Circle Theory.

Make sure you know the theorems for:

Adjacent angles (straight line) Angles around a point
Angles in a triangle Angles in a quadrilateral
Polygon angles Parallel lines

You should also know the properties of the different types of triangles
and quadrilaterals and of regular polygons.

Circle Theory Revision and Proof.

You already know these properties. Try to prove them all.
A
Theorem 1.
x
The angle subtended by an arc at the centre of a circle
is twice the angle at the circumference subtended by the same arc. O

2x
Hint. Draw the line AO and extend the line at O to D.
Use isosceles triangle properties.
C
B
B
Theorem 2.

O
The angle in a semicircle is a right angle.

Hint: The proof to this one is an extension of the last theorem.

A
C
A B
Theorem 3.

Angles in the same segment are equal. C

Hint: Join A to D to the centre O.

B

A D
Theorem 4.

The sum of the opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral is 180˚.

Hint. Join two opposite vertices to the centre, O.

D C
A

Theorem 5.

If two angles are drawn to a circle with centre O, P

O
from a common point P, to points A and B on the
circumference as shown, then AP = BP,
∠OAP = ∠OBP = 90˚ and the line OP bisect ∠APB.

B
Level 9/10 Pack 3. Page 20. Licensed to Teacher Mr N Ahmed [email protected]
 Revision Exercise.
Copy each of the following diagrams and find the marked angles and lengths.
The letter O represents the centre of the circle. Diagrams not to scale.

1). A 2). 3).

A
A
B
y˚
z˚
y˚ 84˚
x˚ y˚
O
O 36˚
96˚
x˚

C 68˚ D
x˚ B
B C
C

4). 5). 6).

C
D A
A B
E c˚ b˚ a˚ c˚ 51˚ b˚ B
b˚ a˚ d˚
82˚ e˚
c˚
d˚ 52˚ 49˚ O
a˚
94˚ e˚
B C A
71˚ D
C

7). 8). 9).

D
B
C
35˚ C B 53˚
E a˚
d˚ a˚ A 32˚
b˚ c˚
56˚ O
B O b˚
11˚ a˚ c˚
26˚ A
D
C
A

10). 11). 12). F

PT and PU are tangents. PT is a tangent to the circle.
36˚
c˚ B
A d˚
B e˚ b˚
T
b˚
D e˚ b˚
d˚ c˚ a˚ 41˚ a˚
O 24˚ O P f˚ C
M

a˚
C D 127˚
E

Level 9/10 Pack 3. Page 21. Licensed to Teacher Mr N Ahmed [email protected]

 Alternate Segment Theorem.
C
SBT is a tangent to the circle at B.
The segment containing ∠ABS is known as the alternate
segment of ∠ACB, because ∠ABS and ∠ACB are on
alternate sides of the chord AB. A

The angle between a tangent and a chord through the

point of contact is equal to the angle in the alternate segment.
S B T
1). In Fig. 1 UV is a tangent to the circle.
N
Fig. 1 Fig. 2
W d˚ W
b˚ b˚

L e˚
L

c˚
a˚ a˚
U M V U M V

In Fig. 2 construct MN perpendicular to the tangent UV.

Prove that ∠a = ∠b.
a + c = 90˚ MN passes through the centre of the circle and is a diameter.
e = 90˚ (angle in a semicircle)
Now finish the proof showing ∠a = ∠b.
Y
2). In the diagram find
24˚
a). ∠ZXY,
b). ∠SZX,
c). ∠YZX. X

a). ∠ZXY = 73˚ (Angle in alternate segment) 73˚

Now finish parts b). and c). S Z T

Copy each of the following diagrams and find the marked angles.
The letter O represents the centre of the circle. Diagrams not to scale.

3). 4). X 5).

d˚ C U
Z A A
f˚ 78˚ e˚ Y
a˚ 42˚ y˚

z˚ W
x˚
31˚
b˚ 63˚ 68˚
S c˚
24˚ Y
X B
B V
T

Level 9/10 Pack 3. Page 22. Licensed to Teacher Mr N Ahmed [email protected]

 I Y
6). 7). A 8). K
S u˚
b˚
b˚ v˚ d˚
G 64˚ L
51˚
R a˚ 76˚ c˚
w˚

c˚ H a˚
38˚ 65˚ B X
G T H
M
U X
9). 10). E 11).
j˚ 24˚ S
h˚
D s˚ U b˚
82˚ W c˚

i˚
t˚
g˚ u˚ v˚ a˚ 80˚
Y B C A T V
V L

12). 13). 14). 52˚

K

63˚ L T N
w˚
S b˚ M
v˚ d˚
N
u˚
c˚ z˚
a˚ 116˚
M
U V

E Z O
15). U
16). B
17).
26˚
b˚
w˚
21˚
O u˚ O
O C
x˚
U
L v˚ Y
d˚ e˚ c˚ 42˚
c˚ 31˚
S A W a˚
T D X

