triangles have the Establish the following algebraic A man spent one-third of his money What is the area of the union of two
same area. One has sides of lengths 5, identity geometrically, using areas of and lost two-thirds of the remainder. circles of radius 1 whose centers are 1
5, and 4. The other has sides of rectangles: He then had twelve pieces. How many unit apart?
lengths 5, 5, and x. Find x. pieces had he at first?
(a + b)(c + d ) =ac + be + ad + bd

Larry's birthday is in April. Michelle's If a is randomly chosen from M = For 1975 through 1990, the number of Find the percent increase in the area
birthday is in October. Determine the 1-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3}, b is randomly masters degrees, M, awarded in of a circular pizza if the radius is
probability that their birthdays are chosen from N =1-3,-2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 31, library and archival science in the increased from nine inches to ten
within 180 days of each other. and c is randomly chosen from P = Umted States can be modeled by inches.
1-6,-4, -2, 0, 2, 4, 6}, determine the
probability that (x, y) = (-1, 2) is a M =670~280 - 31.6x tx 2 ,
solution to ax + by =c.
where x =5 represents 1975. In which
year prior to 1990 were approximately
masters degrees earned?
The total amount in millions of Mathematics Two different numbers are drawn A peddler is taking eggs to the market
Year Research
dollars, T, spent by the federal 1980 $ 91 from the set 12, 3, 4, 5, 6} without to sell. The eggs are in a cart that
government on mathematics research 1981 $118 replacement. What is the probability holds up to 500 eggs. If the eggs are
from 1980 through 1990 is shown in 1982 $128 that the product of the numbers removed from the cart 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 at
1983 $134
the chart. Use (0, 91) and (8, 212) to 1984 $15 1 selected is a multiple of 3? a time, one egg is always left over. If
determine an approximate line of 1985 $184 the eggs are removed 7 at a time, no
best fit. From the equation, predict the 1986 $1.85 eggs are left over. How many eggs are
1987 $205
amount that the federal government 1988 $212 in the cart?
wiU spend for mathematics research 1989 $230
1990 $245
in 1996.
Source: National Science Foundation

The year 1991 was the last year of the Glod and Clod, both 50 percent An archery target is one meter in If Juan can consume in one sitting one
twentieth century whose number is a marksmen with a squirt gun, decide to diameter. If 10 percent of the arrows medium (12-inch diameter), deep-dish
palindrome, that is, reads the same fight a duel in which they alternate striking the target ,_ 1m - · (l-inch thick) pizza, what is the
backward and forward. How many shots until one gets wet. What is the strike the bull's- : ~ : minimum volume of his stomach?
I
years between the years 2000 and probability that the first man to shoot eye, what is the
3000 will be palindromic? will win the duel? diameter of the
bull's-eye? Assume
that the arrows
strike randomly.

Create a numerical expression for 5 Jenny travels to France with $100.00 Tina's goal is to make 45 percent of
using only adclition, subtraction, in United States currency, which she her shots during the basketball sea-
multiplication, division, parentheses, exchanges at the rate of 5.85 francs son. After nineteen games, she has
and five 6s. per dollar. She spends 100 francs in where x equals what number? made 38 percent of her 203 shots. She
Paris. She then takes the francs she has eight games left and estimates
has left and exchanges them for that she will shoot at about the same
Italian lira at the rate of995lira per pace as during the first nineteen
franc. What is the rate of lira per games. What percent of her shots
dollar? must she make during the rest of the
season to reach her goal of 45 percent?

How many Mrs. Jones drove from Santa Barbara This clock has a regular hexagonal Lois is two meters tan (she is good at
triangles are to San Francisco last week. She plans face. The sum of the numbers along mathematics and basketball). A
contained in to make the same trip tomorrow. She the top side is 24, that is, 11 + 12 + 1. streetlight, ten meters away, casts a
Lhe figure? figures that if she increases her speed ReatTange the numbers four-meter shadow of Lois. How tall is
by one-fifth, she will make the trip in on the clock so ,...--- , the streetlight?
six hours. How long clid it take her to that the sum of
make the first trip? the three
numbers along
any side is 17.

