| THIS IS CERTIFY THAT "ANKIT YADAV" OF CLASS 12TH (SCLENCE) OF QURU NANAK ENQLISH SCHOOL HAS SATISFACTORY COMPLETED THE INVESTIQATORY PROJECT IN PHYSICS TITLED "TO FIND THE REFRACTIVE INDICES OF (A) WATER ( B) OL (TRANSPARENT) USINg A PLANE MIRROR, AN EQUICONVER LENs (MADE FROM A OLASS OF KnOWN REFRACTIVE INDEX) AND AN ADJUSTABLE ABJECT NEEDLE" AS PER QUIDELINES ISSUED BY THE CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION (CBSE) UNDER THE SUPERVISION AND QUIDANCE OF MR.JITENDRA SRIVASTAV DURING ACADEMIC YEAR 2023-24. THIS PROCESS OF THE PROJECT HAS BEEN CONTINUOUSLY REPORTED AND HAS BEEN In mM KNOWLEDGE CONSISTENTLY . SIQNATURE OF SUBJECT SIQNATURE OF EXTERNAL TEACHER EXAMINER SCHOOL STAMP :~ ec ———9 7x oO yy ACKNOWLEDGEMENT, lt WOULD LIKE TO EXPRESS my SPECIAL THANKS OF QRATITUDE OF my PHYSICS TEACHER AS WELL AS PRINCIPAL WHO QAVE ME THE QOLDEN OPPORTUNITY TO DO THIS WONDERFUL PROJECT WHICH RESEARCH AND | CAME TO KNOW ALSO HELP ME IN DOING LOTS OF ABOUT SO MANY NEW THINgs LAM REALLY THANKFULL TO THEM . SECONDLY , | WOULD ALSO LIKE TO THANKS MY PARENTS AND FRIENDS WHO HELPED ME A LOT IN FINALIZINg THIS PROJECT IN THE LIMITED TIME FRAME. ANKMIT YADRAY mo (S@IENGE) @c_____»§) AS 7Vv Vv Vv Vv Vv Vv Vv Vv Vv Vv Vv OBJECTIVE inTRoDUCTION MATERIALS REQUIRED THEORYY PROGEDURE OBSERVATION TABLE CALCULATIONS RESULT PRECAUTIONS SOURCES OF ERROR BIBLIOQRAPHYIN OPTICS, THE REFRACTIVE INDEX OR INDEX OF REFRACTION N OF A MATERIAL IS A DIMENSIONLESS NUMBER THAT DESCRIBES HOW LIQHT PROPAQATES THROUQH THAT MEDIUM. IT IS DEFINED AS WHERE €C IS THE SPEED OF LIQHT In Vacuum AND V IS THE PHASE VELOCITY OF LIQHT IN THE MEDIUM. FOR EXAMPLE, THE REFRACTIVE INDEX OF WATER IS 1.333 ; MEANING THAT LIQHT TRAVELS 1.333 TIMES FASTER IN A VACUUM THAN IT DOES IN WATER.Y CONVEX LEns VY PLANE MIRROR V WATER V OL Vv CLAMP STAND VY AN OPTICAL NEEDLE VY PLUMB LINE V KNITTINg NEEDLE V HALF METER SCALE V QOLASS SLAB V SPHEROMETER1. F fi anb fr BE THE FOCAL LENQTH OF THE QLASS CONVEX LENS AND LIQUID LENS AND F BE THE FOCAL LENQTH OF THEIR COMBINATION THEN :~ 2. LIQUID LENS FORMED A PLANO-CONCAVE LENS witH R/J=R anbD R2=0 THEN BY USINg LENS MAKE's FORMULA :~ be ie “a - Dl R-F -imli-oWHERE v = REFRACTIVE INDEX OF LIQUID R= RADIUS OF THE CURVATURE OF CONVEX LEns 3. THE RADIUS OF THE LOWER SURFACE OF THE CONVEX LENs Is QIVEN BY :~ h R=i4S HERE, / IS THE AVERAGE DISTANCE BETWEEN THE LEQS OF THE SPHEROMETER AND /f Is THE DIFFERENCE In THE READING OF THE SPHEROMETER WHEN PLACED FIRST ON THE CONVEX LENs AND THEN ON PLANE MIROR.(Q) POR FOCAL LENOTN OF GORVER LEDS s~ (1) FIND THE ROUQH FOCAL LENQTH OF THE CONVEX LENs. (2)PLACE A PLANE MIRROR ON THE HORIZONTAL BASE OF THE [RON STAND AND THEN A CONVEX LENs ON THE PLANE MIRRO. (3) HOLD THE NEEDLE in THE CLAMP STAND AND ADIUST ITS POSITLON ON THE STAND SUCH THAT THERE IS NO PARALLAX BETWEEN TIP OF THE NEEDLE AND ITs IMAGE. (4) MEASURE DISTANCE BETWEEN TIP AND UPPER SURFACE OF THE LENS BY USINg A PLUMB LINE AND HALF METER SCALE. ALSO MEASURE THE DISTANCE BETWEEN TIP OF NEEDLE AND UPPER SURFACE OF THE MIRROR. TAKE THE MEAN OF THE TWO READINGS. THIS MEANS DISTANCE WILL BE EQUAL TO THE FOCAL LENQTH OF THE CONVEX LENS (Fl).