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133 views33 pagesBeta Gamma Function
beta gamma function
Uploaded by
atulya singhCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
/ 33
Beta Functions
Y (UPTU 2007)
1
‘The definite integral Ie “lq aay
ds, for m> 0, n > 0 is called the Beta
function and is denoted by B(m, n) [read as "Beta m, n
1
Bonn | "Vata
"] ie., we have
where m, mare positive numbers, integral or fractional, Thi ioni
Eulerian integral of the first kind. is functionis also called
Simple properties of Beta function
() Symmetry of Beta function B (m, n)=B(n,m)
1
Wehave B(m, nym [rasp tas
1
= [ a-9"-'0-(-2y" es,
o
[ roe [reve
0
L 1
=f a-gr tat tae [etd ap lee
0
= B (n,m), by the def. of Beta function
>) B(m, n) = B(n, m).
(i) Tfm or n is a positive integer, B (m, n) can be evaluated in an expli
+ When nis a positive integer and n= 1, the result follows at once a5:
cit form.
Bin t= [2-10 nae [Sa
Now we assume n> 1. 1
Bom )= | x10 ot haes (deat hatte
| =(a— rt at), =f na 99x CD
| c if. [integrating by parts)
1
BO | Canaan [eo n> 1
gh [ser 1(—xyet-! de
=") g(m+1,n-1).
‘Then making repeated application of this process, we obtain
¢ n-1 n-2 n-3 1
(= mad ED EMT MEM LeD)
woh | at -2P de
p
Soluti ry
peraana Gamma Ful
487
gt
Fs POA) 2G) 20.9
Fe.a+) 2g,
“4 ptq ,
Roman O\wehaye 7 tbe 0)
Spa) =2prto) B(p.9)
“Ptq
; B(m+1,n)
3 : Prove that Oe =
oo) : ‘Solution + ir! Daten 4) ior er nemeeie
ay 1
=f ae [ett
xP ran
P a -[a-2 Fr], [naan te
!
oF [xd -a-artae
1 1
|) ; =a{| 1d ayn-" dx [encore]
= 2 [B(r, m) Bor, m+1)]
_ _n
pnction = B(m, n)-™ Bn + 1,7)
= (142) 2 (n+1,m=2 20,9
B(m+1,n) _
2 B (m,n) ~ Ea
cei Form of Beta Function
|
/ set
ib k , a | ayant 2" 2
PeeWee te) = [HOt om Engmeering 1 =
_ eS
oe dy, we get pete
- Lae aH 4
now patting TY
n-1
1 oo
+1 [i-rty| ( Tr)
Bim, nla
‘| os aca ace TC
vot FA wo ay=
loner on lero Sejoow Tl
4 We have 1
at OD Siniterty, T"-
ta a ~) ‘thus, ifmis 4
But Beta function is symmetrical inm and 1, so we get
agit Pe
Blom, 2) = Bln, m™) = loo dx by (1) ut
i >
2 nck and T(0) =
= Bm, n) = ont ha Tay — dx, m>0,n>0
pat)
wy amma Function (UPTUZm|
i 4.2.5 Some |
‘The definite integral { e7*x"~! dx, for n> Ois called the Gamma Functions!
fs We know th
.e., we have
is denoted by I(n) [read as "Gamma
T(n)= j oF x" Ndr, for n> 0. Boe rwtting x=
0
This function is also called Eulerian integral of second kind.
aoe Fundamental property of Gamma function
To prove that
(@ T(n+1)=nT(n), where n> 0
(ii) T(n)=(n-1)!, where nis positive integer.
>
} Put x= log |
2 ae 7 © . ¥
@ hc #x0* 01g) ens dr ome eh
0 .
sles x9 +P Anereeg ee 2
Hence = TH+1)=04, J enF yn &
» T+ 1)= nr)
‘We have T@) =n D+y=@
Similaly, Ton 1)= (1-2) Yay a
Thus, ifm is +ve integer, then Proceeding as i
MO)=O-1)(0-3)..20ry
But TU)= J e*e-lde= fens tage
0 0
2 T(n)= (n= 1)n~2)..,, 2.11=(n~1))
And T'(0) = and P(- n) = 00, where n isa+ve integer,
Tn) = (m1) Tn 1), where n> 1 and MU) =1
2.5 Some Transformations of Gamma function
: ®
We know that Ta)= | xt hetde
) Putting x= ay = d= a dy, when x= 0,y=0and when x0, y->0
° n=
Tene fe %a"y"""dy.
