What is the length of the main How many four-digit palindromes A hound is in pursuit of a fox that is

1 diagonal of a 10-cm cube? 2middlecan you make so that the sum of the
two digits is twice the sum of the
3 10 m ahead of it. While the fox runs
1 m, the hound runs 10 m. How far will
outer two numbers? the hound run before it overtakes the
fox?

4 An equilateral triangle 1 em on a
side is inscribed in a circle. What is
the diameter of the circle?
5 6fours,Samantha collects seashells. she
If
counts the shells by twos, threes,
fives, or sixes, one is always left
7dollarWhat would be the length (in km) of
four-million-dollars worth of ten-
bills if they were laid end to end?
over. However, counting them by sevens
comes out even. What is the fewest
Write the digits 1-8 in the squares so that number of shells she could have?
no two consecutive numbers are next to
each other (i.e., share a common side or
vertex).
John, Dirk, Juanita, and Cindy Fifteen pool balls are numbered W~at
is the The area of a regular hexagon is
828, andare aU friends. Their ages are 34, 29,
27. Juanita is married to the
9 1 through 15. Arrange them in a
regular triangular form (as though they
1 0 umque
numerical value of
ALARAPXA\'
ALEr\RERS
RAREPLL
11 24 square units. Interior to it
another regular hexagon is constructed
oldest person. John is older than Juanita were racked) so that the three balls in each letter in the LE:\LXP by connecting the midpoints of the sides
addition problem
LA:\PT of the original hexagon. What is the area
but younger than Cindy. Who is married the middle sum to 39 and the five balls on LAT:\
to whom and what are their ages? each side of the triangle sum to 39. shown? REX of the newly constructed hexagon?
~ E
SR
+ A
EE'\\'STYS::>
Find the largest two-digit integer Long, long ago a farmer needed Given an isosceles trapezoid In five ordered seats, Kristen can
12 that is increased by 75 percent of
its value if its digits are reversed.
13 to buy 100 head of livestock with
exactly $100.00 Cows were $10.00 each,
14 formed by a square with side 6/3 15 sit by only females, Chuck must
and two congruent triangles. Two base sit dit·ectly before Katina, and Megan
hogs were $3.00 each, and chickens were angles of the trapezoid measure 60 must sit in the first seat. Where does
$0.50 each. If she had to buy at least one degrees each, as shown. Find the area of Wally have to sit?
of each, how many of each did she buy? the trapezoid. A s...[3 r
 If b U I Vf::ll (..JU;&(; u jJt: H i.al!;U JI .db"C/L7b· 1~
j_ U l vtm Lne sa m e 11g ure a nti
7 measurements as in problem 16, l. M >:>uppo:>e -.;na~ A n ::l!>ula t' pvtygon h a:, tt ::> tUe:,
.l9 and 170 diagonals. Find the value
.JL formed by square ABDE and a+ 13b =
equilateral triangle BCD and that the what is the area of tlCDE? 3 ofn.
3a-b ·
perimeter of the pentagon is 40. Find the Find the value of
area of the pentagon.

AD>
E D
c
a''
b3'

20 What is the valu__e o_f---=== 21 Find the positive integer n for

+
22 Arrange the nine digits 23 The last four digits of my
telephone number add to six,
~ 7 + [48 + ~7 - J48? which s (n) where
n = 1988, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
but none of the digits is zero. What is the
s(n) denotes the sum of the digits of n. in order from left to right, inserting plus
and minus signs to produce a result of probability that your one guess is
100. correct?

