SHIVPUR - VARANASI SESSION - 2023-24 SUBMITTED BY :~ [INENDRA SRIVASTAY NURGUL CLASS :~ 3a »¥,HIS IS CERTIFY THAT"NIKHIL BHARDWA: OF CLASS 12TH (SCIENCE) OF QURU NANAK ENQLISH SCHOOL HAS SATISFACTORY COMPLETED THE INVESTIQATORY PROJECT In PHYSICS TITLED "TO STUDY OF VARIOUS FACTORS ON WHICH THE INTERNAL RESISTANCE/ E.M.F OF A CELL DEPEND " AS PER QUIDELINES ISSUED BY THE CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION (CBSE) UNDER THE SUPERVISION AND QUIDANCE OF MR. JITENDRA SRIVASTAV PHYSICS TEACHER DURING THE YEAR 2023-24. THE PROCESS OF THE PROJECT HAS BEEN CONTINUOUSLY REPORTED AND HAS BEEN In MY KNOWLEDGE CONSISTENTLY . SIQNATURE OF SUBJECT SIQNATURE OF EXTERNAL TEACHER:~ EXAMINER:~THANKS MY PARENTS AND FRIENDS WHO HELPED ME A LOT IN FINALIZING THIS PROJECT IN THE LIMITED TIME FRAME. NIKRIL BRARDW A th | WOULD LIKE TO EXPRESS my SPECIAL THANKS OF QRATITUDE OF my PHYSICS TEACHER AS WELL AS PRINCIPAL WHO QAVE ME THE QOLDEN OPPORTUNITY TO DO THIS WONDERFUL PROJECT WHICH ALSO HELP ME IN DOING LOTS OF RESEARCH AND | CAME TO KNOW ABOUT SO MANY NEW THINgs 1AM REALLY THANKFULL TO THEM . SECONDLY , | WOULD ALSO LIKE TO MUU (SCIENCE)GORTERY V OBJECTIVE v Introbuction Vv MATERIALS REQUIRED v THEORYY Vv PROCEDURE v PRECAUTIONS Vv SOURCES OF ERROR Vv BIBLIOgRAPHYINTRODUCTION THERE IS A QREAT NEED OF BATTERIES In OUR DAILY USE ELECTRONIC APPLIANCES AND THE USE IS INCREASING EVERY DAY. THUS , THE BATTERIES NEED TO BE MADE MORE POWERFUL SO THAT THEIR POTENTIAL CAN BE INCREASED QREATLY. THUS, THIS PROJECT REPORT IS BASED On PRACTICAL ANALYSIS FOR THE FACTORS AFFECTING THE INTERNAL RESISTANCE OF A CELL. WHEN THE INTERNAL RESISTANCE OF THE CELL IS DECREASEDRELIABLE WE CAN INCREASE THE POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE ACROSS IT, AND HENCE MAKE IT MORE RELIABLE.INTERARL Resisrancs INTERNAL RESISTANCE IS DEFINED AS THE RESISTANCE OFFERED BY THE ELECTROLYTE OF THE CELL TO THE FLOW OF Lons. - ITS S.J. UNIT IS OHM (8) FOR A CELL OF E.M.F. (E) AND INTERNAL RESISTANCE (R), CONNECTED TO AN EXTERNAL RESISTANCE (R) SUCH THAT () IS THE CURRENT FLOWINQ THROUQH THE CIRCUIT, E=V+lIr Internal Resistance r= E-V IPRACTIGAL ANALYSIS TO STUDY THE VARIOUS FACTORS ON WHICH THE INTERNAL RESISTANCE OFA CELL DEPENDS. APPARATUS s~ A POTENTIOMETER, A BATTERY (OR BATTERY ELIMINATOR), TWO ONE WAY KEYS, A RHEOSTAT, A QALVANOMETER, A RESISTANCE BOH, AN AMMETER, A CELL (LECLANCHE CEL), A JOCKEY, A SETSQUARE, CONNECTING WIRES AND SAND PAPER. THEORY s~ THE INTERNAL RESISTANCE OF A CELL IS THE RESISTANCE OFFERED BY ITS ELECTROLYTE TO THE FLOW OF IONS . THE INTERNAL RESISTANCE OF A CELL - IS DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL TO THE DISTANCE BETWEEN THE ELECTRODES.- IS INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL TO FACING SURFACE AREA OF THE ELECTRODES In ELECTROLYTE. + DECREASES WITH INGREASE In TEMPERATURE OF ELECTROLYTE. - IS INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL TO CONCENTRATION OF ELECTROLYTE. THE INTERNAL RESISTANCE OFA CELL IS QIVEN BY:~ = =(E-V)/I Power Supply 4 ro--- Leclanche cell 1 nw +1 ) 1 R1. CLEAN THE ENDS OF THE CONNECTING WIRES WITH SAND PAPER AND MAKE TIQHT CONNECTIONS ACCORDING TO THE CIRCUIT DIAQRAM. 