0
a PO) Ff p-ayrlay
0
a"
Putx=log (1/y) ory = e7*in (1), sothat
dy=-e* dx, ‘at
; o cuer(oss| 8
> rey=-f(imet) It 3)
1
* etepptalis. iy!
19), putting x" = y= mx"! d= ay, We 8 490 = =a
9. iin
ro=4] eo 0 dy
feo dy= arin) =Te+ 1)
3 :
Kae Relation between Beta and Gamma Functioy,
j rom P()
() To prove that B(m, 1) = DEED, where m > 0,1 > 0 CPTV a5 Bul
rr Th
Proof: We know that “=| oP uth From () of 425
oO
2 °
z's Ten)azm [en texttae= [omer de
0
‘Then multiplying both sides by e~72”~', we have B
2
Tm) e22"-!= J eo itazzmtnolymal gy, snl
3 x
Now integrating both sides of (1) with respect to z from 0 to oo, we obtain
2 oo
Tom) { en? 2"~ "dz = J fi enz ta) mtm-l mle de
0 00
@
T(m) Tn) -] j
en-z(1+x) gm+n—1 aren dx x
Sana? Where 0 0 = 1
-n>0=n<1]
i @ynnl Fr
T)=1and [5 ax=
Te) Tl =n) =o, where 0 d= 5 ay, we eet
jt ase onl ee”
san
-1
2 yml xm
a(
aye! Dem)
Jays aye 7° aT (m+n)
Again putting y= tan? => dy=2 tan Osec? 0 d0, we get
=>
*P sintm-19 cos?n-19 d0__F'(m) '(n)
| (asin +B cos Oy" * = Dar HT (m+ my
1
(ii) We have | "1a"! de= BG, n)
Putting x= sin? 9, @&=2 sin Ocos 4 d6, we get
fe =a lae=2 foie ‘0003! gap,
me
FJ sin?®-19 ¢95 2»- 1 ga9- a aan) _TimT(n)
; "2+ n)
Lymol + x And
éx= PGayere &
penile |
= gp Oa tee
(UPTO 9,
Proof ;
To prov
Bim
Puttin;
But
Putting seta and Gamma Functions
EA
; r(@
ay = Tso? 00038 04 Dafa
or/@r
* (28383)
Pa
a 1 (by
im Puttin,
iy) Bienere | Myrna Bm — 1
@ » = Hem, n, Pandan.
UP i ib
v Then putting y=2=) ag
Renna: We got
1
i m= a Hees
ie p (ly ‘of are
vere) (SS ae
a-b
= 1 *
@-brmar| 81a
1
= Ee etre byety ig
vy
; Jo-9 esta = opens Da)
“429.6upitoaton Formula ;
To prove@iat I(m) (n a 3) = a T(2m), where m> 0. (UPTU 2001)
| Proof : B(m, n) = EO here> 0,n>0
|
: ag n=m, we get siti .,
| (n,m) = TOO .
ba But Bom, me [eta
| NURSE Cre ae oan whence 0° 2
aia Dpcotlt 8.x 288 O08 ie
ale
=, m)= J sin
0 Sy ee:
TY
= "sate! acos 1949
me am 1d0
f (asin 008
Sst | i a cal
. wht ‘foin20" 46 = or!