© National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, 1906 Association Drive, Reston, VA 22091-1593

 L. Schulman, and R. Spungin.
[Palo Alto, Calif.: Dale Seymour
Publications, 1986].)

5 Forty pounds. Since Mr. and

Mrs. Byrd paid $2.50 on their
overweight (105- 2x) pounds of
luggage, the price per pound on
their excess luggage was
2.50/(105- 2x). The third passen-
ger paid $6.50 for his (105 - x)
pounds of excess luggage and the
airline charged him 6.50/(105 -x)
dollars per pound. Setting the
two equations equal to each other
gives
2.5
-6.5-,
105-2x 105 -x
2.5(105- x) = 6.5(105- 2x),
262.5- 2.5x =682.5 -13x,
10.5x =420,
x = 40.
(Adapted from A Problem Solving
Approach to Mathematics for Ele-
mentary School Teachers, 3d ed.,
by Rick Billstein, Schlomo Libe-
skind, and Johnny W. Lott [Red-
wood City, Calif.: Benjamin/Cum-
George Lenchner [Boston: 1 1 1 1 mings Publishing Co., 1987].)
1 Three cuts are needed. Houghton Mifflin Co., 1983].)
- x -- x- - x+ - x =9
2 6 8 24
1
6 37/125, or 0.296, mile. Letx be
3 Thlrty-six people. Nine people - x =9 the distance run by Harry when
were three-fourths of the audi- 4 Tom completes the five-mile race.
ence before the last people left, x=36 We can construct a table for the
so before the last exit, twelve distances run when Tom and
Dick each complete their five-
people were in the audience. 4 285 714 • 3 =857 142 or
mile run.
Those twelve people were two- 142 857 • 3 = 428 571.
thirds of the people after the first Tom Dick Harry
exit, so eighteen people were pre- 1 - -
sent after the first exit. Those - = .142857
7
5 miles
(5-~)miles x miles
(Adapted from Teaching Problem eighteen were one-half of the
Soh•ing: What, Why, and How by
Randall Charles and Frank
total audience, so the lecture ~ = .285714 5 miles ( 5-nmiles
began with an attendance of 7
Lester [Palo Alto, Calif.: Dale thirty-six. (Adapted from Dell Set up a proportion to show the
Seymour Publications, 1982].) Math Puzzles and Logic Prob· ~ =.428571 relationshlps that exist.
terns, No. 13.) 7
2 200 times. The digit 1 will For an alternative solution, let 6 -- 49
appear in the ones place 50 x be the number of people in the - = .857142
7 10 X
times, in the tens place 50 times, audience.
and in the hundreds place 100 (Adapted from TOPS Problem 5 24
times: 50+ 50+ 100 = 200. Resource Book (Secondary, 5
(Adapted from Creative Problem Grades 9- 12) by C. Greenes,
Soh•mg in School Mathematics by G. Immerzeel, E. Ockenga, (Continued on page 215)

The Editorial Panel of the Mathematics Teacher is considering sets of problems submitted by individuals, classes of prospective teachers,
and mathematics clubs for publication in the calendar during the 1996-97 academic year. Please write to the editorial coordinator, 1906
Assoctation Drit·e, Reston, VA 22091· 1593, for guidelines, or send your request through e-mail to [email protected].
T1ro other sources of problems in calendar form are available from NCTM: "Calendars for the Calculating" (a set of nine monthly calendars
that originally appeared from September 1983 to May 1984, order number 344, $7.00) and "A Year of Mathematics" (one annual calendar
that originally appeared m September 1982, order number 311. $3.50; set of{iue, order number 312, $7.00). Individual members receive a
20 percent drscount off these prices. Wrrte to NCTM. Department P, for the catalog of educational materials, which includes a listing for the
publzcation Exploratory Problems in Mathematics.-Ed.

