JANUARY

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Copyright © 2000 The National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, Inc. www.nctm.org. All rights reserved.

Circles A and B with radii 3 and 4, 2 A circle’s diameter is divided in the 3 A 3 × 4 paper rectangle can be curled
1 respectively, intersect so that tangents ratio of 3 to 4, and semicircles are to form a cylinder in two ways. Find
at the two points of intersection are drawn on each segment, as shown. the ratio of the volumes of the two
perpendicular. Calculate the difference What is the ratio of the upper area to possible cylinders.
between the nonoverlapping areas of the lower area?
the two circular regions.

4
A B 3

4 What is the greatest number of bags 5 The digits 1, 2, 3, . . . , 9 are arranged, 6 How many triangles are in this figure? 7 The sum of the elements of a set of
that can be used to hold 190 marbles one per circle, in the triangle shown so positive integers is 100. What is the
if each bag must contain at least that the sum of the numbers on each greatest possible product of the
1 marble but no two bags may contain side of the triangle is the same. What integers in this set?
the same number of marbles? is the positive difference between the
greatest and least sums?

8 A circular table is pushed into the corner 9 What is the highest score that you 10 A list of gifts presented by “my true 11 Given a sufficient number of coins of
of a square room so that a point P on cannot get on the dartboard shown if love” is described in the song “The each denomination, how many ways
the edge of the table is 8 inches from you may throw as many darts as you Twelve Days of Christmas.” Counting can fifty cents be formed by using
one wall and 9 inches from the other wish? duplications, how many gifts were pennies, nickels, dimes, quarters, and
wall, as shown. given during the twelve days? fifty-cent pieces?
4
Find the radius P
of the table in 9
inches.

An urn contains 100 black and 100 Three cubes of volume 1, 8, and 27 are Two points are randomly and A trunk contains a mixture of red
12 white marbles. Repeatedly, 3 marbles
13 glued together at their faces. What is
14 simultaneously selected from the
15 socks and blue socks, at most 2000 in
are removed and replaced as follows: the smallest possible area of the 4 × 5 grid of twenty lattice points all. When two socks are selected
Marbles Removed Replaced with resulting configuration? {(m, n): 1  m  5 and 1  n  4}. randomly and without replacement,
3 black 1 black What is the probability that the dis- the probability is one-half that the
2 black, 1 white 1 black, 1 white tance between them is a rational colors match. What is the largest
1 black, 2 white 2 white number? possible number of red socks in the
3 white 1 black, 1 white
trunk?
When fewer than 3 marbles remain, what
is the probability that all are white?
 Determine the last four digits in the As shown in the diagram, a circle is You start a new job on 1 January 2000
16 decimal expansion of 92095.
17 divided into quadrants by two perpen-
18 A railroad rail one mile long is 19 and are given the choice of two
anchored at both ends. On a hot day
dicular diameters. A small circle is placed it expands one foot and buckles. advancement plans. Plan A gives you
in one of the quadrants such that it is Approximately how high off the a $2000 raise every year, starting with
tangent to the circle and to the two ground is it at its midpoint? your second year (1/1/01 to 12/31/01);
perpendicular diameters. plan B gives you a $500 raise every six
What is the ratio of months, starting with your second six
the area of the small months (7/1/00 to 12/31/00). Which
circle to the area of plan should you choose?
the big circle?

Baseball players Smith and Jones are A pile of watermelons weighed 100 A sheet of paper is folded flat in such a Find all three-digit numbers xyz that
20 going into the last day of the season
21 pounds and was 99 percent water. On
22 way that when the paper is unfolded,
23 equal the sum of the factorials of their
almost tied for the batting title: Jones a hot day, the pile dried out until it the creases form four rays with a digits, that is,
has 200 hits in 600 at bats; Smith has was only 98 percent water. How much common endpoint. Given the measures 100x + 10y + z = x! + y! + z!
199 hits in 600 at bats. On the last did the pile weigh after it dried? of any two adjacent angles formed by
day of the season, Jones goes 8 for 8 these rays, find the sum of the
and Smith goes 11 for 13. Who wins measures of the other two.
the batting title?
δ γ
α β

A Pentomino is a figure constructed Find x + y + z given that Evaluate the sum How many odd numbers are in
24 from five unit squares joined along
25 26 27 row 100 of Pascal’s triangle? Note
x
=
y
=
z
= 2.
1 + 2 • 3 + 3 • 9 + 4 • 27 + . . . + 9 • 3 .
8
their edges, for example, and . that the first row is row 0.
What is the smallest number of dis- 3 – x 5 – y 16 – z
tinct, nonoverlapping Pentominoes that
can be placed on a standard checker-
board so that none of the remaining
Pentominoes in the set can be placed
on the board? Note: The number of
distinct Pentominoes is twelve.