eo dy [Putting 20=y ea oe
sin2 1 a . Now
et dy (By definite integral Prey
° ,
zl Se art eee iM
E r(fem- rea) (510+
as 0+2)) =
=snT ar (biew 1+
rmr(2) eos Selva toe a
ean Gil T(m+4)
i (TU) =4g The
edn (1)and 2), we immedi
ues of B(m, m) obtain
Then equating the two val ,
ae , my? __ 1 Pv
Bee Har (n4) 4.2.41
&
Ss Tint (med) Qinat P (2m) (
2) (3 n-1)\
42.197 fo find the value of r (4) (2) (3) oT (2=*),wher
Solutio
nis a positive integer
mesa er Hey |
Then Writing the above in the reverse order, we get
4er(t-J)rf 3) F)0-3) mma Functions
and Gal
497
Multiplying these, we have
nol n-1
*)} a EZ al
pe)
[¥ T@).Pd - 2) = reosec nt
To calculate this value, we know by trigonometry that
*) wo. Sin (0 + Beall *|
ny n
pedals (28)
nian} Ww
-)i2
(2x)
Acre rid
=2b—ayrrars Gerirh
224+14p}
1
: rn 22P+1+294145)
ee te, ,
: ea endig > — ich j
ie,p and g Dinca,
=~ a) ras Moen r(g41y
Toe+artey
=(b~ al
( ore
(Te+ty=n
“Bm + 1,0) +B, n +
a — FP) T(n)
m : Since Oe aay
a — Pm +1r(n)
E =r a
plé 8 : Show that Ba, n)
ifn is a positive integer
1) for m>0,n>0,
Tm) T(n+1)
Bin n+ = ees)
ss, 1
- Tm +1) TP (n) +P (m)P(n +1)
Laan).
mY (m)P(n) + T(m).nT (0)
a (m+n)T(m+n)
Dem) Po) _ Fem
= ee T(m+n) [(m+n)
(m, 1+ 1) = mtx)! BOmn)
I ee |= Ga+xy™tn dx = Tra aye’
Solution : B(m, n) = [on 1a —yy"=! dy
d
; _ a(l+a)
Putting y= 249)* = =r aling 3) os 49> Gat tt
When y = 1, x= 1 and when y= 0, x=0
x(t) a(1-x)
Further pay ac(aes) (ats),
ba+a)m—txm-! gt! x)""! a(l+a)
= eel eax) Ta Catal“ araur
xml yr!
at vaynatl (a+
E. Peitemma (lk) | B(m,n) ee T@)r()
ee (a x)" a”(l+a)™ a"(1+a)™ (m+n)
#2 sin?™-19 cos?®-19.49 I(m) P(n)
Cone iia tcc Od8! THE)
7 f (asin? +b cos?6)™*"— 2a™b™T (m+n)
Mon Vet y | P sin 2-19 cos2*-19 d —!? tan 2m-16 50020 dO
(asin?0 + beos?@)"*" 0 (b+atan29)"*"
[dividing num, and denom. by (cos? 6)""*" i.e., by (cos 6)"
7? tan 2-26 tan sec? 40 _*!? (tan29)m-! tand sec20
pnd _"p (tan?.9)™=1 tand sec? 0
(b+ atan29)m+n a (b+atan26)"*"
Putting fe 0= by = 2a tan 0 sec? 0d0=b dy, eo
b+ byymay aye cc
ry
‘
= 1
Zam pr B (m,n) =
=
_prample 17: Prove that [eeteee
004+ B cosxym cee
a
ie
or
‘solution : Let i Sale
a (@+ Becsayr 2
:
=I (2sin dog ae
2%) +8 (co? Ly rt yh
bah]
ae
0 = dx
1 a1
@ ee Nian>x) — sec2d
x
= =
[ +0)+ (0-0) in? hs]
[dividing Nr. and Dr. by {cos*(1/2)x}" ie., {cos (1/2)x}2"]
n-2
- (tan 3) fan psc? he
= Qn-1 [S$ _* 4 ___~____—_dx
#[(a+o)+(o-dw0* 53]
Putting (a — b) tan2x/2 = (a + b)yie.,
“4 (a-b). (2m Lyset 4x) 4 = dx= (a+b) dy
Alo when x=0, y= Oand when x= 8.9
pCa 2)2 (a+ 5) gy
b)yl(a- 4)
Hence =27"- [ery Ce TF a- r) Yard Gamma Functions
y
8
by the steaight lines
pounded DY and xy,
*
bent be expressed by OS xe g md
the ji 2 ofinep for this,
MS oF inteprat fortis
for thi
1
a ren
dx= fl
o a {peat
Bee hs,
mi a MN ae= La yy
(~xma
1TeOr
= Te PO.mP (my
m TU¥mesiy =
) al met © Te +1)=nrp)
= POrm™)
Td+m+h
This is Dirichlet's theorem for two variables ay
Further, consider the double integral as given below :
Uh= JJ xy" day