(S)PUT A FEW DROPS OF THE WATER ON THE PLANE MIRROR AND PUT THE CONVEX LENS OVER IT WITH ITS SAME FACE ABOVE AS BEFORE. THE WATER SPREADS IN A FORM OF LAYER AND ACTS LIKE A PLANO-CONCAVE LEns. (6) REPEAT THE STEPS 3 AND 4 TO DETERMINE THE EQUIVALENT FOCAL LENQTH OF THE comsination. (7) RECORD THE OBSERVATION. (8) REPEAT THE STEPS 5, 6. 7 FOR OTHER TRANSPARENT LIQUID (OIL). (9) DETERMINE THE PITCH AND THE LEAST COUNT OF THE SPHEROMETER. (10 REMOVE THE CONVEX LENs AND DRY IT COMPLETELY. PUT THE SPHEROMETER ON THL LENS SURFACE. (11) ALL THE THREE LEQS OF THE SPHEROMETER SHOULD BE PLACED SYMMETRICALLY ON THE LENS AND ADJUST THE CENTRAL SCREW TIP TO TOUCH THE SURFACE OF THE LENs.12) REMOVE THE SPHEROMETER FROM THE SURFACE OF THE LENS AND PLACE ON THE PLANE MIRROR SURFACE AND RECORD THE READING. (13) REPEAT THE STEPS 10 AND 11 THREE TIMES. (14) OBTAIN THE IMPRESSIONS OF THE THREE LEQS OF THE SPHEROMETER ON A PAPER AND MAR THEM AND THEIR AVERAGE DISTANCE. —_ ktht+h 3 IPITCH OF THE SPHEROMETER =-1CM LEAST COUNT OF THE SPHEROMETER = 0.01 CM DISTANCE BETWEEN THE LEQS (PAB=3cm (2)BC=-3cm (3)CA=3cm Table for calculation of ‘h’ Initial reading | No. of | Final Additional ofthe C.S.on| complete | reading of|CS div. the convex rotations the c.s on| moved lens the glass (a) (n) slab 62 oO 6.5 55.5 |0.555 64 oO 4 60 0.6 To measure focal length ‘f’ of convex lens Distance of needle tip from Area between surface of the surface of lens and convex lens(cm) the plane plane mirror x: mirror(cm) Tip of the upper _| Upper X2 liquid Without 31 With water With oilGALGULATION MEAN DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO LEQS :~ | = ABYBC+CA ~ 3 MEAN OF H = {0:555+0.6)_ OO 2 =3cm =0.5775cm TO FIND THE RADIUS OF CURVATURE OF THE CONVEX LENS :~ 2h = th + z= 2.8861 cm MEASUREMENT OF REFRACTIVE INDICES OF WATER AND OIL :~ (DWITH WATER BETWEEN THE CONVEX LENS AND PLANE MIRROR :~ R eee 1 47888 _ 10831 =1+—>=1+ = 1.083 La h 347 (2)WITH OLL BETWEEN CONVEX LENs AND PLANE MIRROR : Re 28861 Hp = 1+F= 1425 = 1.2886 RESULYS The refractive index of water is 1: = 1.0831 The refractive index of oil is 2 = 1.2886PRECAUTIONS (1) THE PLANE MIRROR SHOULD BE CLEAN AND FULLY SHINING SURFACE. (2) THE LIQUID TAKEN SHOULD BE TRANSPARENT. THE PARALLAX SHOULD BE REMOVED TIP TO TIP. (3) THE EYE SHOULD BE AT A DISTANCE ABOUT 30 CM FROM THE NEEDLE WHILE REMOVINQ THE PARALLAX. (4) THE LEQS OF THE SPHEROMETER SHOULD BE VERTICAL. (5) THE CENTRE LEQ OF THE SPHEROMETER SHOULD TURN IN ONE DIRECTION ONLY. (D LIQUID MAY NOT BE QUITE TRANSPARENT. (2) THE PARALLAX MAY NOT BE FULLY REMOVED, (3) THE SPHEROMETER LEQS SHOULD BE PLACED SYMMETRICAL ON THE SURFACE OF THE CONVEX LENs. (4) THE TIP OF THE CENTRAL SCREW SHOULD NOTJUST TOUCH THE SURFACE OF LENs OR MIRROR.BIBLIOGRAPHY V HELP FROM INTERNET V HELP FROM TEACHERS V NCERT TEXTBOOK V NCERT PHYsics LAB MANUAL V WWW.QOOgLE.com V WWW.SCRIBD.com V WWW.WIKIPEDIA.com KIN (ah (WWW ) eN