DESIGN OF

INDUCTION
MOTOR

Construction of Induction
Motor

The AC induction motor comprises two

electromagnetic parts:
• Stationary part called the stator
 • Rotating part called the rotor
The stator and the rotor are each made up of
• An electric circuit, usually made of insulated
copper or aluminium winding, to carry current
• A magnetic circuit, usually made from laminated
silicon steel, to carry magnetic flux
Stator
The stator is the outer stationary part of the motor, which consists
of:
• The outer cylindrical frame of the motor or yoke, which is
made either of welded sheet steel, cast iron or cast aluminium
alloy.
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• The magnetic path, which comprises a set of slotted steel
laminations called stator core pressed into the cylindrical space
inside the outer frame. The magnetic path is laminated to
reduce eddy currents, reducing losses and heating.

• A set of insulated electrical windings, which are placed inside

the slots of the laminated stator. The cross-sectional area of
these windings must be large enough for the power rating of the
motor. For a 3-phase motor, 3 sets of windings are required,
one for each phase connected in either star or delta.

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 Rotor
Rotor is the rotating part of the induction motor. The rotor also
consists of a set of slotted silicon steel laminations pressed
together to form of a cylindrical magnetic circuit and the
electrical circuit. The electrical circuit of the rotor is of the
following nature

Squirrel cage rotor consists of a set of copper or aluminium bars

installed into the slots, which are connected to an end-ring at
each end of the rotor. The construction of this type of rotor
along with windings resembles a ‘squirrel cage’. Aluminium
rotor bars are usually die-cast into the rotor slots, which results
in a very rugged construction. Even though the aluminium rotor
bars are in direct contact with the steel laminations, practically
all the rotor current flows through the aluminium bars and not
in the lamination

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Wound rotor consists of three sets of insulated windings
with connections brought out to three slip rings mounted
on one end of the shaft. The external connections to the
rotor are made through brushes onto the slip rings. Due to
the presence of slip rings such type of motors are called
slip ring motors.
Some more parts to complete the constructional details of an
induction motor, are:

• Two end-flanges to support the two bearings, one at the driving-

end and the other at the non driving-end, where the driving end
will have the shaft extension.

• Two sets of bearings to support the rotating shaft,

• Steel shaft for transmitting the mechanical power to the load.
• Cooling fan located at the non driving end to provide forced
cooling for the stator and rotor

• Terminal box on top of the yoke or on side to receive the external

electrical connections

Cut sectional view of the induction

motor

5
 Introduction to Design
The main purpose of designing an induction motor
is to obtain the complete physical dimensions of all
the parts of the machine as mentioned below to
satisfy the customer specifications. The following
design details are required.

1. The main dimensions of the stator.

2 Details of stator windings.
3. Design details of rotor and its windings
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 4. Performance characteristics.
Main Dimensions: The armature diameter (stator
bore) D and armature core length L are known as the
main dimensions of a rotating machine.

Total Loadings:
Total Magnetic Loading : the total flux around the
armature ( or stator) periphery at the air gap is called
the total magnetic loading.
total magnetic loading = pφ

Total Electric Loading: the total number of ampere

conductors around the armature (or stator) periphery
is called the total electric loading.
total electric loading = Iz Z
Specific Loadings:
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Specific Magnetic Loading : the average flux density over
the air gap of a machine is known as specific magnetic
loading.
specific magnetic loading

Specific Electric Loading: the number of armature (or

stator) ampere conductors per meter of armature (or
stator) periphery at the air gap is known as specific
electric loading.
specific electric loading

Output Equation
Let
Vph = phase voltage ; Iph = phase current
Zph = no of conductors/phase; Tph = no of turns/phase
Ns = Synchronous speed in rpm; ns = synchronous speed
p = no of poles ; ac = Specific electric lo
Ф= air gap flux/pole; Bav = Average flux dens
Kw = winding factor ; η = efficiency
D = Diameter of the stator; L = Gross core length
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 Co = Output coefficient; cos υ = power factor
Consider ‘m’ phase machine, with usual notations
Out put Q in kW = Input x efficiency
Input to motor = mVph Iph cosφ * 10-3 kW
For a 3 –υ machine ‘m’ = 3
Input to 3- υ motor = 3Vph Iph cosφ * 10-3 kW
Assuming Vph = Eph, Vph = Eph = 4.44 f Ф TphKw
= 2.22 f Ф ZphKw
f = PNS/120 = P* ns/2

