1

UNIT-V
Two port network is a pair of two terminal electrical network in which, current enters
through one terminal and leaves through another terminal of each port. Two port
network representation is shown in the following figure.

Here, one pair of terminals, 1 & 1’ represents one port, which is called as port1 and the
other pair of terminals, 2 & 2’ represents another port, which is called as port2.
There are four variables V1, V2, I1 and I2 in a two port network as shown in the figure.
Out of which, we can choose two variables as independent and another two variables
as dependent. So, we will get six possible pairs of equations. These equations
represent the dependent variables in terms of independent variables. The coefficients
of independent variables are called as parameters. So, each pair of equations will give
a set of four parameters.

Two Port Network Parameters:

The parameters of a two port network are called as two port network parameters or
simply, two port parameters. Following are the types of two port network parameters.

 Z parameters
 Y parameters
 T parameters
 T’ parameters
 h-parameters
 g-parameters
Now, let us discuss about these two port network parameters one by one.

Z parameters:
We will get the following set of two equations by considering the variables V1 & V2 as
dependent and I1 & I2 as independent. The coefficients of independent variables, I 1 and
I2 are called as Z parameters.
 2

Z parameters are called as impedance parameters because these are simply the
ratios of voltages and currents. Units of Z parameters are Ohm (Ω).
We can calculate two Z parameters, Z 11 and Z21, by doing open circuit of port2.
Similarly, we can calculate the other two Z parameters, Z 12 and Z22 by doing open
circuit of port1. Hence, the Z parameters are also called as open-circuit impedance
parameters.
 3

Y parameters:
We will get the following set of two equations by considering the variables I 1 & I2 as
dependent and V1 & V2 as independent. The coefficients of independent variables,
V1 and V2 are called as Y parameters.

Y parameters are called as admittance parameters because these are simply, the
ratios of currents and voltages. Units of Y parameters are mho.
We can calculate two Y parameters, Y11 and Y21 by doing short circuit of port2.
Similarly, we can calculate the other two Y parameters, Y12 and Y22 by doing short
circuit of port1. Hence, the Y parameters are also called as short-circuit admittance
parameters.
 4

T parameters:
We will get the following set of two equations by considering the variables V1 & I1 as
dependent and V2 & I2 as independent. The coefficients of V2 and -I2 are called as T
parameters.

T parameters are called as transmission parameters or ABCD parameters. The

parameters, A and D do not have any units, since those are dimension less. The units
of parameters, B and C are ohm and mho respectively.
We can calculate two parameters, A and C by doing open circuit of port2. Similarly, we
can calculate the other two parameters, B and D by doing short circuit of port2.
 5

T’ parameters:
We will get the following set of two equations by considering the variables V 2 & I2 as
dependent and V1 & I1 as independent. The coefficients of V1 and -I1 are called as T’
parameters.

T’ parameters are called as inverse transmission parameters or A’B’C’D’ parameters.

The parameters A’ and D’ do not have any units, since those are dimension less. The
units of parameters, B’ and C’, are Ohm and Mho respectively.
We can calculate two parameters, A’ and C’, by doing an open circuit of port1.
Similarly, we can calculate the other two parameters, B’ and D’, by doing a short circuit
of port1.

h-parameters:
We will get the following set of two equations by considering the variables V 1 & I2 as
dependent and I1 & V2 as independent. The coefficients of independent variables,
I1 and V2, are called as h-parameters.
 6

h-parameters are called as hybrid parameters. The parameters, h12 and h21, do not
have any units, since those are dimension-less. The units of parameters, h11 and h22,
are Ohm and Mho respectively.
We can calculate two parameters, h11 and h21 by doing short circuit of port2. Similarly,
we can calculate the other two parameters, h 12 and h22 by doing open circuit of port1.
The h-parameters or hybrid parameters are useful in transistor modelling circuits
(networks).

g-parameters:
We will get the following set of two equations by considering the variables I 1 & V2 as
dependent and V1 & I2 as independent. The coefficients of independent variables,
V1 and I2 are called as g-parameters.
 7

g-parameters are
called as inverse hybrid parameters. The parameters, g12 and g21 do not have any
units, since those are dimension less. The units of parameters, g 11 and g22 are mho
and ohm respectively.
We can calculate two parameters, g11 and g21 by doing open circuit of port2. Similarly,
we can calculate the other two parameters, g 12 and g22 by doing short circuit of port1

Procedure of two port parameter conversions:

Follow these steps, while converting one set of two port network parameters into the
other set of two port network parameters.
 Step 1 − Write the equations of a two port network in terms of desired
parameters.
 Step 2 − Write the equations of a two port network in terms of given parameters.
 Step 3 − Re-arrange the equations of Step2 in such a way that they should be
similar to the equations of Step1.
 Step 4 − By equating the similar equations of Step1 and Step3, we will get the
desired parameters in terms of given parameters. We can represent these
parameters in matrix form.
 8

Z parameters to Y parameters:
Here, we have to represent Y parameters in terms of Z parameters. So, in this case Y
parameters are the desired parameters and Z parameters are the given parameters.
Step 1 − We know that the following set of two equations, which represents a two port
network in terms of Y parameters.
 9

So, just by doing the inverse of Z parameters matrix, we will get Y parameters
matrix.

Z parameters to T parameters:
Here, we have to represent T parameters in terms of Z parameters. So, in this case T
parameters are the desired parameters and Z parameters are the given parameters.
Step 1 − We know that, the following set of two equations, which represents a two port
network in terms of T parameters.
10
 11

Y parameters to Z parameters:
Here, we have to represent Z parameters in terms of Y parameters. So, in this case Z
parameters are the desired parameters and Y parameters are the given parameters.
Step 1 − We know that, the following matrix equation of two port network regarding Z
parameters as
 12

So, just by doing the inverse of Y parameters matrix, we will get the Z parameters
matrix.

Y parameters to T parameters:
Here, we have to represent T parameters in terms of Y parameters. So, in this case, T
parameters are the desired parameters and Y parameters are the given parameters.
 13

Step 1 − We know that, the following set of two equations, which represents a two port
network in terms of T parameters.
14
 15

T parameters to h-parameters:
Here, we have to represent h-parameters in terms of T parameters. So, in this case
hparameters are the desired parameters and T parameters are the given parameters.
Step 1 − We know that, the following h-parameters of a two port network.
16
17
 18

h-parameters to Z parameters:
Here, we have to represent Z parameters in terms of h-parameters. So, in this case Z
parameters are the desired parameters and h-parameters are the given parameters.
Step 1 − We know that, the following set of two equations of two port network
regarding Z parameters.
19
20
 21

In this way, we can convert one set of parameters into other set of parameters.
 22

18. Inter Connection of Two Port Networks:

SERIES CONNECTION OF TWOPORT NETWORKS:
 23

PARALLEL CONNECTION OF TWOPORT NETWORKS:

 24

CASCADE CONNECTION OF TWOPORT NETWORKS:

25