ASSOSA UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF COMPUTING AND INFORMATICS

DEPARTEMENT OF COMPUTER SIENCE
COURSE TITLE:REAL TIME AND EMBEDDED SYSTEM
GROUP ASSIGNMENT
SECTION ONE
SUBMITTED TO Mr Balemlay G.
Name Tadese Assefa
Id 2982/13

SUMITTED DATE: 17/03/2016 Ec.

Discuss about an overview of AVR and ARM microcontroller?
 a. OVERVIEW OF AVR MICROCONTROLER

AVR, which stands for “Alf and Vegard’s RISC processor,” is a family of 8-bit and 32-bit
microcontrollers developed by Atmel, now a part of Microchip Technology. These
microcontrollers are widely used in various embedded systems applications due to their
simplicity, ease of use, and a rich set of peripherals. The AVR architecture is based on the
Harvard architecture, featuring separate memories for program and data, which allows for
simultaneous access to both program instructions and data. This architecture provides AVR
microcontrollers with high performance and low power consumption, making them suitable for
battery-powered applications.
I. HESTORY OF AVR
The history of AVR dates back to the early 1990s when Atmel first introduced the 8-bit AVR
microcontroller series. Over the years, Atmel continued to enhance the AVR architecture,
introducing new features and expanding the product line to include 32-bit microcontrollers. The
success of AVR microcontrollers can be attributed to their efficient design, extensive
development tools, and a large community of developers and enthusiasts.

II. FEATURES OF AVR MICROCONTROLLER

AVR microcontrollers are known for their key features, including a rich set of peripherals such
as timers, analog-to-digital converters (ADC), serial communication interfaces (UART, SPI, I2C),
and more. These features make AVR microcontrollers versatile and suitable for a wide range of
applications including consumer electronics, industrial automation, automotive systems, and
IoT devices. Additionally, AVR microcontrollers are supported by a comprehensive integrated
development environment (IDE) that includes compilers, assemblers, debuggers, and other
essential tools for software development.
III. APPLICATION OF AVR MICROCONTROLER

AVR microcontrollers find applications in various domains such as home automation

systems, smart appliances, robotics, electronic control units (ECUs) in automobiles,
medical devices, and many more. Their flexibility and ease of use make them popular
among hobbyists, students, and professional engineers alike.
b. OVERVIEW OF ARM MICROCONTROLER

ARM (Advanced RISC Machines) microcontrollers are a type of microprocessor that is widely
used in a variety of applications, including embedded systems, robotics, and the Internet of
Things (IoT). ARM microcontrollers are known for their high performance, low power
consumption, and small size, making them an attractive choice for a wide range of applications.
 i. FEATURES OF ARM MICROCONTROLLER
ARM microcontrollers offer a number of features that make them popular for a variety of
applications. Some of the key features of ARM microcontrollers include:

1. RISC ARCHTECTURE

ARM microcontrollers are based on the RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computing)
architecture, which means that they have a simplified instruction set that is easy to
decode and execute. This results in faster execution times and lower power
consumption.

2. 32- bit or 64 bit processing

ARM microcontrollers are available in both 32-bit and 64-bit versions, providing a
range of processing capabilities to meet the needs of different applications.

3. Lower power conception

ARM microcontrollers are designed to be low power devices, making them well-
suited for battery-powered applications. They offer a range of power-saving features,
such as sleep modes and clock gating, to minimize power consumption.
ii. CAPABILITY OF ARM MICROCONTROLER

ARM microcontrollers offer a range of capabilities that make them suitable for a variety of
applications. Some of the key capabilities of ARM microcontrollers include:

a) MEMORY

ARM microcontrollers offer a range of memory options, including RAM, Flash, and
EEPROM. They also offer a range of memory protection features, such as memory
mapping and buffering, to ensure that data is protected and secure.
b) Peripheral

ARM microcontrollers offer a range of peripherals, such as UART, SPI, I2C, and CAN,
which make them suitable for a variety of applications. They also offer a range of timers,
counters, and other peripherals that can be used to interface with external devices
c) Security

ARM microcontrollers offer a range of security features, such as secure boot, secure
storage, and secure communication, to protect against unauthorized access and data
breaches.
 iii. APPLICATION OF ARM MICROCONTROLER

ARM microcontrollers are used in a wide range of applications, including:

ARM microcontrollers are widely used in embedded systems, such as industrial control systems,
consumer electronics, and automotive systems.

ARM microcontrollers are used in a variety of robotics applications, such as autonomous

vehicles, robotic arms, and drones.

ARM microcontrollers are used in a range of IoT applications, such as smart home devices,
wearables, and industrial monitoring systems.

1. Explain in detail about the ATmega32 (for Group 1) and ARM (for Group 2)
microcontroller and their architecture, pin-diagram, AVR registers and memories.

1) ATmega32 Microcontroller

The ATmega32 is an 8-bit microcontroller from the AVR family of microcontrollers

manufactured by Atmel, which is now a part of Microchip Technology. It is based on the
enhanced RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computing) architecture. The ATmega32
microcontroller is widely used in various embedded systems and electronic projects due to its rich
features and capabilities.

