10/19/2023

The Position, Velocity and Acceleration Vectors

The direction of the instantaneous

velocity is along a line that is tangent
to the path of the particle and in the
direction of motion
The magnitude of the instantaneous velocity vector of a particle is
called the speed of the particle.

Two-Dimensional Motion with Constant Acceleration

motion in two dimensions can be modeled as two independent
motions in each of the two perpendicular directions associated with
the x and y axes. That is, any influence in the y direction does not
affect the motion in the x direction and vice versa.

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Example

A motorist drives south at 20.0 m/s for 3.00 min, then turns west
and travels at 25.0 m/s for 2.00 min, and finally travels northwest at
30.0 m/s for 1.00 min. For
this 6.00-min trip, find
(a) the total vector displacement,
(b) the average speed, and
(c) the average velocity. Let the positive x axis point east.

a)
Δ𝑟 = 20 3 60 −𝚥̂ = −3600 𝚥̂
Δ𝑟 = 25 2 60 −𝚤̂ = −3000 𝚤̂
Δ𝑟 = 30 1 60 − cos 45 𝚤̂ + sin 45 𝚥̂ = 1800 −0.7 𝚤̂ + 0.7𝚥̂
Δ𝑟⃗ = −4260 𝚤̂ − 2340 𝚥̂

Example

A motorist drives south at 20.0 m/s for 3.00 min, then turns west
and travels at 25.0 m/s for 2.00 min, and finally travels northwest at
30.0 m/s for 1.00 min. For
this 6.00-min trip, find
(a) the total vector displacement,
(b) the average speed, and
(c) the average velocity. Let the positive x axis point east.

b)
Average speed = = ≈ 23.33 m/s
( )

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Example

A motorist drives south at 20.0 m/s for 3.00 min, then turns west
and travels at 25.0 m/s for 2.00 min, and finally travels northwest at
30.0 m/s for 1.00 min. For
this 6.00-min trip, find
(a) the total vector displacement,
(b) the average speed, and
(c) the average velocity. Let the positive x axis point east.

c)
Δ𝑟⃗ −4260 𝚤̂ − 2340 𝚥̂
𝑣⃗ = =
Δ𝑡 6 60
≈ −12 𝚤̂ − 6.5 𝚥̂ m/s

Example

A particle moves in the xy plane with a constant acceleration given by 𝑎⃗ =

− 4 𝚥̂ m/s . At t = 0, its position and velocity are 10 𝚤̂ m and (−2 𝚤̂ +
8 𝚥̂)m/s, respectively. What is the distance from the origin to the particle at
t = 2 s?
𝑟⃗ = 𝑥 𝚤̂ + 𝑦 𝚥̂
𝑎 = 0, 𝑎 = −4 1 1
𝑟⃗ = 𝑥 + 𝑣 𝑡 + 𝑎 𝑡 𝚤̂ + 𝑦 + 𝑣 𝑡 + 𝑎 𝑡 𝚥̂
𝑣 = −2, 𝑣 = 8 2 2
𝑥 = 10, 𝑦 = 0 1
𝑡=2 𝑟⃗ = 10 + (−2)(2) + (0)(2 ) 𝚤̂
2
𝑥 =? , 𝑦 =?
1
+ 0 + 8 2 + −4 2 𝚥̂
2
𝑟⃗ = 6𝚤̂ + 8𝚥̂
𝑟= 6 + 8 = 100 = 10 m

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Projectile Motion

𝑎 = 0,
𝑎 = −10 m/s

𝑣 = 𝑣 cos 𝜃
𝑣 = 𝑣 sin 𝜃

• The particle under constant velocity in the horizontal direction

• The particle under constant acceleration in the vertical direction

Projectile Motion

𝑣 =𝑣 𝑥 =𝑥 +𝑣 𝑡
𝑣 =𝑣 +𝑎 𝑡 1
𝑦 =𝑦 +𝑣 𝑡+ 𝑎 𝑡
2

To find the horizontal range R

𝑦 =𝑦
0 = 𝑡 𝑣 − g𝑡
𝑡 = 0, 𝑡 =
𝑣 = 𝑣 sin 𝜃
𝑅 =𝑥 −𝑥 = 𝑣 𝑡
2𝑣 sin 𝜃 𝑣
= 𝑣 cos 𝜃 = sin 2𝜃
g g

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Projectile Motion

To find the maximum height ℎ

𝑣 = 0 = 𝑣 − g𝑡
𝑡=
ℎ =𝑦 +𝑣 𝑡+ 𝑎 𝑡
𝑣 1 𝑣
ℎ =𝑦 +𝑣 + −g
g 2 g
𝑣 𝑣 sin 𝜃
ℎ−𝑦 = =
2g 2g

Projectile Motion

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Example
A stone is thrown from a building upward at an angle of 37 to the
horizontal with an initial speed of 20 m/s. If the height of the building is 65
m
• How long it is before the stone hits the ground.

𝑦 =0
1
𝑦 =𝑦 +𝑣 𝑡+ 𝑎 𝑡
2
𝑎 = 0, 𝑎 = −10 m/s 1
0 = 65 + 12𝑡 + −10 𝑡
𝑣 = 20 cos 37 = 16 m/s 2
𝑣 = 20 sin 37 = 12 m/s 5𝑡 − 12𝑡 − 65 = 0
𝑦 = 65 m −𝑏 ± 𝑏 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑡=
2𝑎
12 ± 144 + 1300 12 ± 38
𝑡= =
10 10
𝑡 = 5 s, 𝑡 = −2.6 s

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Example
A stone is thrown from a building upward at an angle of 37 to the
horizontal with an initial speed of 20 m/s. If the height of the building is 65
m
• What is the speed of the stone just before it strikes the ground?