226 THE MATHEMATICS TEACHER

 SOLUTIONS TO CALENDAR - Continued from page 226

5x=(~~X254) 2 4
-x - - x=12
3 9
in the interval [91, 120) andy
is an integer in the interval
Therefore, T = 15.125x + 91. ln
1996, x = 16. Therefore,
[274, 304), what is the probabili-
588
x= - ~x= 12 ty that y- x < 180? Starting with T =15.125(16)+91
9 the 95th day, we find that one
125 = 333 million dollars.
day in October is within 180 days
Therefore, the distance by which x =54 pieces (the 274th). The 96th day can be
Tom could beat Harry is (Adapted from Mathematical paired with two October days, 18 7/10. Since the order in
5- (588/125) miles, which is Recreations, 2d ed., by Maurice the 97th with three, and so on. which the numbers are drawn
37/125, or 0.296, mile. Kraitchik [New York: Dover The pattern continues through does not matter, C(5, 2) =10
Publications, 1953].) the 120th day, when 26 choices choices are possible. For the
7 Six units exist in October. This process product to be a multiple of 3, one
) --"-+------.!.::;.
(-2 •....,..1.:....
11 {4tr/3 + "3!2) square units. gives 1 + 2 + 3 + · · · + 25 + 26 = number must be 3 or 6. If one
Since the radii of the circles are 1 351 possible two-day choices number is 3, four choices are
and the centers are 1 unit apart, where the October day is within available for the other number.
b. AOC and !:.BOG are equilateral 180 days of the April day. The Similarly, if one number is 6,
X
triangles and mLAOB = 120°. total two-day pairings number three choices are available for the
:=::-;:=t:====(2, -1) The area of circle 0 is rc •12. The {30)(31). The probability is other number. The choice 3, 6
3511930 that their birthdays are was counted in the first case, so
{Adapted from Lehigh University sector AOB has area within 180 days of each other. it was not counted again as 6, 3.
High School Mathematics Contest.) 120° n
- n=-.
360° 3 1 3 19/343. The possible combi- 19 301. The least common
8 x=2.J2i nations for a, b, and care 7 • 7 • multiple of 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 is 60.
7 =343. Of these, only the choices The number of eggs is 1 more

&
where a, b, and care in arithmetic than a multiple of 60 and must
progression will lead to an equa- be divisible by 7. Usj a calculator
tion ax + by =c that contains to find k such that 7 60k + 1. The
(- 1, 2) in its solution set.lfCx, y) = next possible number after 301 is
2 2 (-1, 2), then -a+ 2b =c. Any odd 721, which is greater than 500.
choice for a will not generate the
~ -121 .J2f
1
Area b.AOB = - • AB •OD
2
needed progression. A choice of2
or -2 from the first set yields a
20 Ten. They are 2002, 2112,
2222, 2332,2442,2552, 2662,
total of twelve possibilities, and a 2772, 2882, and 2992.
=! . .[3.! choice of 0 from set M gives seven
h = ' 25 - 4 = .J2i 2 2 opportunities. The probability is 21 213. The first man to shoot
Area of first triangle 19/343. can win on the first shot, the
.J3 third shot, the fifth shot, and so
= ~bh =~(4)( -/21) =21 21
=- 14 1980 on. However, if he wins on the
4
third shot, he has missed with
Area of second triangle The area of the union is the area 5360 = 670/ 280- 31.6x +x 2 his first shot and so has his oppo-
of the two circles minus the two nent. lfhe wins on the fifth shot,
= ~bh = ~(2121 )(2) = 2./21 overlapping regions. 8 = .J280 - 31.6x + x 2 he has missed with two shots and
so has his opponent. We are obvi-
64 = 280-31.6x+x 2 ously involved with an infinite
X= 2"\'21
31.6± \1998.56 -864 series.
(Adapted from Lehigh University x= - - - - - - - The probability that the first
High School Mathematics Contest.) 2 man to shoot will win follows:
x = 10 or 21.6 1 11111111
9 a b - + - x - x - + - x-x-x - x- + . ·.
Since x = 5 represents 1975, 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

:B Area=2 • JT • 12 -2
· (area of sector- area of triangle)

=2n-2
(-3- 4
n , ~)
3
x = 10 represents 1980.