where the integral is extended to all positive values of the variables xand ysubject
tothe condition x+y Z+7
2
(8)
result)
of
Fata S1
it z
But for the m+ 1 variables, the
the condition ig sig: SRE assumes
Biven by, +, ‘ssumed
5 =%, and ce
sghen f fof tol At ear Sas
se yh E gins
Si de ig dy
Where x +354. 4,
Pee chat tx, + x
ma Xe <1
FS)
ee 1
= ft fe ala
Mal dy u..deyq dn,
1
x1=0 G+ +l tT, +Tyay) *(t-a)hs* hath ag
iy
{using @)]
Ta) EUs) --Thaet
"
eA) Tat
ice aT Eo
:
Ba) Ts) vos) T(y)PQ 4] tet tant)
Tdth fda tl xpe health
2 Tn et) PON th too dn teat)
EB: Py) Pa) PCa)
“Tah th peemctitas))
(n+ 1) vari
theorem also holds for
also true for two variables, Hence
all values of
- gx dy for all positive values of* andy such
ables ifit holds for
‘by mathematical
This result shows that the
nn variables. But the theorem is
induction the theorem is true for
8 ; Evaluate Neos y
thatxt ty Se Engineering Mathomagg,
1
Tin (3) + (2) <1
ed cy- 2 0
: ve eas Ss = zou"? du, ye 2!
Putting (a/c)?= 4 ber * i a itt
and (vo y so that dy= ev" 4 so ee
Then the required integral is transformed to be
raf cutee (euitya Jew? pov I? v du dy yond
ad givam ff tet du dv, where ut v <1 Now
4
Bite pares, .2. LOT) oot tes
. =7e Tse aes
: =
Example 19 : Find the value of §. Jove] des bey dey extended to all positive vaya,
af the variables, subject tothe condition x2 +22 ome +2 < RE Vol
re 2 2
MMe, 42 satel
jon : qrigrtc te
Put (q/R)?=1 fe, x, = Ruy!? so that dey = 3.Ruy"!? du,
f Th
Ru, \ diy, and so on.
(o[R) = w he., x, = Ruy", so that dy, =
"Then the required integral is transformed to
#2 1)" pig <2 ata =1/2 Bialitiar
PP Re Magia aia, eve
the volu
solid ly
(Rm G
= (BY nf ttf, 01 ay ty ty
where u; + t+... +1, <1
[by Dirichlet's theore : Find the vol
- ume of the solid Surround,
(x/ay?8 + (by? ie (ley a led by the Surface.
The equation (x/a)"? + (by : 3
yo + (1b)? + (z/c)"3 = 1 does Rose
Not alter by putti
putting ~ x for
solatior
and —z forz, h
z ec: of the solid an, eats is symmetrical in al)
even the positi led by this surface =8 x th all the eight octan
solid | g in the positive octant. e volume ofthe port ts. Then
; ion of this
ume ofa small element situated at any point (x, y, 2)
> Y, Z) = dx dy dz.
put the yol
= the pou of the solid in the positive octant | | d
where the integral is extended to all positive values of th ze p E
{o the condition (x/ay® + (y/by-3 + (icp <1. tres
Putting (lay? =U, (by B= y (2/cy? =w
Bi x=au?, y= by? z= ew?” 516
sothat
ieee poy (0n)- "du dv dw, De
we
SLY + w. region int
“t ab’
ee
Evaluat
aie all pos
entero E 357° 35
f AI Sees iyn-1
‘Example 23° sw sat iplsnyny are al POSTS 2! dx dy ay eer
tion *
albme? rain T only Lol) ee 4 to all p
AEE ray onl 1 sip ron *e
sphere the triple integral is take throughout the part of the ellis G eee
(e/a) + (lb) + ie)=1, which lies in the positive octant,
‘Solution = +: Required integral = TS lctenyon 1 zt! dx dy dz. .
where the integral is extended to all positive values of the variable x, y, z subjeq and
Np teceadtion iat ye + zie <1.