𝑣 = 𝑣 = 16 m/s
𝑎 = 0, 𝑎 = −10 m/s 𝑣 =𝑣 +𝑎 𝑡
𝑣 = 16 m/s, 𝑣 = 12 m/s 𝑣 = 12 + −10 5 = −38 m/s
𝑦 = 65 m, 𝑡 = 5 s 𝑣 = 𝑣 +𝑣
= 256 + 1444
= 41.2 m/s

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Example
A stone is thrown from a building upward at an angle of 37 to the
horizontal with an initial speed of 20 m/s. If the height of the building is 65
m
• Find the Range of the projectile and the maximum height of the
projectile
𝑣 sin 2𝜃
𝑅=
g
𝑎 = 0, 𝑎 = −10 m/s 20 sin 74
=
𝑣 = 16 m/s, 𝑣 = 12 m/s 10
𝑦 = 65 m, 𝑡 = 5 s = 38.45 m

𝑣 sin 𝜃
ℎ−𝑦 =
2g
20 sin 37
ℎ − 65 = = 7.2 m
20
ℎ = 72.2 m

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Example
A firefighter 32 m away from a building directs a stream of water that has
a speed of 40 m/s from the fire hose at an angle of 37 above the
horizontal. At what height does the stream hits the building?

𝑎 = 0, 𝑎 = −10 m/s
𝑣 = 40 cos 37 = 32 m/s Δ𝑥 = 𝑣 𝑡
𝑣 = 40 sin 37 = 24 m/s 32
𝑡= =1s
Δ𝑥 = 𝑥 − 𝑥 = 32 m 32
1
Δ𝑦 = 𝑣 𝑡 + 𝑎 𝑡
2
Δ𝑦 = 24 − 5 = 19 m

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Particle in Uniform Circular Motion

The change in the velocity vector is due to the change in direction.

The direction of the change in velocity is toward the center of the
circle.
This acceleration is called the centripetal acceleration.

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Tangential and Radial Acceleration

Let us consider a particle moves to the right along a curved path,
and its velocity changes both in direction and in magnitude.

𝑎= 𝑎 +𝑎

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Examples

What is the centripetal acceleration of the Earth as it

moves around the sun?
𝑟 = 1.5 × 10 m

2𝜋𝑟 2𝜋 1.5 × 10
𝑣= = ≅ 30000 m/s
𝑇 365(24)(60)(60)
𝑣
𝑎 = ≅ 6 × 10 m/s
𝑟

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Examples
A car leaves a stop sign and exhibits a constant acceleration of 0.3 m/s2 parallel to
the roadway. The car passes over a rise in the roadway such that the top of the
rise is shaped like an arc of a circle of radius 500 m. At the moment the car is at
the top of the rise, its velocity vector is horizontal and has a magnitude of 6 m/s.
What are the magnitude and direction of the total acceleration vector for the car
at this instant?
𝑣 6
𝑎 =− =− = −0.072 m/s
𝑟 500
𝑎 = 𝑎 +𝑎
= −0.072 + 0.3
= 0.309 m/s
𝑎
𝜃 = tan
𝑎
0.072
= tan − = −13.5
0.3

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Examples
A car travels in a horizontal circle of radius 𝑅. At a certain instant of time the
velocity of the car is 24 m/s west. And the acceleration of the car has two
components of 2.4 m/s east and 1.8 m/s south. What is the radius 𝑅?

24 m/s 2.4 m/s

1.8 m/s
𝑣
𝑎 =
𝑟
24
1.8 =
𝑟
𝑟 = 320 𝑚

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Example
Figure represents the total acceleration of a particle moving
clockwise in a circle of radius 2.50 m at a certain of time. At
this instant, find
(a) the radial acceleration.
(b) the speed of the particle.
(c) its tangential acceleration.

𝑎 = −𝑎 = 𝑎 cos 𝜃 = 15 cos 30
≅ 13 m/s

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Example
Figure represents the total acceleration of a particle moving
clockwise in a circle of radius 2.50 m at a certain of time. At
this instant, find
(a) the radial acceleration.
(b) the speed of the particle.
(c) its tangential acceleration.

𝑣
𝑎 =
𝑟
𝑣= 𝑎 𝑟= 13(2.5) = 18 m/s

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Example
Figure represents the total acceleration of a particle moving
clockwise in a circle of radius 2.50 m at a certain of time. At
this instant, find
(a) the radial acceleration.
(b) the speed of the particle.
(c) its tangential acceleration.

𝑎 = 𝑎 sin 𝜃 = 15 sin 30
= 7.5 m/s

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Example

𝑎 = 5 m/s
𝑣 3
𝑎 = =
𝑟 2
𝑎 = 4.5 m/s
𝑎= 𝑎 +𝑎

𝑎= 5 + 4.5 = 6.7 m/s

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Example

2𝜋𝑟
𝑣=
𝑇
2𝜋 2
𝑣= = 2.1 m/s
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𝑣 2.1
𝑎= =
𝑟 2
𝑎 = 2.2 m/s

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