PФ = Bav πDL, and 3Iph Zph/ π D = ac

Output to motor = 1.11 * Bav π D L * π D ac * ns Kw η cos φ

* 10-3 kW

Q = (1.11 π2 Bav ac Kw η cosφ * 10-3) D2 L ns

kW

Q = (11 Bav ac Kw η cosφ * 10-3) D2 L ns kW

Therefore Output Q = Co D2 L ns kW
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where Co = (11 Bav ac Kw η cosφ * 10-3) = Output
coefficient
Choice of Specific Loadings
Specific Magnetic loading or Air gap flux density
i. Power factor: poor power factor for high flux density
in air gap ii. Iron loss: iron losses increase with
increase in flux density iii. Overload capacity: overload
capacity increase with increase in flux density
Limitations :
Flux density in teeth < 1.8 Tesla
Flux density in core 1.3 – 1.5 Tesla
Advantages of Higher value of Bav
• Size of the machine reduced
• Cost of the machine decreases
• Overload capacity increases
For 50 Hz machine the value of Bav lies between 0.35 – 0.6
Tesla.
Specific electric loading or ampere conductors per meter
i. Copper loss and temperature rise: a large value of ac
gives higher copper losses and large temp. rise
ii. Voltage: for high voltage machine value of ac should
be small iii. Overload capacity: overload capacity
decreased with high value of ac.

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The value of ac depends upon the size of the motor,
voltage of stator winding, type of ventilation and overload
capacity desired.
It varies between 5000 – 45000 ampere conductors per
meter.
Separation of D and L
The output equation gives the relation between D 2L and
output of the machine. To separate D and L for this
product a relation has to be assumed. Following are the
various design considerations based on which a suitable
ratio between gross length and pole pitch (L/τ)
assumed.