Two brothers, A and B, sold a herd of A census taker came to a house with A criminal is at the center of a circular In the figure, AEFB, BGHC, and ACJD
28 sheep. They received as many dollars per
29 no one home. He asked a neighbor the
30 pool. A police officer, who cannot swim,
31 are squares and the area of the two
sheep as the number of sheep in the orig- ages of the three inhabitants and was is standing at the edge of the pool. The shaded squares equals the unshaded
inal herd. The money was divided as told, “The product of their ages is 252; the police officer can run four times faster area of the figure. Show that the areas
follows: A took $10, then B took $10; next sum of their ages is their house num- than the criminal can swim. Can the of  ABC and E
D
A took $10, after which B took $10; and ber.” Later the census taker returned, police officer capture the criminal  FBG are equal, A
so on. At the end of the division, B found saying, “I need more information.” The before he escapes from the pool? and find F J
β C
that less than $10 was left, which he took. reply was,“The twins are named Derek m∠ABC. B
How much money must A give B so that and Doreen.” The census taker wrote down
each brother receives the same amount? the ages and left. What were the ages? G H

© National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, 1906 Association Drive, Reston, VA 20191-9988

 SOLUTIONS TO CALENDAR
Edited by Scott Stull, [email protected], EducAide Software, Richmond, CA 94806; associate editors Debra Kerr,
State College Area School District, Tyrone, PA 16686, and Jane Lataille, Windsor, CT 06095-1775
To welcome the year 2000, the following individuals submitted some of their favorite problems from the past. Problems 1
and 2 were submitted by Joe Kennedy, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056. Problem 3 was contributed by Diane
Thomas, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056. Problems 4–7 were supplied by Pat Vennebush, MATHCOUNTS
Foundation, Alexandria, VA 22314; problems 4–6 are from the MATHCOUNTS competitions. Problems 8 and 9 were
furnished by Susan Gardenhire, Albuquerque, NM 87111. Problems 10 and 11 were supplied by Gene Gardenhire,
Albuquerque, NM 87111. Problems 12–14 were prepared by Harold Reiter, University of North Carolina—Charlotte,
Charlotte, NC 28223. Problem 15 was proposed by Rick Parris, Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833. It came from
the 1991 AIME. Problems 16 and 17 were submitted by Archie Benton, North Buncombe High School, Weaverville, NC 28787.
Problems 18–21 are from Dick Gibbs, Fort Lewis College, Durango, CO 81302. Problem 22 was supplied by Monte Zerger,
Adams State College, Alamosa, CO 81102. Problems 23–25 were furnished by John Grant McLoughlin, Memorial Uni-
versity of Newfoundland, St. Johns, NF A1B 3X8. Problems 26 and 27 came from Al Cuoco, Center for Mathematics Edu-
cation, Newton, MA 02458, from CME problems. Problems 28–31 were contributed by Jim Totten, University College of
the Cariboo, Kamloops, BC V2C 5N3; they originally came from Cariboo College High School mathematics contests.