Architecture

The ATmega32 microcontroller is based on the Harvard architecture, which means it has separate
memories and buses for program and data. It consists of a powerful CPU, flash memory for
program storage, SRAM for data storage, EEPROM for non-volatile data storage, various
peripherals, and I/O ports.

The CPU of the ATmega32 is an 8-bit AVR core with a rich set of instructions that are executed
in a single clock cycle. This makes it efficient in terms of performance and power consumption.
The microcontroller also includes a wide range of peripherals such as timers/counters, UART,
SPI, I2C, analog-to-digital converter (ADC), and more.

Pin Diagram

The ATmega32 microcontroller comes in a 40-pin DIP (Dual Inline Package) or QFP (Quad Flat
Package) package. The pinout diagram includes digital I/O pins, analog input pins, power supply
pins, ground pins, and pins for interfacing with external components such as crystal oscillator,
reset circuitry, and communication interfaces.

Pin description

Port A (PA7-PA0): Port A serves as analog inputs for A/D converter. It also acts as an 8-bit
bidirectional I/O port if the A/D converter is not used internally.
Port B (PB7-PB0) and Port D (PD7-PD0): These ports are 8-bit bidirectional I/O ports. Their
output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with high source and sink capability. As
inputs, these are pulled low if the pull-up resistors are used. It also provides various special
functional features of the ATmega32.

Port C (PC7-PC0): Port C is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port. If the Joint Test Action Group
(JTAG) interface is enabled, the pull-up resistors on pins PC2 (TCK), PC3 (TMS), and PC5
(TDI) will be activated.

cc: Digital voltage supply

GND: Ground

RESET: It is a RESET pin which is utilized to set the microcontroller ATmega32 to its primary
value. During the beginning of an application the RESET pin is to be set elevated for two
machine rotations.

XTAL1: It is an input for the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to an internal clock
operating circuit.

XTAL2: It is an output from an inverting oscillator amplifier.

Figure 1.0 Pin diagram of ATmega32

AVR register and memory

 A. AVR register
The ATmega32 microcontroller includes various types of registers that play crucial roles in its
operation. These registers include general-purpose registers, status registers, control registers
for peripherals, and special function registers (SFRs). The general-purpose registers are used for
data manipulation and temporary storage during program execution. The status registers hold
flags indicating the outcome of arithmetic and logic operations. The control registers for
peripherals allow configuration and control of various on-chip peripherals. The special function
registers provide access to specific hardware functionalities such as timer/counters, UART, and
SPI.
B. memory

The ATmega32 microcontroller incorporates several types of memories essential for its
operation. These include:

 Flash memory :- Used for storing the program code

 SRAM:- Provides volatile data storage for variables and stack.
 EEPROM:- Non-volatile memory used for storing data that needs to be retained even
when power is removed.

2) ARM microcontroller and their Architecture

ARM (Advanced RISC Machine) microcontrollers are a family of 32-bit microcontrollers that
are widely used in various embedded systems. They are known for their low power
consumption, high performance, and versatility. The ARM architecture is based on Reduced
Instruction Set Computing (RISC) principles, which means that it uses a small set of simple
and efficient instructions.

The ARM microcontroller architecture consists of several key components:

I. Processer core

The heart of the ARM microcontroller is its processor core, which executes instructions and
performs arithmetic and logic operations. ARM processors are available in different versions,
such as ARM Cortex-M, Cortex-R, and Cortex-A series, each designed for specific
applications.

II. Memory

The heart of the ARM microcontroller is its processor core, which executes instructions and
performs arithmetic and logic operations. ARM processors are available in different versions,
such as ARM Cortex-M, Cortex-R, and Cortex-A series, each designed for specific applications.
 III. Peripheral
RM microcontrollers come with a wide range of peripherals including timers,
communication interfaces (such as UART, SPI, I2C), analog-to-digital converters
(ADC), digital-to-analog converters (DAC), and more. These peripherals enable the
microcontroller to interface with external devices and sensors.

IV. Bus system

the bus system in ARM microcontrollers facilitates the transfer of data between
different components within the microcontroller.

AVR register and memory

AVR (Alf and Vegard’s RISC processor) is a family of 8-bit microcontrollers developed by Atmel
(now Microchip Technology). AVR microcontrollers have a different architecture compared to
ARM microcontrollers but share some common features such as RISC-based design principles.

a. Register

AVR microcontrollers have several types of registers including general-purpose registers (GPRs),
status registers, control registers, and special function registers (SFRs). These registers are used
for storing data temporarily during program execution, controlling various aspects of the
microcontroller’s operation, and managing interrupts.

b. Memory

AVR microcontrollers typically include several types of memory such as Flash memory for
program storage, SRAM (Static Random Access Memory) for data storage during
runtime, EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory) for non-
volatile data storage, and I/O memory for interfacing with external devices.

In summary, ARM microcontrollers are known for their 32-bit architecture with advanced
features such as low power consumption and high performance. Their pin diagrams vary
based on specific models or series but generally include pins for power supply, ground,
I/O ports, communication interfaces, clock inputs, and reset pins. On the other hand, AVR
microcontrollers are 8-bit RISC-based controllers with different register types like GPRs
and memories like Flash memory for program storage.
FIGURE 1.1 PIN ARM7 BASED MICROCONTROLER PIN CONFIGURATION

END
THANKS!!!