a) To obtain minimum over all cost 1.5 to 2.0

b) To obtain good efficiency 1.4 to 1.6
c) To obtain good over all design 1.0 to 1.1
d) To obtain good power factor 1.0 to 1.3
Power factor plays a very important role in the
performance of induction motors. Hence to obtain the best
power factor the following relation will be usually
assumed for separation of D and L.
Pole pitch/ Core length =
0.18/pole pitch or (πD/p) / L= 0.18/
(πD/p)
i.eD = 0.135P√L where D and L are in meter.
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Peripheral Speed
The obtained values of D and L have to satisfy the
condition imposed on the value of peripheral speed.
For the normal design of induction motors the calculated
diameter of the motor should be such that the peripheral
speed must be below 30 m/s. In case of specially
designed rotor the peripheral speed can be 60 m/s.
Stator Design
Stator slots: in general two types of stator slots are employed
in induction motors viz, open slots and semi closed slots.
Operating performance of the induction motors depends upon
the shape of the slots
(i) Open slots: In this type of slots the slot opening will be equal
to that of the width of the slots. In such type of slots, assembly
and repair of winding are easy. However such slots will lead to
higher air gap contraction factor and hence poor power factor.
(ii) Semi closed slots: In such type of slots, slot opening is
much smaller than the width of the slot. Hence in this type of
slots assembly of windings is more difficult and takes more
time compared to open slots and hence it is costlier. However
the air gap characteristics are better compared to open type
slots.
(iii) Tapered slots: In this type of slots also, opening will be
much smaller than the slot width. However the slot width will
be varying from top of the slot to bottom of the slot with
minimum width at the bottom.
Selection of number of stator slots:
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Number of stator slots must be properly selected at the
design stage as such this number affects the weight,
cost and operating characteristics of the motor. As there
are no rules for selecting the number of stator slots, the
advantages and disadvantages of selecting higher
number slots help to serve as guidelines in the selection.
Following are the advantages and disadvantages of
selecting higher number of slots.
Advantages :
(i) Reduced leakage reactance.
(ii) Reduced tooth pulsation losses.
(iii) Higher over load capacity.
Disadvantages:
(i) Increased cost
(ii) Increased weight
(iii) Increased magnetizing current
(iv) Increased iron losses
(v) Poor cooling
(vi) Increased temperature rise
(vii) Reduction in efficiency
The number of slots/pole/phase should not be less than 2
otherwise the leakage reactance becomes high. The number of
slots should be selected to give an integral number of slots per
pole per phase. The stator slot pitch at the air gap surface
should be between 1.5 to 2.5 cm.
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Stator slot pitch at the air gap surface = τ ss= πD/Sss where Sss is
the number of stator slots
Turns per phase :
EMF equation of an induction motor is given by
Eph = 4.44fФTph Kw
Hence turns per phase can be obtained from emf equation
Tph = Eph/ 4.44f Фm Kw
Generally the induced emf can be assumed to be equal to
the applied voltage per phase
Flux/pole, Фm = Bav * πDL/p = Bav τ L, (τ = πD/p)
winding factor Kw may be assumed as 0.955 for full pitch
distributed winding unless otherwise specified.
Number of conductors /phase, Zph = 2 x Tph, and hence
Total number of stator conductors Z = 6*T ph and
conductors/slot Zs = Z/Ss or
6*Tph/Ss
Conductor cross section:
Area of cross section of stator conductors can be estimated
from the stator current per phase and suitably assumed
value of current density for the stator windings.
Sectional area of the stator conductor as = Is /δs where δs is
the current density in stator windings
Stator current per phase Is = Q / (3Vph cosυ)
A suitable value of current density has to be assumed
considering the advantages and disadvantages.
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Advantages of higher value of current density:
(i) reduction in cross section
(ii) reduction in weight
(iii) reduction in cost
Disadvantages of higher value of current density:
(i) increase in resistance
(ii) increase in cu loss
(iii) increase in temperature rise
(iv) reduction in efficiency
Higher value is assumed for low voltage machines and
small machines. Usual value of current density for stator
windings is 3 to 5 amps/mm2.
Area of stator slot: Slot area is occupied by the
conductors and the insulation. Out of which almost more
than 25 % is the insulation. Once the number of
conductors per slot is decided, approximate area of the
slot can be estimated.
Slot space factor = Copper area in the slot /Area of each
slot
This slot space factor so
obtained will be between
0.25 and 0.4.
Depth of stator core : The flux
density in the stator core lie
between 1.2 to 1.4 Tesla. The
flux passing through the stator
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core is half of the flux per pole. Flux in the stator core section Фc
=½Ф flux density in the stator core = Bcs
Area of stator core Ac = Фc /2Bcs
Also, area of stator core Ac =Li *dcs
Hence, depth of the core (dcs ) = Ac / Li =
Фc /2Bcs*Li
Outer diameter of the stator core
Do = D + 2(depth of stator slots + depth of core)
= D + 2 dss + 2 dcs
Length of the mean Turn:
Length of the mean turn is calculated using formula
Lmt = 2L + 2.3 τ + 0.24
where L is the gross length of the stator and τ is pole pitch
in meter.

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 Rotor Design
There are two types of rotor construction. One is the squirrel
cage rotor and the other is the slip ring rotor. Most of the
induction motor are squirrel cage type. These are having the
advantage of rugged and simple in construction and
comparatively cheaper. However they have the disadvantage of
lower starting torque. In this type, the rotor consists of bars of
copper or aluminium accommodated in rotor slots. In case slip
ring induction motors the rotor complex in construction and
costlier with the advantage that they have the better starting
torque. This type of rotor consists of star connected distributed
three phase windings.

Length of Air-gap
Between stator and rotor is the air gap which is a very
critical part. The performance parameters of the motor like
magnetizing current, power factor, over load capacity,
cooling and noise are affected by length of the air gap.
Power Factor:- the mmf required to send the flux through
air gap is proportional to the product of flux density and
length of air gap.
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fig shows phasor diagrams of an induction motor with two
different air gap lengths.
With increase in air gap
length, magnetizing mmf
increases and hence greater
the magnetizing current.
Therefore, the phase angle
between applied voltage and
stator current will increase
which gives low power factor.
Overload Capacity:- overload capacity of induction motor is
the ratio of maximum output to rated output and the maximum
output is obtained from circle diagram. The diameter of circle
diagram is Vs/Xs where Xs is reactance of motor. The length of
air gap affects the leakage reactance. If the length of air gap is
large, the leakage flux is reduced, hence reduced value of
leakage reactance. With decrease in the value of leakage
reactance the diameter of circle diagram increases and hence
the overload capacity increases.
Pulsation loss:- the tooth pulsation losses, which is produced
due to variation in reactance of the air gap, is reduced with
large air gap.
Cooling:- the large air gap provide better facilities for cooling
at the gap surfaces due to the cylindrical surfaces of stator and
rotor are separated by large distance.
Noise:- noise in induction motor reduced with increase in air
gap length due to reduction in leakage flux which is the cause
of noise.
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Hence length of the air gap is selected considering the
advantages and disadvantages of larger air gap length.
Advantages:
(i) Increased overload capacity
(ii) Increased cooling
(iii) Reduced unbalanced magnetic pull
(iv) Reduced in tooth pulsation
(v) Reduced noise
Disadvantages
(i) Increased Magnetising current
(ii) Reduced power factor
Magnetising current and power factor being very important
parameters in deciding the performance of induction motors,
the induction motors are designed for optimum value of air gap
or minimum air gap possible. Hence in designing the length of
the air gap following empirical formula is employed.
Air gap length lg = 0.2 + 2√DL mm
Design of Squirrel Cage Rotor