24 Exactly one of the following six

numbers is a perfect square; 25 Anumber
prime-prime is a prime
that remains prime 2 6 ofA large cube has a surface area
216 cm What is the total
2•

surface area of two smaller cubes whose

2 Given a square of area each
7 vertex A,
is joined clockwise to the
midpoint of one opposite side. Describe
can you determine which one? when its units digit is truncated (e.g., 317
is a prime-prime because 31 is prime). edges are half as long as those of the the figure formed in the center and find
64 844 231 096 378 Find all two-digit prime-primes. large cube? its area.
75 406 651 906 592
55 432 988 756 447
23 784 855 888 784
19 830 005 200 433
66 971 114 742 058 ~

Can you use exactly six Find 11 four-digit number so that

28 congruent line segments and 29 Clyde wants to cut out digits to
write all the whole numbers 3 0 troops to form into six rows, with 31 when a decimal is placed
An officer directed her twelve

between its hundreds and tens digits, the

arrange them so as to form six congruent from I to 100, inclusive. How many of three individuals in every row, so that
result is the average of the two-digit
,,i.ngles?v ~---
each of the ten digits will he need? she could place herself at a point that
\ would be equidistant from every row.
Demonstrate that it is possible for the
numbers on either side of the decimal.

troops to carry out the officer's orders.

"T

@NatlonaiCounciiOfTeBc~WsofMatharnatlcS, 1906Aiaodallona.Mt.'f'e$11;¥A ,.f*1

 ANSWERS TO CALENDAR
This month's problems 1-10 were supplied by the sp~ing-~emester
1988 problem-solving class of Michael C. Hynes•. ~mverstty of Cen-
® 301. (2 · 2 · 3 · 5 · n) + 1 will
have a remainder of 1 when
divided by 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 if n is an
tral Florida, Orlando, FL 32816-Muffet Fox, Wtlham Glover, Fay integer. The expression is a multi-
Grady, Nancy Goodwin, Cynthia Hildebrand, Mary Frances Hout, ple of 7 when n = 5. (2 · 2 · 3 · 5 · 5)
Donna Ray, Sister Maria Scortino, Kathleen Snyder, Paula Sper- + 1 = 301 seashells. If not limited
rezza, J ames Straehla, and Holly Willis. Problems. 13-17 were fur- to least number, some other possi-
nished by Richard A. Little's fall-term 1987 class tn Math 610, Ge- bilities are 721 (n = 12) and 1141
ometry for Teachers, at Ohio State University- Lydia Appel, Andy (n = 19).
Banas Debbie Capra, Don Chandler, Jeri Earnest, Amy Edwards,
Doria~ Edwards Jackie Hutchings, Ken Seidel, Jeff Smith, and
Laura Wenig. P;oblems 20, 23, 25, 27, and 31 were provided by (j) lar
If the length of one ten-dol-
bill is 156 mm, then
Charles D. Gallant, Saint Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, NS 400 000 ten-dollar bills would have
B2G 1CO. Problems 11, 12, 18, 19, and 21 were provided by George a length of 62.4 km.
Berzsenyi, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology, Terre Haute, IN
47803. Problems 22, 24, 26, and 28-30 were taken from 101 Puzzle
Problems by Nathaniel B. Bates and Sanderson M. Smith (Concord,
Mass. : Bates Publishing Co., 1980).
® Dirk (34) is married to Jua-
nita (27); John (28) is mar-
ried to Cindy (29).

® One solution:
f.i\ 17.32 em, or lOVs em. First fA'\ 2VJ/3 em. In equilateral 11
\V find the length of the diago- ~ b. ABC draw altitude AD. 4 1
nal of any face: b. ADC is a 30-60-90 triangle. 810 9
c2 = 102 + 102 ThereforE AC = 1, DC = 112, and 3 15 14 6
AD = V3/2. The altitudes of an
= 200 13 2 7 5 12
equilateral triangle meet in the
So c = v'20o = 10V2. The diago- circumcenter of the triangle, which Answers are many; the centers
nal of the cube is the hypotenuse is also the point that divides the need to be 12, 13, 14 or 11, 13, 15
of a right triangle formed by the altitudes into two parts having a or 10, 14, 15.
diagonal of one face and an edge: ratio of 1:2. ThereforE AT = 2/3 of
d 2 = (10Vz) 2 + 10 2
= 200 + 100 = 300
Vs/2, or 2Vs/6 = V3/3. AT is a
radius. Thus, the diameter is
@ P=O E = 3 T = 6 L=9
N=l Y = 4 X = 7
2Va/3. A=2 S = 5 R = 8
So d = v'30o = lOVs. Step 1. Since the sum of all the
A digits 0-9 is 45, the sum of
the first column is 45 and
s = 5.
Step 2. Y is not added in the tens
column, and 4 was re-
grouped into the tens from
the sum of the ones col-
umn. Since the sum ends
in a 5, it is 45. So the dig·
its 0-9 must have been
added. The missing num·
A ber is the same as the
number regrouped
( Y = 4). A 4 is regrouped
into the hundreds column.