aoa
Letus putcla’=u ie, > = au! so that d= au? du,
ii vii tei.) = bv) sotbat ay=4bv 1? ah,
and = A=W ie, z=cw'? so that at IR aw,
= — Required integral
oi le eae aa
x t abew V2 yp Wy IP dudv dv Example 2:
_ be cn
cece aaa 1 y0?)-1 dy dv dw, Solution
ellipsoid (
where utvtws! ma Functions
and Gam
os
Day p, a id
tx (m2) r (ny
© Metays gett i
The by Dis
pomple ceded Coa eee
eine;
Vi ieee tp nese PCtant Below the Surface (xJayr 4 Orso =
” ‘ep
aber TUDE (mia) F py
Par TTP) + Clay
* Gin
Or
Evaluate the integral J ffxi ™
“1
peeled,
where x, y,
all positive but limited b °y the condition
are
MG ga
(UPTU 2005)
Solution : The required integral {ff x!-1 ym—1 yn-1 dx dy de, where the integral
is extended to all positive values of the Variables x, y and z Subject to the condition
gr + (p/h)? + (e/e)r< 1.
Letus put (x/a)?=u ie, x=au'? sothat dr= (lp) ay,
= (lg) — 1
G/b)7=v i.e, y=bv' sothat dy=(b/q) vay,
ce ( =~ ke, z=cw"!” sothat de=(clr)will- lay,
an =| = ie,
Required integral = { { (a!=!ull- Doygn-1 yor—Niny (et hy (= Dy
equire
=1,£ wy (ti=1
xf ull}, Solo 1S wOl)—\ay dy dw
P
Tpmon Bipiaia ec n=! ay ad
Sa vf) ~ by ‘ery
‘richlet's integral]
a’ b™e" L(I/p)T (ml/g) T(nlr) 7 [by Dirichlet in
~ par Tip) + (nla) + (alr) + Gamma Functions
in . Se hh se
Vay a2b2e20Mrayray
7 % ‘ TUTTI) {by Dirichlet’ integral}
, SBE pee
; = a? b2¢2
Braye et ator?
oe 2 eee aE
,
Example 267 Find the mass of an octant of the llipsotd X= 42>, 2
o density at any point being p= hay, BOVE AN the
: We have mass = / EA 20)
solution : JNJ pa where density p= ye
Hence mass = Jf kaye de dy de
Proceeding as above example, we have
ka2b2c?
7 Gabe cr
Tia, pee 4
+ Find the volume of the ellipsoid (xa) + (16%) + (2c) =1.
hlets iy The ellipsoids symmetrical inall the eight octans, so the volume ofthe given
: x the volume of the ellipsoid lying in the positive octant.
Hence the volume of the given ellipsoid =8 [f dx dy dz,
___ where the integral is extended to all positive values of the variables x, y, z subject
to the condition (x?/a”) + (7/6) + (@/c’)<1
Hence the required volume oe 4 abe.
“ind the volume of the tetrahedron bounded by the plane
(w/a) + (lb) + (le) = 1 and the coordinates planes.
+ Volume of the given tetrahedron = {J ax dy dz, where the integral is
throughout the volume enclosed by the coordinate planes and the plane
Y= [ff de dy de, where the integral is extended to all positive values of the
Vatiables x,y,z subject to the condition (w/a) + (10) + (le) <1. ae
s put (x/a) =u, (15) = (oe) = w so that d= a dy, y= ba, dec ,
‘i + <1
ithe required volume= [ [J abe du dvdw, where ++"
= abc | yichytct wi! du dv de
edt ot} ynctions
Engineering tay oe
ee we a es
: (FOV? by Ditichlet's i
i rin" 3a we nditio
a F to the Co
5 Jies bet
4 oyvillo’s Extension of Dirichlet’s Theorer, nen) ae quanti
4.219 Liou 4 aaneoeae wee? J
io variables 7004 positive such that hy $+ +2 Shy then the, es abe integsst J
. up!
integral oF poxises bY"
a1 ym=1 gh! de dy de a
ikea ae
it
oy
POC) EO) Tmt na1
=T(4 m+n) {fon Be
jnole int
oi
wherexty +25
[ff xttyn tat! de dy de, integrated over some region yer?
Proof : Letus consider =
then by Dirichlet's theorem, we have
subject to the condition x+y +25 %
po ytents FOL@ILO
MET LED ene ()
In case the condition is x+y +2