Number of slots: Proper numbers of rotor slots are to be

selected in relation to number of stator slots otherwise
undesirable effects will be found at the starting of the motor.
Cogging and Crawling are the two phenomena which are
observed due to wrong combination of number of rotor and
stator slots. In addition, induction motor may develop
unpredictable hooks and cusps in torque speed characteristics or
the motor may run with lot of noise.

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 Crawling: The rotating magnetic field produced in the air gap
will be usually nonsinusoidal and generally contains odd
harmonics of the order 3rd, 5th and 7th. The third harmonic
flux will produce the three times the magnetic poles compared
to that of the fundamental. Similarly the 5th and 7th harmonics
will produce the poles five and seven times the fundamental
respectively. The presence of harmonics in the flux wave
affects the torque speed characteristics. The motor with
presence of 7th harmonics is to have a tendency to run the
motor at one seventh of its normal speed.
Cogging: In some cases where in the number of rotor
slots are not proper in relation to number of stator slots
the machine refuses to run and remains stationary. Under
such conditions there will be a locking tendency between
the rotor and stator. Such a phenomenon is called
cogging.
Hence in order to avoid such bad effects a proper number
of rotor slots are to be selected in relation to number of
stator slots. In addition rotor slots will be skewed by one
slot pitch to minimize the tendency of cogging, torque
defects like synchronous hooks and cusps and noisy
operation while running. Effect of skewing will slightly
increase the rotor resistance and increases the starting
torque. However this will increase the leakage reactance
and hence reduces the starting current and power factor.
Selection of number of rotor slots: The number of rotor slots may be
selected using the following guide lines.
(i) To avoid cogging and crawling: (a)Ss ≠ Sr (b) Ss - Sr ≠ 3P

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(ii) To avoid synchronous hooks and cusps in torque speed
characteristics Ss - Sr ≠ P, 2P, 5P.
(iii) To noisy operation Ss - Sr ≠ 1, 2, (P ±1), (P ±2)

Rotor Bar Current: Bar current in the rotor of a squirrel cage

induction motor may be determined by comparing the mmf
developed in rotor and stator. The stator mmf is about 15% higher
because of the magnetizing mmf.
Rotor mmf = 0.85 (stator mmf)
Number of rotor bars = Nb = Sr = number of rotor slots
Rotor bar current = Ib
Rotor mmf = Ib. Sr/2
Stator mmf = 3. Is . Ts
Thus Ib.Sr/2 = 0.85 (3. Is . Ts) or Ib = 0.85 * (6*Is*Ts/Sr)
Cross sectional area of Rotor bar: Sectional area of the rotor
conductor can be calculated by rotor bar current and assumed value
of current density for rotor bars. As a guide line the rotor bar current
density can be assumed between 4 to 7 amp/mm2 .
Hence sectional area of the rotor bars can be
calculated as ab = Ib
/δb mm2

Shape and Size of the Rotor slots: Generally semi-closed slots or

closed slots with very small or narrow openings are employed for
the rotor slots. In case of fully closed slots the rotor bars are force fit
into the slots from the sides of the rotor.
The rotors with closed slots are giving performance to the motor in
the following way. (i) As the rotor slot is closed the rotor surface is
smooth at the air gap and hence the motor draws lower magnetizing
current. (ii) reduced noise as the air gap characteristics are better
(iii) increased leakage reactance and ( iv ) reduced starting current.
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(v) Over load capacity is reduced (vi) Undesirable and complex air
gap characteristics. From the above it can be concluded that
semiclosed slots are more suitable and hence are employed in
rotors.
Copper loss in rotor bars: Knowing the length of the rotor
bars and resistance of the rotor bars cu losses in the rotor bars
can be calculated.
Length of rotor bar lb = L + allowance for skewing
Rotor bar resistance = 0.021 x lb / ab
Copper loss in rotor bars = Ib2 x rb x number of rotor bars.