1 7π square units. Let a and b be In general, if the diameter is

divided in the ratio a/b, the ratio
petition, the answer was believed
to be 19 bags: 1 marble in the 1st
the vertices. Indeed, such an
arrangement is possible, as
the areas of the circular regions
and x be the overlapped area. of the areas will be b/a. bag, 2 marbles in the 2nd bag, shown in the following:
The desired difference (a – x) – and so on, with 19 marbles in the
(b – x) is a – b, the difference in 3 3/4. When 4 is the altitude, 19th bag (1 + 2 + . . . + 19 = 190). 1
the areas of the two circles, or the base radius is 3/(2π) and the However, one competitor pro-
6 9
16π – 9π = 7π. This result would volume is posed this solution, arriving at a
be true for these circles regardless 2 better answer: 8 4
 3 9
of their relative position, ranging 4π   = Place 1 marble in the 1st bag. 2 5 7 3
from B’s being completely inside  2π  π Then, in a 2nd bag, place 1
A to its being completely outside A. marble and the 1st bag. Now Likewise, the greatest sum
cubic units. When 3 is the altitude, the 1st bag still contains only 1
The orthogonality condition is
the base radius is 4/(2π) and the marble, but the 2nd bag con-
occurs when the three greatest
irrelevant. numbers are at the vertices, so 7, 8,
volume is tains 2 marbles. Within a 3rd and 9 should be used. The sum
2 4/3. The area of the upper 2
 4  12 bag, place 1 marble as well as along each of the three sides will be
region is 3π   = the 2nd bag and its contents.
 2π  π Continue this process for 190
(1 + 2 + 3 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + 9) + (7 + 8 + 9) = 23,
1
( ) ( ) ()
2 1 2 1 2 bags.
π 3.5 – π 1.5 + π 2 = 7π cubic units. The ratio of the two
2 2 2 3
volumes is
square units. The area of the
5 6. Any digit placed in a vertex if such an arrangement exists.
9 will affect the sum along two The arrangement follows:
lower region is sides of the triangle. To find the
π = 3.
least sum, then, use the smallest
1
( ) ( ) ()
2 1 2 1 2 21 12 4 7
π 3.5 + π 1.5 – π 2 = π numbers at the vertices. Hence,
2 2 2 4 π use the digits 1, 2, and 3. The 1 5
sum along each of the three sides
square units. The ratio of the In general, an a × b rectangle 6 3
area of the upper region to the will then be
will create cylinders whose volume
area of the lower region is ratio is a : b. (1 + 2 + 3 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + 9) + (1 + 2 + 3) = 17, 9 4 2 8

7π 4
= . 4 190 bags. When this problem 3 The difference between the
21 3 was first posed at the 1992 least and greatest possible sums
π that is, of course, if an arrangement
4 MATHCOUNTS National Com- exists with 1, 2, and 3 occupying is 23 – 17, or 6.

The Editorial Panel of the Mathematics Teacher is considering sets of problems submitted by individuals, classes of prospective teachers,
and mathematics clubs for publication in the monthly “Calendar” during the 2000–2001 academic year. Please write to the senior journal
editor, 1906 Association Drive, Reston, VA 20191-9988, for guidelines, or send your request through e-mail to [email protected], or
obtain guidelines as document 803 from NCTM’s Fax-on-Demand Service Center, (800) 220-8483.
Two other sources of problems in calendar form are available from NCTM: “Calendars for the Calculating,” vol. 2 (a set of nine monthly
calendars that originally appeared from September 1987 to May 1988, order number 496E1, $7.00) and “A Year of Mathematics” (one annual
calendar that originally appeared in September 1982, order number 311E1, $3.50; set of five, order number 312E1, $7.00). Individual
members receive a 20 percent discount off these prices. Write to NCTM, attn: infocentral, or send e-mail to [email protected], for the
catalog of educational materials, which includes a listing for the publication Exploratory Problems in Mathematics.—Ed.