M
V
18). 19). 20).
Q R S
K
37˚ b˚
c˚
X
d˚ T c˚
O Y
O J O
G 29˚ f˚ f˚
d˚ b˚
c˚
a˚ d˚
e˚
e˚ a˚ 88˚
H
I W
U Z
Level 9/10 Pack 3. Page 23. Licensed to Teacher Mr N Ahmed [email protected]
 Proving Pythagoras and Ptolemy’s Theorems
A
1. A right-angled triangle ABC has Fig. 1
side lengths a, b and c as shown in fig. 1. c b
Prove
a2 = b2 + c2
Construction. B C
a
Draw the altitude AD
and let BD = x and DC = y. A
(As in Fig. 2). Fig. 2
Proof. c b
In ∆ABC, Cos B = c
a
Now finish the proof. B
x
D y
C

B
2). ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral.
X is a point on BD such that
C ∠DAX = ∠BAC.
A
Prove
X
a). BC x AD = AC x DX,
b). AB x CD = AC x BX,
c). Deduce that
BC x AD + AB x CD = AC x BD
This is Ptolemy’s Theorem.
D

3). More Pythagoras!

a). In a right-angled triangle, the perpendicular from X
the right angle to the hypotenuse divides the triangle
into two triangles which are similar to the original
triangle, and to each other.
Prove
∆XYZ, ∆KYX and ∆KXZ are similar
Construction.
Draw the altitude XK Y K Z
Proof.
Now prove it.

b). In ∆XYK, Cos Y = YK

YX
In ∆XYZ, Cos Y = YX
YZ
Therefore YX = YK YX2 = YK x YZ
YZ YX

Show how this can lead to a simple proof of Pythagoras’ Theorem.

Level 9/10 Pack 3. Page 24. Licensed to Teacher Mr N Ahmed [email protected]

 Circle Properties.
Examination Style Questions.
Diagrams not to scale.
C
1). The points A, B and C lie on a circle, centre O.
O 54˚
∠ ACB = 54˚,
AB = 14 cm.
Calculate the radius of the circle. A 14 cm B

2). A AT and BT are tangents to the circle, centre O.

54˚ P is a point on the circumference as shown.
∠ BAT = 54˚.
P x Calculate the size of
O y z a). x,
T
b). y,
c). z.
B

R
3). TPK is a tangent to the circle.
TSQ is a straight line.
PQ = QR.
∠ QPK = 58˚ and ∠ STP = 32˚. Q
Calculate the size of
S
a). ∠ PQR,
b). ∠ QRS. 32˚ 58˚ K
T
P

4). X In the first diagram XC and YC are tangents to a

circle, centre O. The mid-point of OC is T.
a). Give geometrical reasons why
i). ∠ CYO = 90˚,
O ii). ∠ XCO = ∠ YCO,
T C
iii). YT = TC.

Y
X
b). ∠ YTO = 36˚.
Calculate the size of ∠ YCO.

c). In the second diagram, O C

36˚ T
XO has been produced to meet
the circle at Z.
Calculate the size of ∠ OZY. Z Y

Level 9/10 Pack 3. Page 25. Licensed to Teacher Mr N Ahmed [email protected]

 S

5). The diagram shows a tennis ball, centre O, resting on T

a flat surface PQR.
A ruler, PTS, rests on the ball at T. 20 cm
PT = 20 cm and ∠ TPQ = 30˚. O
Calculate the radius of the tennis ball
30˚
correct to the nearest millimetre.
P Q R

6). A dog is tethered by a rope attached to a post at O in a

Y
triangular field XYZ, as shown in the diagram.
It can just reach each of the three boundary fences.
S is the point at which it can reach fence XZ.
a). Write down the size of ∠ OSZ, giving a
O reason for your answer.
b). XY = 20 m, XZ = 22 m, YZ = 18 m and
X Z the area of the field is 169.7 m2.
S
Calculate the length of rope.
A
7). The diagram shows a circle, centre O.
AC and BC are tangents to the circle at A and B.
∠ OAB = 20˚. 20˚
Calculate, showing your working, O C
a). ∠ AOB,
b). ∠ ABC,
c). ∠ ACB.
B
D
8). O is the centre of the circle.
TB is a tangent touching the circle at T.
∠ DAT = 64˚.
a). Calculate ∠ OBT.
O
C b). If AT = 9.2 cm, calculate
i). the radius of the circle,
64˚ ii). DA,
T A B iii). AB.
B
9). In the diagram AB and AC are tangents
to the circle touching at B and C.
The centre of the circle is at O.
a). Find the size of ∠ BAC. A O
b). If AB = 24 cm, find S 102˚
i). the radius of the circle,
ii). the distance OA.
C
10). B AB and AC are tangents to the circle, centre O.
T is a point on the circumference as shown.
∠ BCA = 65˚.
Calculate the size of
A z y O
P a). x,
x T b). y,
c). z.
65˚

Level 9/10 Pack 3. Page 26. Licensed to Teacher Mr N Ahmed [email protected]