End Ring Current: All the rotor bars are short circuited by
connecting them to the end rings at both the end rings. As the
rotor is a short circuited, there will be current flow because of
induced emf in the rotor bars. The distribution of current and
end rings are as shown in Fig. Considering the bars under one
pole pitch, half of the number of bars and the end ring carry
the current in one direction and the other half in the opposite
direction. Thus the maximum end ring current may be taken
as the sum of the average current in half of the number of bars
under one pole.
Maximum end ring current Ie( max )
= (Number of bars over half a pole pitch) Ib(av)
= Sr/2P*[2/π * Ib(max) ]
= (Sr*Ib(max))/πP
rms value of bar current Ib = Ib(max)/√2 Ie(max) = (Sr*Ib * √2)/πP
rms value of end ring current Ie = Ie(max)/√2 Ie = (Sr*Ib)/πP

Area of end ring: Knowing the end ring current and assuming
suitable value for the
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 current density in the end rings cross
section
for the end ring can be calculated. Current
density in the end ring may be
assume as 4.5 to 7.5 amp/mm2.
Area of each end ring Ae = Ie /δe mm2
Ae = te*de whre te = thickness of end ring
and de = depth of end ring
Design of wound Rotor
These are the types of induction motors where in rotor also
carries distributed star connected 3 phase winding. At one
end of the rotor there are three slip rings mounted on the
shaft. Three ends of the winding are connected to the slip
rings. External resistances can be connected to these slip
rings at starting, which will be inserted in series with the
windings which will help in increasing the torque at
starting. Such type of induction motors are employed where
high starting torque is required.
Number of rotor slots: The number of rotor slots should
never be equal to number of stator slots. Generally for
wound rotor motors a suitable value is assumed for number
of rotor slots per pole per phase, and then total number of
rotor slots are calculated. So selected number of slots
should be such that tooth width must satisfy the flux density
limitation.
Semi-closed slots are used for rotor slots.
Number of rotor Turns: The voltage between the slip rings
on open circuit must be limited to safety values. In general
the voltage between the slip rings for low and medium
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 voltage machines must be limited to 400 volts. For motors
with higher voltage ratings and large size motors this
voltage must be limited to 1000 volts. Based on the
assumed voltage between the slip rings comparing the
induced voltage ratio in stator and rotor, the number of
turns on rotor winding can be calculated.
Voltage ratio Er/ Es = (Kwr x Tr) / (Kws x Ts )
Hence rotor turns per phase Tr = (Er/Es) (Kws/Kwr)Ts
Er = open circuit rotor voltage/phase
Es = stator voltage /phase
Kws = winding factor for stator
Kwr = winding factor for rotor
Ts = Number of stator turns/phase
Rotor Current and conductor section
Assuming rotor mmf = 0.85* stator mmf
2x3xIr.Tr = (0.85) 2x3xIs.Ts
Rotor current per phase Ir = (0.85) Is.Ts/T
Rotor conductor area Ar = Ir/δr
The current density could be taken as 3 to 5 A/mm2
Rotor Teeth The flux density in the rotor teeth does not
exceed about 1.7 wb/m2. The maximum flux density for
rotor teeth occurs at their root as their section is minimum
there.
Minimum width of rotor teeth Wir(min) = Φm/(1.7*(Sr/p)*L i
Minimum width actually provided should be larger than the
value given by above equation.