® Four. If the palindrome is

abba, we want 2b = 2(2a),
Step 3. In the hundreds column,
Y, S, and T are not added.
Since Y = 4 and S = 5, the
orb = 2a; thus 1221 , 2442, 3663, sum is 45 - (4 + 5 + Tl +
and 4884. 4, or 40 - T; since the
sum has a 4 in the ones
® 11 1/9 m. Let x be the dis-
tance the hound will run
until it catches the fox. Set the
® One solution is
place, it is 34 and T = 6. A
3 is regrouped.
Step 4. In the next columnS, T,
times of the hound and the fox Y, and X are not added.
equal. 45 - (4 + 5 + 6 + X) +
X X - 10
X 4 6 X 3 = 45 - (12 + Xl =
10 = - 1 -
x = lOx - 100
100 = 9x
I 7 1 8 2 I 33 - X. Since the colum·
nar sum has a 6 in the

x= ll!. X 3 5 X
9 (Continued on page 549)

552 - - - -- - - - - - -- - - -- - -- - - - -- - -- -- -- Mathematics Teacher

 ANSWERS TO CALENDAR-Continued from page 552
ones place, X is 7. A 2 is
regrouped.
~ 48. Letting n = lOa + b, (16) 64 + 16v'3
\!.5I one seeks a and b such that
Step 5. S, T, X, Y, and Pare not lOb + a = 7/4 (lOa + b ). When
added in the next column. simplified, this equation yields b "'
45 - (4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + P) + 2a. Since b s 9, the largest possi-
2 = 45 - (20 + P) = 25 - ble value of a is 4, yielding n =
P. Since the columnar sum 48.
has a 0 in the ones place, Alternative solution 1:
P = 0. A 2 is regrouped. 1.75(10t + u) = lOu + t
St~p 6. S, T , Y, X, P, and N are
17.5t + l.75u"' lOu .._ t
not added in the next col- \