2. TIQHTEN THE PLUQS OF THE RESISTANCE BOX. 3. CHECK THE E.M,F. OF THE BATTERY AND OF THE CELL AND MAKE SURE THAT E.M.F. OF THE BATTERY IS NORE THAN THAT OF THE CELL, OTHERWISE NULL OR BALANCE POINT WILL NOT BE OBTAINED. 4. KEEP BOTH THE ELECTRODES AT A DISTANCE OF 16cm. 5. TAKE MAXIMUM CURRENT FROM THE BATTERY, MAKING RHEOSTAT RESISTANCE SMALL. 6. WITHOUT INSERTING A PLUQ IN KEY K, ADJUST THE RHEOSTAT SO THAT A NULL POINT LS OBTAINED ON THE LAST WIRE OF THE POTENTLOMETER. 7. DETERMINE THE POSITLON OF THE NULL POINT ACCURATELY USING A SET SQUARE AND MEASURE THE BALANCING LENQTH FROM(L) BETWEEN THE NULL POINT AND THE END P. 8. NEXT INTRODUCE PLUQS IN BOTH KEYS KI AND K2. AT THE SAME TIME, TAKE OUT A SMALL RESISTANCE (L-5 W) FROMAmmeter Reading (A) Position of null point(cm) WithR (I) Without R (l) Shunt Resistance RQ) Internal Resistance r(Q) 03 355 1 094 0.3 77.2 2 177 0.3 108.3 3 251 TABLE FOR EFFECT OF SEPARATION BETWEEN ELECTRODES :~ Sno. Separation between electrodes d(cm) Balancing point Ii(cm) Balancing point lcm) Internal Resistance r(Q) 12 3266 2769 0.456 0.38 25 320.7 219.1 0.95 0.38 37 660.5 350.9 1.406 0.38 TABLE FOR EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE :~ Sino. Temperature TC) I(cm) | L(cm) Resistance RQ) Internal Resistance r(Q) Tr (QK) 12 326.6 | 2769 219.1 0.456 038 0.38 [30.44 291.96 | | a7 | 3207 _| 6605 _| 350.9 1.406 0.38 283,87RESULTS AND INTERFERES ¢ THE ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE OF THE CELL US CONSTANT AND IS EQUAL TO E = 6.98 VOLT. + THE INTERNAL RESISTANCE OF A CELL US DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL TO THE SEPARATION BETWEEN THEELECTROLYTE ELECTRODES. ¢ THE INTERNAL RESISTANCE OF A CELL IS INVERSELYELECTROLYTE PROPORTIONAL TO THE AREA OF THE ELECTRODES DIPPED In ELECTROLYTE. » THE INTERNAL RESISTANCE OF A CELL IS INVERSELYELECTROLYTE PROPORTIONAL TO THE TEMPERATURE OF ELECTROLYTES. ¢ THE INTERNAL RESISTANCE OF A CELL IS INVERSELYELECTROLYTE PROPORTIONAL TO THE CONCENTRATION OF THE ELECTROLYTE.yA Va e PRECAUTIONS 5 1. THE CONNECTIONS SHOULD BE NEAT , CLEAN AND TIQHT. 2. THE PLUQS SHOULD BE INTRODUCED IN THE KEYS ONLY WHEN THE OBSERVATIONS ARE TO BE TAKEN. . THE POSTIVE POLLS OF THE BATTERYE AND CELLS EJ AND E; SHOULD, ALL BE CONNECTED TO THE TERMINAL AT THE ZERO OF THE WIRES. 4. THE JOCKEY KEY SHOULD NOT BE RUBBED ALON THE WIRE. IT SHOULD TOUCH THE WIRE QENTLY. 5. THE AMMETER READING SHOULD REMAIN CONSTANT FOR A PARTICULAR SET OF OBSERVATION. IF NECESSARY , ADJUST THE RHEOSTAT FOR THIS PURPOSE. 1. THE AUXILIARY BATTERY MAY NOT BE FULLY CHARGED. 2. THE POTENTIOMETER WIRE MAY NOT BE OF UNIFORM CROSS-SECTION AND MATERIAL DENSITY THROUQHOUT ITS LENQTH. 3. END RESISTANCES MAY NOT BE ZERO.Factors Affecting Internal Resistance of a Cell Area of Electrodes Inversely Proportional Distance between Electrodes Directly Proportional Cone. of Electrolyte Inversely Proportional “ Temperature of Electrolytes Inversely ProportionalV HELP FROM INTERNET V HELP FROM TEACHERS V NCERT TEXTBOOK V NCERT PHYsics LAB ManuAL V WWW.goOgLE.com V WWW.SCRIBD.com V WWW.WIKIPEDIA.cCOM LAKY> www Me