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Wir = rotor slot pitch at the root – rotor slot width = ((D r-
2dsr)/Sr)- Wsr dsr = depth of rotor slot and Wsr = width of
rotor slot
Rotor Core
The flux density in the rotor core is generaly equal to ststor cire
density.
Depth of rotor core dcr = Φm/(2*Bcr *L i)
Bcr = flux density in the rotor core
Inside diameter of rotor lamination
Di = Dr – 2(dsr + dcr)

25
 Operating Characteristics

No load current: The no load current of an induction motor

has two components magnetizing component, Im and iron
loss component, Iw. Thus the no load current I0 = √(Im)2 +
(Iw)2 amps

Magnetising current: Magnetising current of an induction

motor is responsible for producing the required amount of
flux in the different parts of the machine. Hence this
current can be calculated from all the magnetic circuit of
the machine. The ampere turns for all the magnetic circuit
such as stator core, stator teeth, air gap, rotor core and rotor
teeth gives the total ampere turns required for the magnetic
circuit. Based on the total ampere turns of the magnetic
circuit the magnetizing current can be calculated as
Mmf for air gap
Bg60 = 1.36Bav
Mmf for air gap Atg = 800000 Bg60 Kg Lg
Mmf for stator teeth: value of mmf for teeth is found out by finding
flux density at a section 1/3 height of tooth from narrow end.
Bts1/3 = Φm / (Ss/p)*Li * Wts1/3
Calculation of mmf for teeth is based upon Bts60 ; Bts60 = 1.36 Bts1/3
Wts1/3 =( π (D +2dss/3)/Ss) - Wss
Mmf per meter atts for stator teeth is found from
B-at curve Mmf required for stator teeth At ts = atts
x dss
Mmf forrotorteeth: Flux density in rotor teeth at 1/3 height from
narrow end.
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Btr1/3 = Φm / (Sr/p)*Li * Wtr1/3
Wtr1/3 =( π (Dr - 2dsr/3)/Sr) - Wsr
Btr60 = 1.36 Btr1/3
Mmf per meter atts for rotor teeth is found from B-at curve
Mmf required for stator teeth Attr = attr x dsr
Mmf for stator core:

27
Magnetising current Im= P*AT60 / (2.34 kw Tph ) where p – no of
pairs of poles, AT30 – Total ampere turns of the magnetic
circuit at 600 from the centre of the pole, Tph – Number of
stator turns per phase.

Iron loss component of current: This component of current is

responsible for supplying the iron losses in the magnetic
circuit. Hence this component can be calculated from no
load losses and applied voltage. Iron loss component of
current Iw= Total no load losses / ( 3 x
phase voltage)
No load Power Factor: No load power factor of an induction
motor is very poor. As the load on the machine increases
the power factor improves. No load power factor can be
calculated knowing the components of no load current.
No load power factor cosυ0 = Iw / I0
Dispersion Coefficient:
Power factor is an important factor in designing of
induction motor. Power factor depends upon two
factors:
i) Magnetizing current :a large value of the
magnetizing current indicates poor power factor
ii) Ideal short circuit current (Isc): it is defined as the
current drawn by the motor at standstill neglecting its
resistance. A large value of ideal short circuit current
will be drawn for small value of leakage reactance
giving good power factor.

28
Dispersion coefficient defined as the ratio of magnetizing
current to ideal short circuit current.
Thus dispersion coefficient, σ = Im/Isci
=Im/(Es/Xs)Isci = Es/Xs
=Im.Xs/Es
For small values of Im and Xs dispersion coefficient is
small and power factor is good. Thus for a small value of
dispersion coefficient power factor is good, where as for
large value of dispersion coefficient power factor is poor.
Magnetizing current Im = P*AT60 / (2.34 kw Tph )
Where AT60 is the total mmf consumed by flux path, out of
which a large part is consumed by air gap length.
AT air gap = 800000* 1.36* Bav l’g
Im α P * Bav l’g
/ Kws. Ts
Isci =
Es/Xs

From equation , machine a given L and D, the dispersion

coefficient is large for grater number of poles,
consequently making power factor poor. Thud slow
speed machine have poor power factor.
29
Effect of dispersion coefficient on induction motor charact
1. Effect on maximum power factor:
As shown in circle diagram
OA=magnetizing current
OB=ideal short circuit current
Dispersion coefficient:
σ = OA/OB

For maximum power factor OD is tangent to the circle and

∟ODC =90o
For σ = 0.05, maximum
p.f. = 0.905 For σ = 0.10,
maximum p.f. = 0.818
Hence there is a large decrease in maximum p.f. when the
dispersion coefficient increases.
2. Effect on overload capacity:
Assuming, an induction motor is designed to have maximum
pf at full load , its corresponding output will be DE. The
maximum output will be corresponding to FC

For σ = 0.05 overload capacity = 2.348

For σ = 0.10 overload capacity = 1.740
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Hence overload capacity decreases with increase in dispersion
coeff.

31