44 THE MATHEMATICS TEACHER

 SOLUTIONS TO CALENDAR

6 Thirty-five triangles 0 = r 2 – 34r + 145, 11 Fifty ways. Make a chart or 30, vertical pairs of points are
0 = (r – 29)(r – 5). that systematically counts the each a rational distance apart,
combinations of coins, as follows: and 2 pairs of points are five
units apart. The total number of
Therefore, either r = 5 or r = 29. 50¢ 25¢ 10¢ 5¢ 1¢ pairs of points is
A table with radius 5 inches 1 0 0 0 0
would not fit into the corner, as  20
0 2 0 0 0
shown in the diagram, because  ,
the table is 9 inches from the 0 1 2 1 0  2
wall. Therefore, the table must      or 190, so the probability of two
have a radius of 29 inches. points’ being a rational distance
0 0 0 0 50
apart is
Seven triangles are found that are
9 23. If we find four consecutive 12 1. The parity of the number
possible scores, then all subse- 72 36
distinct with respect to rotation of white marbles is maintained = .
quent scores will be possible by each iteration of the process. 190 95
of the figure. Consequently, because multiples of 4 can be Since we start with an even
because of the rotational symmetry
of the figure, thirty-five triangles
added to each of these scores.
The possible scores are 0, 4, 8, 9,
number of white marbles, we 15 190. Let R and B, respec-
must end with an even number. tively, denote the numbers of red
exist. 12, 13, 16, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22, 24, That number cannot be zero and blue socks in the trunk.
25, 26, 27, . . . . because we cannot get rid of the Because the probability of
7 332 × 22  7.4 × 1015, or The first four consecutive last two whites. Hence, only two obtaining a nonmatching pair is
7 412 080 755 407 364. In general, scores are 24, 25, 26, and 27. white marbles can be left at the 1/2, we have
the closer each factor is to e, the Thus, the highest score that is end, and the probability is 1.
larger the product will be, that is, not possible is the greatest number R• B 1
less than 24 that is not a possible 13 72 square units. Cubes = .
e100/e offers the maximum value.  R + B 2
With an integer restriction, the score, which is 23. with volumes of 1 cubic unit,  
maximum will occur at p = 3. 8 cubic units, and 27 cubic units  2 
Since the sum of the elements 10 364 gifts. The number of have surface areas of 6 square
units, 24 square units, and Therefore, (R + B) (R + B – 1) =
of the set is 100, a reasonable gifts over n days is equal to the 4RB, which can be rewritten as
assumption would be that the sum of the first n triangular 54 square units, respectively.
Before being glued together, the (R – B)2 = R + B. The total num-
maximum possible product would numbers, as represented in the
cubes have a total surface area of ber of socks in the trunk then is a
occur when the set contains following chart:
84 square units. The surface area perfect square. Let n = R – B, so
thirty-three 3s and one 1. However,
Gifts on Total that n2 = R + B. Then
since 2 × 2 > 3 × 1, the maximum of the three cubes glued together
possible product actually occurs Day This Day for Day is minimized when one face from
n2 + n
when the set has thirty-two 3s 1 1 1 a smaller cube is glued to a face R= .
and two 2s: 332 • 22. of a larger cube, as shown. 2
2 1+2 3
3 1+2+3 6 Because R + B  2000, then
8 29 inches. A radius of the circle n  ¡2000 < 45. Thus, the
  
can be drawn from the center to largest possible value of R occurs
point P. A right triangle can then 12 1 + 2 + 3 + . . . + 12 78 when n = 44, which gives R = 990.
be formed with the dimensions The number of gifts is therefore
shown. the sum of the first twelve 16 9449. Rewrite 9 as 10 – 1,
triangular numbers. Since the and use the binomial expansion
sum of the first n triangular theorem. The only terms that
8 influence the last four digits are
numbers is
9 P the last four terms, since all
r other terms have 10n, where n ≥
 n + 2
r–8

 , Gluing the cubes together in this 4, as factors. The sum of the last
 3  four terms is
manner has the effect of “removing”
r–9
 2095
( ) (–1)
the number of gifts is 12 square units of area, resulting 3 2092
in a solid with a surface area of   10
72 square units.  2092
14 14!
 =  2095
( ) (–1)
2 2093
 3  3! •11! 14 36/95. A total of +  10
 2093
14 • 13 • 12
=  5
3 • 2 •1 4 •  ,  2095
( ) (–1)
1 2094
By using the Pythagorean theorem,  2 +  10
we obtain = 364.  2094
or 40, horizontal pairs of points and
 2095
( ) (–1)
See the “Reader Reflection” by 0 2095
r2 = (r – 8)2 + (r – 9)2, +  10 .
r2 = r2 – 16r + 64 + r2 – 18r + 81,
Al Cuoco and Gayle Masse for a
 4  2095
summation approach to this rich 5 •  ,
r2 = 2r2 – 34r + 145, problem.—Ed.  2 By simplifying, we obtain