15 23.5 percent. The area of

the first pizza is 81Tr, and the
area of the second pizza is 100tr.
10 Fifty-four pieces. This classic The increase is 19Jr, which is
problem, published in 1484 in approximately 23.5 percent of
Triparty en la science des nombres 4n , 3 .
= - + - square uruts 811r.
by Nicolas Chuquet of France, 3 2
assumes that all pieces are of the 16/17 $333 million. Given An infinite geometric series has
same size. Letx equaJ the original 12 3511930, or 117/310. April (0, 91) and (8, 212), we find the this form:
number of pieces. 1st is the 91st day of the year, slope to be
a + ar + ar2 + ar3 + ...
and 30 April is day 120. October
~x-~(~x)=12
3 3 3
1st is the 274th day, and 31 Octo-
ber is day 304. If xis an integer
121
8
=15.125. If - 1 < r < 1, then the sum of this
(Continued on page 227)

Vol. 89, No. 3 • March 1996 215

 SOLUTIONS TO CALENDAR - Continued from page 215

series is 27 -62 percent. Tina has aver- F t:. ABC

a t = 36=7!.
aged about 10.7 shots per game t:. CDH 5 5
1-r' during the first 19 basketball t:. CDE The first trip took 7 1/5 hours, or

l
where r -:t 1. Hence, games (203/19). If this pace con-
tinues, her season shot total will t:. CHE 7 hours and 12 minutes.
be 203 + (8)(10.7), 289. Her goal t:. GIE
of 45 percent is (0.45)(289)"" 130 t:. GEF 30 One arrangement is given;
!(1+!+!+!+ .. ·) =!( _
1 shots made. After 19 games she t:. EFI other possibilities exist.
2 4 4 4 2 1-! has made 38 percent of 203, or
4 77, shots. She must make 53 of 7 9
her remaining 86 shots, or -62 29 Let r = rate for first trip, t = 4 11
1 4 2 percent. time for first trip, and d = dis-
= - X- = - .
2 3 3 tance from Santa Barbara to San 6 5

The probability that the first 28 Twenty triangles. Careful Francisco. For the first trip, d = 8 10

man to shoot will win is two- organization makes the counting rt. For the second trip,
3 12 2
thirds; that is, the odds favor process much easier. One attack
him, 2 to 1. is to divide the cat into three
regions and count the triangles d=(~r}= 356 r. 31 Seven meters. Let h be the
22 ~ 0.316 m. The area of the in each region. Three regions height of the streetlight. Using
shaded region is 10 percent, or could be head, body, and tail. Since the right-hand members of similar triangles we can show that
1110, of the area of the entire tar- Head: 10 triangles these two equations both equal d, h 14
get. Let r equal the radius of the Body: 3 triangles we have - =-
bull's-eye and 0.5 m equal the Tail: 7 triangles 2 4
radius of the target. 36 so h = 7 meters.
Total = 20 triangles rt= - r.

h~
5
7Cr 2 1 Many people can see only six tri-
Since r is not equal to zero, we
angles in the tail. To convince the
7C(o.st = 10' skeptic that seven are present, may divide both members of this 10 4
we list them as follows: equation by r, obtaining ~
2 (o.s)2
r =--
10 ,

r=
0.5
J10' Create tests faster and
or approximately 0.316 m. easier than ever before!
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=238

Vol. 89, No. 3 • March 1996 227