umn. 45 - (4 + 5 + 6 +
7 + 0 + N ) + 2 = 45 -
16.5t = 8.25u
2t = u @ CDEX 16. The area of tr~Wezoid
is 32 + 8 V 3 (half the
(20 + N) = 25 - E . Since u is even. The largest even digit is area of the pentagon). The area of
the columnar sum has a 4 8. :. if u is 8, 1 is 4. 6.CXE is 1/2 · 4 · (8 + 4 v'3 ), which
in the ones place, N = 1. Alternative solution 2: Let N = is 16 + 8\1'3. This result leaves 16
A 2 is regrouped. lOt + u where t < u. (Note: the by s ubtraction.
St~p 7. S, T, Y, X, P, N, and E are difference of the numbers reversed
not added in the next col- and the number is always nine
umn. 45 - (4 + 5 + 6 + times the difference of the digits.)
7 + 0 + 1 + E) + 2 = Therefore,
45 - (21 + E) = 24 - E.
Since the sum of the col- 9(u - t) = 34 ·N,
umn has a 1 in the ones
place, E = 3. A 2 is re- N = 336 (u - t)
grouped.
Step 8. E = 3. So A = 2, since L +
= 12(u - t).
Therefore, N is a multiple of 12 @ 8.From
A + 2$20.
Step 9. L + 2 + 2 = _3; therefore, (N = 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96), a + 13b =
3
L = 9 and R = 8. but N hast < u. Therefore, N = 3a - b '
12, 24, 36, 48. a + 13b = 9a - 3b, 8a "' 16b, and
f.1:t\ 18 square units. Divide the ~ The farmer must have
hence alb "' 2, yielding
~ derived hexagon's area into
six equilateral triangles and then ~ bought 5 cows, 1 hog, and ~: = c~r = 23.
further subdivide each of these tri- 94 chickens. x + y + z = 100 and
lOx + 3y + z/2 = 100, so 19x =
angles into three congruent 30-
5(20 - y). 19x has a factor of 5. 1-U\\ 20. In a polygon of n sides,
120-30 triangles as shown in the
Since 19 is prime and since 19x s ~ each vertex may be con-
illustration. Note that thereby the nected to n - 3 others to produce
original hexagon is divided into 100 and x ~ 0, then x = 5. Soy =
1 and z "' 94. diagonals. In counting this way,
twenty-four congruent parts, hence each diagonal is encoun tered
the area of each must be 1 square
unit. It follows that the newly con-
f.iA\ 108 + 36\1'3. The area of twice, so nl 2(n - 3 ) diagonals oc-
structed hexagon's area is 6 x 3.
\!.Y the trapezoid equals the cur. Solving the quadratic equa-
tion nl2(n - 3) = 170 and discard-
area of the square and the area of
the two 30-60-90 triangles, that is, ing its negative root give n = 20.
(6Va) 2 + 2(112. 6. 6\1'3).
@ 4. Letx = V 7+ V'4s +
r.ti:\ Chair 2. Since Megan sits in 7 - V4s. Then
~ chair 1, Kristen must sit in
either chair 2 or chair 5. If Kristen x 2 = 7 + v'48+ 2(49 - 48)+ 7- v'48
sits in chair 2, Katina must sit in = 14+ 2
chair 3, but then Chuck isn't = 16;
seated before her. So Kristen must x = 4.
be in chair 5, which puts Chuck in
chair 3. The only chair left for
Wally is chair 2. (Continued on page 553)

The Editorial Panel of the Mathematics Teacher is now considering sets of problems submitted by individu-
als, classes of prospective teachers, and mathematics clubs for publication in the calendar during the 1991-92
academic year. Please write to the editorial coordinator, 1906 Association Drive, Reston , VA 22091 , for
guidelines.
Two other sources of problems in calendar form are auailable from NCTM: "Calendars for the Calculating" (a
set of nine monthly calendars that originally appeared from September 1983 to May 1984; order number 344,
$5.75) and "A Year of Mathematics" (one annual calendar that originally appeared in September 1982; order
number 311, $2.50; set of fiue, order number 312, $5.00). Individual m.embers receive a 20 percent discount off
these prices.
October 1990 ------------------------------------------------ 549
 ANSWERS TO CA LENDAR-Continued from page 549
(n':;\ 1966. n :s; 1~88, and f~r has no meaning in this particular 2, 3 . ... , 1000 rather than the
'E..Y such n, s(n) ts largest tf n = problem.) given set.
1899, yielding s(n) = 27. Conse- The smaller cubes have sides of One approach could be to recog-
quently, n 2 1988 - 27 = 1961, length 3 em. The area of a face of nize that each of the digits 2, 3, 4,
that is, 1961 :s; n :s; 1988. Among a smaller cube is 9 em 2 , and the 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 appears exactly ten
these values, only n = 1966 satis- total s urface area of one s mall times as a tens digit and exactly
ties the equation s(n) + n = 1988. cube is 54 em 2 . Hence the total ten times as a units digit. <For in-
surface area of the two smaller stance, 2 appears as the tens digit
~ The problem can be solved cubes is 108 cm 2 . Interestingly, in 20, 21, 22, 23, .. . , 29 and as
'€:9 in various ways. One might the total surface a rea of the two the units digit in 2. 12. 22, . .. ,
save time by using a short-cut small cubes is half that of the orig- 9~. ) Hence we need twenty of each
strategy similar to t he two shown ina I cube when the sides of the of the digits 2, 3, 4, ... , 9.
here: smaller cubes are half as long as The number 1 appears twenty
t he s ides of the larger cube. Can a times in the roles stated previ-
1. Take 123 and arrange the other generalization be made? ously and also appears as a hun-
six digits so as to produce a total ~ dreds digit once in the number
of - 23. 'E.!) Square of area A /5 100. Hence we need twenty-one
123 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7 + 8 - 9 = 100 B l 's.
The number 0 appears as the
2. Ta ke 89 a nd arrange the other tens digit only once (in 1001 a nd as
seven digits so as to produce a a units digit ten times. Thus we
total of 11. need eleven O's.
We might note that we have
12 + 3 + 4 +5-6- 7 + 89 = 100 By congruent triangles we can Clyde cutting out a total of 192
prove that the figure is a square.
~ 1/10. Ten possibilities arise, Then by duplicating the figure
digits. This result agrees with the
number of digits needed for the set.
'E:9J four formed from the digits next to iLself, we can see that each l , 2, 3,
0 0 100.
0.