Vol. 93, No. 1 • January 2000 45

 SOLUTIONS TO CALENDAR

 2095 • 2094 • 2093  measuring 2640.5 feet. By the the two equations reveals that 3(x + y + z) = 48,
 • 1000
 Pythagorean theorem, the vertical opposite pairs of angles are x + y + z = 16.
 6  leg is approximately 51 feet. The supplementary.
 2095 • 2094  actual answer is a little less than 26 83 653. We let S equal 1 +
– • 100
 50 feet, which is more than most 23 145. These values are 2 • 3 + 3 • 9 + 4 • 27 + . . . + 9 • 38.
 2  people would guess. helpful when solving the problem: Then 3S = 3 + 2 • 32 + 3 • 33 + . . . +
0! = 1, 1! = 1, 2! = 2, 3! = 6, 4! = 24, 9 • 39. By subtracting, we get
 2095  19 Plan B. Assume that your 5! = 120, 6! = 720.
+ • 10 – 1 = . . . 9449.
 –2S = (1 + 3 + 32 + . . . + 38) – 9 •
 1  annual starting salary is $S, and We note that 7! > 1000. There- 39. By using the formula for the
look at your pay at six-month fore, none of x, y, and z can equal sum of a geometric series, we find
intervals. Under plan A, your 7, 8, or 9. Furthermore, since 6! = that
3–2 2 earnings will be 720, no 6s appear in xyz because
17 the presence of a 6 would imply 39 − 1
1 S S S S that a digit of 7 or more is −2S = − 9 • 39 .
, , + $1000, + $1000, 3 −1
2 2 2 2 required. Hence, x, y, and z are in
{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}. We observe that By solving for S, we find that S =
S S
+ $2000, + $2000, 3 • 4! = 72 < 100. Therefore, at 83 653.
2 2 least one 5 appears in xyz. Since
r
R r 555  5! + 5! + 5!, no more than 27 Eight. The sequence in fig-
and so on. Under plan B, your
two 5s can occur. Checking the ure 1 shows the number of odd
r earnings will be
combinations of numbers with numbers in each row of Pascal’s
S S S two 5s, we find that none are triangle. The number of odd
, + $500, + $1000, solutions. Therefore, exactly one
2 2 2 numbers in row 100 will be the
5 appears in xyz. 101st number in the sequence.
S S S We observe that 122 = 5! + 0! +
+ $1500, + $2000, + $2500, The sequence continues to
2 2 2 0!  xyz  5! + 4! + 4! = 168. It “self-double.” By continuing in
Let R be the radius of the larger follows that x = 1. Therefore, xyz this manner, we find that row
circle, and let r be the radius of and so on. is of the form 15z or 1y5. In
Under plan A, you get a $2000 100 contains eight odd numbers.
the smaller circle. As shown in either case, we require that 5! + A theorem attributed to Ernst
the figure, R = r + ¡2 r = (1 + ¡2 )r. pay raise per year. Under plan B, 1! = 121 increased by 1, 2, 6, or
you get a $500 raise every six Kummer in 1852 proved that the
By solving for r, 24 equals the desired expression. number of odd entries in row n of
months, which is a rate of $1000 By checking, we find that only
R per year, and you get two of these Pascal’s triangle is 2r, where r is
r= . y = 4 results in a solution, so the the number of 1’s in the binary
raises a year—hence, the overall only solution is 145.
1+ 2 expansion of n. In this problem,
raise is $2000 per year. Since
n = 100 and in base two, 100 is
The area of the larger circle is plan B offers the first raise sooner 24 Five. Editor’s note: 1100100. Three 1’s occur in this
π R2, and the area of the smaller than plan A, you will earn more Although an example could have
money with plan B. expansion, so 23, or eight, odd
circle is been included here, it was decid-
numbers are in the 100th row of
ed to challenge—but hopefully
R2 20 Smith. Even though he Pascal’s triangle.
π . not frustrate—the reader.
3+2 2 trailed Jones going into the last
day and apparently did not do as 25 16. If 28 $2. Let x be the number of
well as Jones on the last day, his sheep in the herd. Then each
The ratio of the area of the smaller x y z
circle to the area of the larger final season average is 210/613, = = = 2, sheep sold for x dollars, which
or approximately 0.342577, and 3 − x 5 − y 16 − z brings in a total of x2 dollars for
circle is therefore the entire herd. The two brothers
Jones’s is 208/608, or approxi- the sum of the numerators divided
R2 mately 0.34210. This problem is by the sum of the denominators together took $20 out of the pot
π each “round” until less than $20
3+2 2 = 1 . an example of Simpson’s paradox, remains 2. That is,
illustrating the “nonintuitiveness” remained. We are concerned only
πR2 3+2 2 x+y+z with the amount remaining at
of adding ratios compared with = 2,
adding fractions. (3 − x) + (5 − y) + (16 − z) this point. This amount is the
By rationalizing the denominator, remainder when x2 is divided by
the ratio is or 20. We next observe that x2 and
21 50 pounds. Consider the x+y+z (x ± 10)2 leave the same remain-
portion of watermelon that was = 2.
3–2 2
. not water. It weighed 1 pound. 24 − ( x + y + z) der on division by 20, since x2 –
1 After the pile dried, this 1 pound (x ± 10)2 is a multiple of 20. Thus,
Therefore, all the possible remainders on
constituted 2 percent of the
18  50 feet. The exact answer weight, so the dried pile weighed x + y + z = 48 – 2(x + y + z), division by 20 can be determined
is a good trigonometry exercise, 50 pounds.
1,2,2,4,2,4,4,8,2,4,4,8,4,8,8,16,2,4,4,8,4,8,8,16,4,8,8,16,8,16,16,32,...
but a satisfactory approximation
can be made by visualizing the 22 180 degrees. From the ×2
×2
height at the middle to be the unfolded paper, we have m∠α + ×2
vertical leg of a right triangle m∠β + m∠γ + m∠δ = 360°. From × 2, etc.
with a horizontal leg measuring the folded paper, we have m∠α –
2640 feet and a hypotenuse m∠β + m∠γ – m∠δ = 0. Adding Fig. 1

46 THE MATHEMATICS TEACHER

 SOLUTIONS TO CALENDAR

by considering 0  x  10. By rotated about point B until the

simple calculation, the possible points F and A coincide, we see
remainders are 0, 1, 4, 5, 9, and that both triangles have the
16. We are told that in the last same length for their bases and
round, A takes $10, which means altitudes. Therefore, the areas are
that the remainder must be $16. the same. By similar reasoning,
Thus, B takes only $6. A must we conclude that all four triangles
then give B $2. have the same area. Next, we let
a, b, and c be the lengths of the
29 3, 3, and 28. The number sides of ABC opposite the
252 has prime factorization angles A, B, and C, respectively.
22 • 32 • 7. We let the three ages Clearly, the area of the shaded
be x, y, and z, where x  y  z. part is a2 + c2, and the area of the
Let us next consider all possible square ACJD is b2. The altitude
triples of positive integers whose to the side BC is c sin β. Thus,
product is 252. Twenty possible the area of each of the four
triples occur, all of which have triangles is (1/2)ac sin β. There-
unique sums except for the fore, the area of the unshaded
triples (1, 12, 21) and (3, 3, 28), part is b2 + 2ac sin β. By applying
both of whose sums are 34. the law of cosines to ABC, we
Since the mathematician see that b2 = a2 + c2 – 2ac cos β. If
neighbor needed to give more the shaded and unshaded parts
information to express their ages, have equal area, we must con-
the house number must be 34, clude that cos β = sin β. The only
and since the inhabitants include β such that 0  β  180 that
a set of twins, the triple (3, 3, 28) satisfies this condition is β = 45.
must represent their ages. So m∠ABC = 45.
¿
30 No, the prisoner escapes.
Let r be the radius of the pool.
To escape, the prisoner would
swim toward the edge diamet-
rically opposite the police officer.
If the police officer moves around
the pool, the criminal should also
change direction to ensure that
the center of the pool always lies
between him and the police officer.
Because of the rates at which
each can travel, the criminal can
swim out to a circle of radius r/4
and still ensure that he can keep
the center between him and the
police officer, since the circum-
ference of that smaller circle is
1/4 that of the swimming pool.
He should then make for the
edge nearest him, a distance of
(3/4)r away. The police officer,
meanwhile, must travel π r, which
is half the circumference of the
swimming pool. If v is the swim-
ming speed of the criminal, then
4v is the police officer’s speed.
The time that the criminal takes
to reach the edge of the pool is
3r/4v, and the police officer takes
πr/4v to reach the same spot.
Since π > 3, the criminal reaches
the edge first and thus escapes.

31 45 degrees. Notice that

m∠FBG + m∠ ABC = 180. Also
AB and FB have the same length,
as do BG and BC. If FBG is

Vol. 93, No. 1 • January 2000 47