3, 1, 1, and 1 and six formed from triangle unites with each trapezoid
the digits 2, 2, 1, and 1. to yield a square with the same ~ The distance from a point to
~ a line not containing the
~ The units digit of any inte-
dimens ions as the center squa re.
Five equa l squares are formed in point is the length of t he perpen-
'EY ger is one of t he ten digits 0, the large square. dicular segment from the point to
1. 2, ... , 9. Note that- the line.
Since twelve soldiers are in-
0 2 = 0, 52 = 25, volved and six rows are requested,
12 = 1, 62 = 36, we must realize that each person
2 2 = 4, 72 = 49, cannot be in exactly one row, that
3 2 = 9, 8 2 = 64, is, some must be in more than one
4 2 = 16, g2 = 81. row. Some means "at least one."
The statement of the problem
In short, the units digit of a per- allows for the possibility that a
fect square must be 0, 2, 4, 5, 6, or row can contain more than three
9. The only number in the list sat- soldiers. However, the hexagon
isfying the stated condition is the solution shown has exactly three
fourth number from the top. Since
~ The use of the word exactly
individuals in each row.
we are given t hat exactly one of
the numbers is a perfect square, 'E3/ is important. We must use
the fourth number must be the exactly s ix segments; however, the
one. !<~or the record, statement of t he problem allows
for more than six triangles just as
23 784 855 888 784 = (4 876 972) 2 . long as we have six congruent tri- ,'
angles.
~ Work backward. Consider 2,
\9 3, 5, 7; adjoin 1, 3, 7, 9; a nd
rule out composites to yield 23, 29,
31,37, 53, 59, 71, 73, 79. Nine
prime-primes result. Designates rows

~ 108 em 2 . If we knew the @ 4950

\E9' length of a side of the large x..-y y
cube, we could get the desired a n-
-2-=XT lQQ
swer. Let x be the length of side of
large cube (in em). Therefore, ~ One could actually write
'E3J down the numbers 1, 2, 3, 50x + 50y = 100x + y
6x 2 = 216, .. . , 100 a nd literally count the 50x = 49y
number of limes each digit ap- 49y
x2 = 36, pears. However, this approach is x =5o
X= 6. not very sophisticated and would
I Note carefully that ( - 6) is also a be qujte tiresome if the set to be Since x is whole, y = 50. If y = 50,
root of x 2 = 36; however, this root constructed was something like 1, X = 49.

___________________________________________ 553
October 1990